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一、被动语态概述语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语的语态共有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式，一般来说，只有需要动作对象的及物动词才有被动语态。汉语往往用“被”、“受”、“给”等词来表示被动意义。如：He opened the door. 他打开了这扇门。（主动语态）The door was opened.这扇门被打开了。（被动语态）二、被动语态的构成被动语态由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。被动语态的时态变化只改变be的形式，过去分词部分不变。疑问式和否定式的变化也如此。1、被动语态的时态较常见的八种，现以动词clean为例列表说明： 1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits.2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Beijing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） shall/will have been done 将来完成时例The project will have been completed before July. 2、被动语态的句式变化：以一般现在时和动词invite为例，列表说明被动语态的句式变化： 3、含有情态动词的被动语态情态动词的被动语态结构为：情态动词+be+过去分词；其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，“be+过去分词”部分不变。如：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。Tables could be made of stone at that time.那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）三、被动语态的用法：1、不知道或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。如：The bridge was built last year.这座桥是去年建造的。He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。2、当更加强调动作的承受者时。此时动作的执行者由by引导置于谓语动词之后，不需要时可以省略。如：The room hasnt been cleaned yet.房间还没有打扫。The tiger was killed by him.老虎被他杀死了。3、当动作的执行者不是人时，多用被动语态。如：The window was blown by wind.窗户被风吹开了。The whole village has been washed away by the flood.整个村庄都被洪水冲走了。4、表示客观的说明常用“It is + 过去分词”句型。一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed that大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）如：It is said that Lucy has gone abroad.据说露茜已经出国了。It is believed that he is a spy. (=He is believed to be a spy.)大家相信他是个间谍。四、主动语态变为被动语态转换图示： 1、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤：(1)将主动句的宾语变为主语： 注意：如果主动句的宾语是代词，需将其由宾格变为主格。 如：Tom killed him. He was killed by Tom.(2)将动词改为“be+过去分词”。 注意： They held a meeting yesterday. A meeting was held by them yesterday. 他们昨天开会了。(3)将主动语态的主语改为by放在谓语动词后。 注意： 如果原主语是代词，则应由主格变为宾格。 如：He sang a song. A song was sung by him. 2、主动语态变为被动语态的注意事项：(1)主动句中的主语如果是people, we, you, they, somebody等含糊地表示“人们”、“大家”的单词，变为被动句时，通常删去“by”，但原主语被强调 时除外。如：They set up this hospital in 1975.This hospital was set up in 1975. 这所医院建于1975年。Only he can finish the job. 只有他能完成这项工作。The job can be finished only by him.这项工作只能由他来完成。(2)含有双宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语的句子，每个宾语都可变为被动语态的主语，即其被动语态有两种形式。但多以间接宾语作主语。如：Jack told us the truth.杰克告诉了我们真相。We were told the truth by Jack.The truth was told (to) us by Jack.五、动词的主动形式表示被动之意以主动形式表示被动之意的动词多为连系动词，如：look，feel，smell等。下列动词没有被动式：happen，cost，have如：An accident was happened yesterday.（）昨天发生了一起事故。An accident happened yesterday.（）The flower smells sweet.这花闻起来很香。The watch looks good.这表看起来很好。This book sells well.这本书畅销。六、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable七、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house needs repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与things是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?八、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not yet printed)6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control (cant be controlled) 。8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission一选择填空 1. In some countries , tea _ with milk and sugar. A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2. Great changes _ in my hometown since 1980. A. have been taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. were taken place 3. The new type of car is going to _ in three years. A. turn out B. be turned out C. has turned out D. have been turned out 4. The woman murdered her friend and _ to _. A. was sentenced , death B. sentencing , die C. sentenced , death D. sentenced , die 5. Do you like the skirt ? It _ soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 6. Are you still here ? You were here an hour ago . Who _ for ? A. are you waiting B. did you wait C. were you waiting D. do you wait 7. _ to know Professor Zhang. A. He said B. I said C. He is said D. It says 8. I want to sit at the table near the window. Sorry , _ already. A. it took B. it takes C. it is taking D. it has been taken 9. The letter _ three days ago and it _ yesterday. A. had post , had arrived B. was posted , arrived C. posted , arrived D. had been posted , was arrived 10. He told me that the final examination _ next Thursday. A. is given B. will be given C. would have given D. would be given 11. Water _ into ice. A. will changed B. must be changed C. should change D. can be changed 12. Plays _ twice a month in that theatre. A. put on B. are put on C. was put on D. often put on 13. The birds _ fly away last Saturday. A. let to B. is let to C. was let D. were let to 14. A strange sound _ yesterday evening. A. was heard B. hears C. heard D. is heard 15. A beautiful bike _ him by his classmates. A. sent to B. will sent to C. was sent to D. will be sent for 16. Miss Chen _ just _ to speak at the meeting. A. has been asked B. has been asked C. Have been asked D. have been asked 17. Meat _ out in this shop . We can _ now. A. have been sold , get nothing B. has been sold , get nothing C. has been sold , get some D. have been sold , get some 18. The new play _ in theatre now . Why dont you go in and see it ? A. is being shown B. is showing C. is shown D. shows 19. Can you tell _ ? A. when did it happen B. when was it happened C. when it happened D. when it was happened 20. _ the job _ by Lucy or by John ? Tell me the truth , please. A. Has finished B. Has being finished C. Is finish D. Has been finished二. 用所给动词的适当时态和语态填空 1. When _ the first man-made satellite _ (send) up into space ? 2. Last year vegetables _ (grow)in the garden by Tom and he _ (sell)them himself. 3. She _ (help) him with his homework tomorrow evening. 4. How many magazines _ (can borrow) in your library every week ? 5. John _ (hear) to go upstairs two hours ago. 6. Who _ (save)her father ? He _ (save)by that policeman. 7. The doctor _ (send for) because his grandpa was ill. 8. Mooncakes _ (make) by his mother every year. _ your mother _ (make)mooncakes for you every year ? 9. Some toys _ (buy) as a presents for these children last Monday. 10. _ paper _ (make) of wood ? 三. Correct these sentences. (改正下列句子) 1. This house built 100 years ago. 2. Football plays in most countries of the world. _ 3. Why did the letter send to the wrong address? _ 4. A garage is a place where cars repair. _ 5. Where are you born? _ 6. How many languages are speaking in Switzerland? _ 7. Somebody broke into our house but nothing stolen. _ 8. When was invented the bicycle? _四. 填空(完成被动语态填空) 1. They often clean their classroom after school. (改为被动语态) Their classroom _often _ by them after school. 2. Li Lei gave Tom a new pen last week. (同上) A new pen _ _ _ Tom last week. 3. A lot of people in China can speak English now. (同上) English _ _ _ by a lot of people in China now. 4. I have learned English for about two years. (同上) English _ _ _ for about two years. 5. They will publish these story-books next month. (同上) These story-books _ _ _ next month. 一. 15 BCBAC 610 ACDBD 1115 DBDAC 1620 ABACD二. 1. was sent 2. were grown , sold 3. will help 4. can be borrowed 5. was heard 6. saved , was saved 7. was sent for 8. are made , Does make 9. were bought 10. Is made三 2. Football is played in most 3. Why was the letter sent to 4. where cars are repaired 5. Where were you born ? 6. How many languages are spoken 7. but nothing was stolen. 8. When was the bicycle invented ? 四. 1. is cleaned 2. was given by 3. Can be spoken 4. has been learned 5. will be publishe
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