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第十天：图表、图示、图画式作文图表作文可细分为表格、曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。其写作指导中只是对短文提出二至三项要求，而这些要求则类似提纲，因此这类作文往往可以按照所给要求自然分段。图表作文给出不同形式的图表或图画，且图表又多配有数据或说明。写此类作文时，首先要以题目中的要求(requirements)为指导，审慎解读图表，准确把握图表传递的信息，将其扩展成文。Never do things by halves.做事不可半途而废。【友情提示】前面我们已经提过图表作文可细分为表格、曲线图、柱形图和圆形图。弄懂这四种图在写作方面的各自特点，我们才可以写好这种类型的作文：1) 表格形式要求考生对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。2) 曲线图形式要求考生认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。3) 柱形图形式要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。4) 圆形图形式旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的圆形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。【活动教室】1.用一般现在时描述图示内容在现今的信息时代，数据是非常重要的，以图表或图例的方式显示复杂的数据可以使人们对所提供的信息一目了然。下面的练习为图示描述，请注意：描写要做到清晰准确。Diagram 1：某城市家庭月消费情况示意图A 城家庭月消费情况图该图所显示的信息没有特定的时间限制，它表示的是该市市民的平均消费情况，因此我们在描述数据时要使用一般现在时。请在下面的文章中填入一般现在时动词，使文章意思完整，同时请注意连接词（粗体字）的用法。The Diagram 1) the average monthly expenditure per family in City A. Food 2) the biggest expense, costing 30% of monthly income, while consumable household goods (such as soap, toilet paper, etc.) 3) 6%. 9% of the household budget 4) spent on entertainment, and 5% each on cigarettes and alcohol. Housing 5)12% per month whereas fuel, light and power 6) another 6%. Transport expenses 7) 10%, 9% 8) on clothing and the other 8% 9) towards various other goods.No cross, no crown.来源:Zxxk.Com未经苦难，得不到荣冠。答案与解析：1.答案 shows解析：本词意思：“指示，显示”。比较show与display的用法：show的使用范围很广，也常用在非正式场合，如：This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest.最后这个场面向你表明收获结束时进行的活动；display强调“摆出来给人家看，或把要给人家看的东西精心陈列出来，以期待好的展示效果。”如：The peacock is displaying its fine tail feathers.这只孔雀在展示自己美丽的尾部羽毛。2.答案：is解析：主+系+表结构中的系动词，be第三人称单数的一般现在时，其缩写形式为?s。在陈述事实时这种句式非常实用。3.答案：account for解析：本词组意思：“占”。在此表示家庭日用品的消费额在总额中所占的比例。该词组还有另外一个常用的意思是：“解释”“说明”，如：Can you account for the serial failures in our experiment? 你能解释我们实验屡屡失败的原因吗？来源:学_科_网4.答案：is 解析：这里的系动词和后面的动词过去分词共同构成一般现在时的被动语态。5.答案：takes 解析：该词的汉语注释很丰富，此处与cost（花费）意思相同。6.答案：cost解析：本词意思：“花费”。该段主要介绍与消费有关的信息，因此要使用与钱币相关的动词。另外，句中的主语可看作多种物品的罗列，因此动词用一般现在时的复数形式。7.答案：amount to解析：本词组意思：“总计”“合计”“总计达”。如：In fact, your ambiguous words amount to a refusal.实际上，你说的那些模棱两可的话等于是拒绝。8.答案：is spent解析：一般现在时被动语态，表示“花费”。被动语态与主动语态交替使用，可避免文章句式单一。9.答案：goes解析：go的第三人称单数一般现在时。此处意为“达到”。这也是为避免与上面频繁出现的表示“是”的动词重复。2.用一般过去时描述图示内容很多数据表示的都是过去的情况，下面的图示即数字为过去一年中约翰的销售业绩，每季度为一个对比周期。 （qtrquarter）The fire is the test of gold; adversity is the test of a strong man.火对金子是考验，逆境对人是磨练 。Diagram 2： 约翰每季度的销售情况1st Qtr $1250 2nd Qtr $1250 3rd Qtr $1800 4th Qtr $5700请在下面的文章中填入一般过去时动词，使文章意思完整。Diagram 2 shows the percentage of his total sales which John in each quarter of the last financial year. The final quarter the best period when he $5700 of all his sales. In both the first and second quarters his sales to $1250 and in the third quarter her sales $1800 of the total.答案与解析：1.答案：made解析：本词的意思和用法很多，在此句中的意思是：“赚（钱）”。如：He made a profit of $500.他赚了500美元。2.答案：was 解析：Be的第三人称单数一般过去时。此处是对过去客观事实的陈述。3.答案：made解析：此处的make意为“（通过工作）赚（钱）”“挣得”，如：make money 赚钱。4.答案：amounted解析：本词在此与其后的介词to构成固定词组，意思是：“总计”“等于”，如：His debts amount to over $3000.他的欠债总数已达三千多美元。5.答案：were 解析：Be的过去时复数形式，“是”。用于陈述过去的客观情况。【超级链接】Bad times make a good man.艰难困苦出能人。图示作文练习1. 曲线图描写练习1请将下面的曲线图用动词的一般过去时填充。Speed 运动鞋厂2001-2002年销售情况The graph shows sales trends for the Speed Sports Shoes Company for years 2001 and 2002.For the first six months of the period, shoes sales 1) sharply reaching 5,500 by June. However in the second half of the year, the trend 2) with a dramatic fall to 1,250 shoes sales in December.The first two months of 2002 again show a steep climb to a new peak of 6,500 sales in February. A decline 3) to 4,250 in June, however, the year 4) positively with sales figures rising steadily to reach 10,000 by December.答案与解析：1.Doubt is the key to knowledge.怀疑是知识的钥匙。答案：rose，解析：rise的过去式，上升，升高，如：Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.过去十年间物价一直在上涨。2.答案：was reversed，解析：一般过去时的被动语态，“被倒转”。根据图表显示，此处应为由上升转变为下降，相比前期这是一种颠倒的情况。3.答案：followed，解析：在此意思为“延续（至）”。比较follow，ensue，succeed这三个词的用法：follow是常用词，指“继之而来或继之而去”，如：Spring follows winter.冬去春来。ensue为正式用语，指“随之引起”或“接着发生（的结果）”，如：Clouds appeared and rain ensued.云来雨至。而succeed强调“时间、顺序上随之而来”、“接替某人（物）”，如：He was not willing to succeed his father as manager of the business.他不愿意继承父亲任公司经理。 Sharp tools make good work.工欲善其事，必先利其器。4.答案：finished，解析：意为“结束”“终止”。Finish和complete 这两个动词都有“完成”的意思，有时可以互换使用。有时却有明显的词义差异：finish表示过去某个时候着手做的事已经做完，或表示对已做完的事进行精密加工。例：The writer has finished (or completed) the novel.如果作为读者，可以说“我已经看完这部小说了”，用英语表达只能为“have finished the novel”但如果是文学系的学生，老师布置了任务，要读完这部小说，那么必须用“complete”。complete侧重表示做完或完成某工作，特别是一项任务，或把某工作圆满结束。例：The house was completed five moths ago.这座房子是五个月前竣工的。2. 曲线图描绘练习2Below are descriptions of sales data for a TV set company. Draw a graph to match the description.The graph shows sales figures for the FI TV set Company for the years 2002 and 2003.In the first month of 2002 sales figures climbed dramatically with 4,000 sets being sold by February. Then sales remained steady until June. In July there was a sharp fall to 1,750, but, after this, there was another steep rise to 3,250 in September and then a steady increase which continued right through until the end of 2003. This healthy trend is good news for the company which finished the year with sales of 7,250 after a jump to 8,000 in the previous September.来源:Z_xx_k.Com答案与解析：根据文字提示先将给出的数字所对应时间的点找到，之后根据其它信息指示将所有关键点连接起来即可完成此题。怎么样，图例试题也没那么难吧！Wasting time is robbing oneself.浪费时间就是掠夺自己。图画式作文【芝麻开门】Nurture passes nature.教养胜过天性。今天我们要开始讲解图画式作文，近两年考研英语写作试题均为图画题型，所以我们应该认真对待。考研英语图画作文讲究“画面简单，主题深刻”，从1998年到现在的6次图画作文均具备这个特征，考生在历年真题中见过：母鸡下蛋、船和鱼、油灯、微笑的美国女孩、温室里的花朵以及2004年到达终点的跑道上的人。我们进入了一个典型的图文世界，也是一个充满寓言象征的世界。若缺乏丰富的想象力便只能就图说图，写出只有小学水平的作文来。【构思要诀】图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含“以小见大，把握象征寓意”的过程。图画式写作是较难的题型之一，面对此类题型，考生应首先确定主题，然后再动笔。第一步，看仔细。考生应对图画进行全面而细致的研究，尤其注意图画中人或物(人与物)的体貌表情特征和背景，确定人物之间，人物与背景之间的主要关系，以便正确掌握图画所传达的信息。如果图画以系列形式(即两幅以上)出现，还应该对图画之间的相应联系有所理解，从而在整体上把握图画所传达的信息。第二步，拟提纲。根据图画内容的不同，采用不同的段落发展方式。如果画面内容是以描述为主，即按空间方位或时间先后顺序排列，可采用“开头扩展结尾”的写作方式。如果画面内容是以解释说明为主，写作时则先给出主题句，再围绕主题句完成各段落的写作，这是采用“主题句扩展句总结句”的写作方式。第三步，突出主题。展开段落要根据画面内容进行，同时也要围绕每一段的主题句进行。第四步，小修改。考生应重点检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来，题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。如果存在与画面不相符的内容，或未能完全涵盖题目所给提示，应做出相应修订。【实例点评】接下来，我们分析一下2003年的漫画考题，并抽调当年的高分实考样卷，加以点评。写作题目Directions: Study the pictures carefully and write an essay about 200 words based on the following:1. describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning来源:Z*xx*k.Com2. point out its implications in our life2003年的考试题为“温室中的花朵经不起风雨”，题目本身就显得话里有话，意犹未尽。我们提到，图画作文的基本审题过程一定包含“以小见大，把握象征寓意”的过程，画面虽然简单，但要把一个简单的事物和一个大的群体进行结合联想，还要联系实际，否则很难切入宏大的论述主题。There is no garden without its weeds.没有不长杂草的花园。观察两幅图画不能只看到温室和花朵，还要以小见大，与主题和现实意义挂钩联想。花儿可以代表“独生子女，成长中的青少年”；温室代表“父母的溺爱和优越的物质生活条件”等；风雨呢，可以理解为“逆境的考验，特别是现实社会中的残酷竞争”。中国古训中有“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来”的名句，结合现实中独生子女由于娇生惯养而不能独立面对困难的问题，通过两图对比得出现实意义，即父母要多给子女独立面对困难的机会，年轻人要多经历风雨、挑战和逆境考验才能走向成功。参考范文：The set of drawings above vividly depicts the destiny of a flower in two different living circumstances. As is shown in the first drawing, the flower is placed in a cozy greenhouse which shelters it from the severe wind and storm. With proper temperature and other good conditions, the flower is growing in full bloom. In contrast, when removed from the green house and exposed to the wind and storm, the flower immediately fades and withers, with most of its petals cast about on the ground.The implied meaning conveyed by the drawings should be taken into account seriously. The weak flower is naturally associated with our young people, to be exact, the only children in our current society; the green house epitomizes our parents? excessive doting care and material supplies that can protect the children from the wind and storm, to be specific, the harsh reality. Once our young people begin to seek independence and face challenges from the real competitive world, they are found too spoiled to be strong enough to endure the hardships and difficulties of various sorts.In sum, it is essential for our young people to derive positive implications from the above thought? provoking drawings. Only by undergoing more predicaments can young people develop strong personality and ability needed in the future, and only in this way can they eventually become winners in our competitive changing world.这篇作文在当年获18分的高分，文章结构衔接紧凑，紧扣题目要求，层次分明。大家如果能够达到这个要求，往往就不难拿到高分；另外，每一段的段首句是写作中的重中之重，老师阅卷时往往没有时间细看每一句，几秒钟就扫视完全篇，本文的段首句都是主题句，然后用一两句话分层次展开，简单分析，最后一段归纳升华，或者总结概况。【友情提示】揭示寓意，切忌盲目求新。譬如，2003年的作文题目是一组漫画，汉语标题为“温室花朵经不起风雨”。按出题者的本意，其中心思想应当是根据卷面所提供的两幅漫画和汉语标题注解，论述当今部分青少年犹如温室的花朵经不起风雨，其重点应当围绕青少年的挫折，发表自己的见解。而有人却反其道而行之，误解为我们应当保护青少年不受风雨侵袭。像这样的作文，不管描述多清楚，文字多优美，也别指望获取写作高分。一定不要放过图中的文字提示。文字提示非常重要，文字提示通常十分清楚地提供一些写作要点。另外，面对漫画题型，考生应该展开合理而丰富的联想，用生动而恰当的言辞抒发自己对图画的所思、所想、所感。 他山之石经典句式及惯用表达我们在下面归纳总结出“秘密武器”式的经典句式、惯用表达等，供同学们借鉴使用。1） as is known 2） it is a common saying that 3） it is clear that 4） it is hard to imagine 来源:学_科_网5） its hard to say whether 6） it must be pointed out that 7） it is （has been） estimated that8） it must be kept in mind that9） it can be seen from this that 10） it seems certain that 11） the set of drawings above vividly depicts12） simple as it is， the symbolic meaning the picture conveys is deep and profound.14） as we know， it was not until recently that the problem was solved.15） it is certain that we have a long way to go.美文赏析ModestyModesty is one of the many qualities that young people should possess. It makes us foresee our imperfections. It gives us the impetus to go forward. Most important of all, it makes us accessible and creates favorable conditions for us in interpersonal contacts.However，many young people do not seem to realize the importance of modesty. Some of them just feel satisfied with a little success， without the slightest desire to make further progress. Others have too high an opinion of themselves， totally ignoring other peoples suggestions and advice. Consequently，their immodesty often drives them up against the wall. Worst of all， immodesty takes many young people away from their colleagues and friends. Therefore， they find fewer people with whom they can confide.To be modest， the first thing to do is to have a full understanding of your deficiencies. No matter who you are and no matter how talented you are， you are unlikely to be all powerful. In fact， you will always， in spite of your talents， find things about which you feel helpless. Besides， you should also admit other peoples strong points and try your best to learn from them. If you keep these two points in mind， you are on the right path to developing modesty.谦虚是一种美德，这是任何时候都不过时的话题。文章行文流畅，句式变换多样。
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