普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语(人教版).doc

普通高中课程标准实验教科书英语（人教版）第八讲 阅读理解【命题趋向】2009年高考阅读试题的命题方式和去年应基本保持一致。命题特点如下：1体裁与题材高考阅读题会涉及各种体裁，材料新颖，题材广泛。各省市高考阅读理解题的体裁一般有应用文、记叙文、说明文和议论文，侧重说明文和应用文。题材更趋现代化、生活化，时代性，涉及生活、传说、人物、社会、文化、史地、科技、政治、环保和经济等各个领域。2阅读速度 预计高考对阅读速度的要求将有所提高，估计在每分钟65个词以上。近几年高考英语阅读量（阅读速度要求每分钟60单词）都在2100个词以上，并逐年增加。提高阅读速度是高考命题的一大趋势。3生词量和语篇构成 高考在生词量和语篇构成难度上不会有很大的变化，但估计生词量和理解难度会适当增加。近几年高考阅读难度逐步加大的一个明显标志就是短文语篇构成有相当大难度的长难句时常出现。作者在阐述问题时都使用了多种语篇手段和修辞方法，其篇章和句子结构几乎囊括了英语语法中的所有语法现象，行文的跳跃程度较大，陈述次序富于变化，隐含信息较多。4题型结构和命题角度 设问方式仍然集中在：主旨大意题，分析推理题，细节理解题，词义猜测题等。题目的设置主要针对文章的细节，也注重对考生推理判断能力的考查。5主客观题目比例 主观题增加，客观题减少。【考点透视】高考阅读理解题是对考生阅读能力的考查，它是全卷篇幅最大、内容最多、分值最高、区分度最明显的一种题型。1题材特点：近几年高考阅读理解的题材趋于多样化，涉及到日常生活、历史、人物、社会、文化、科技、政治、环保和经济等话题。阅读理解的材料贴近时代，贴近生活，选自各类报刊、活页宣传材料等。2题型特点：综观近几年高考阅读理解题，题型设计上要求试题类型比较广。首先，考生要养成良好的阅读习惯，学会快速阅读，在对文章的大意有了初步的了解之后，再从人物、事件、时间、年代、地点、数量、种类等方面搜索文章的关键信息。对于不太重要的句子可以一带而过，不必在个别词上花太多的时间。其次，考生还要培养良好的应试心理。抓住文章的脉络，把握文章的线索，以句意为整体，灵活运用所学知识，根据短文语境，认真推敲，克服厌倦、畏惧和急躁心理。【例题解析】例1Once the 2008 Olympic Games finishes, the drums and trumpets(喇叭) of the competitions would also stop. But would the city remain as lively as it would be after this world event? Investment sustainability and high demand are two highly invaluable economic concepts(概念) that can be looked at in order to ensure post-Olympics flourish, or perhaps, an even better future for Beijingers.Naturally, an economic downturn occurs in an Olympic host city once the major event finishes. Renmin University Professor Jin Yuanpu noted that a global event like this would put Beijing into a position of large importance in the international stage. But after this event, who would use the heavily-funded equipment and public and private investments left in the city? Various economists argued that a meltdown (彻底垮台) is highly unlikely. Jonathan Anderson, UBS Asia economist, suggested that the negative effects of the end of Beijing Olympics 2008 on the entire country arent important compared to previous host cities. China is such a huge economy that the conclusion of the Olympics games is the same as an ant-bite on a dragon. But what about post-Olympics Beijing? Retired Headmaster of Peking University, Li Yining, noted that a long-term civil demand growth and an popular desire by companies to adopt careful financial management decisions can lead to continued investment growth. Even though demand in some departments of the economy would drop in the short-run, creativity, practicality and innovation(创新) would be the key factors that would continually enhance the citys image and flourish long after the Olympics in the city has endeD So whats next for Beijing after the Olympics? Well, its business as usual.1Which one of the followings is the authors idea? ABeijings economy will have a downturn after the 2008 Olympic Games. BThe 2008 Olympic Games have no effects on Beijings economy. CBeijings economy will go on as usual. DBeijings economy will go worse after the 2008 Olympic Games.2Whats the Jin Yuanpu idea about Beijings economy after the 2008 Olympic Games according to the passage? Ato have a downturn Bto develop as usual Cto develop more rapidly Dall of the above3Why did Jonathan Anderson believe that the negative effects of the end of Beijing Olympics 2008 on the entire country arent important? AThe negative effects are small. BThe Chinese government has many measures to take. CThe Chinese economy has developed at a certain level so that the negative effects cant affect it too much. DJonathan Anderson liked China very much so he didnt want China to go worse.4Choose a best title for this passage. ABeijing After the Olympics BThe negative effects of the end of Beijing Olympics CCan Beijing get through the difficult period after the 2008 Olympic Games DBeijings economy after the 2008 Olympic Games【参考答案】1.答案：C 。解析：文章最后点明了作者同意的观点，北京的经济会照样发展，不会受到很大的冲击。考点：作者意图和态度2.答案：A。解析：文章第二段前半部分提到他担心大的对奥运会的投入，在会后没有其他 的用途，会造成很大的损失，可以推测出他的观点。考点：推理判断3.答案：C。解析：文章第二段最后说到他认为中国是一个经济大国，奥运会的负面影响就像 蚂蚁咬到龙身上，不会有什么感觉。考点：细节理解4.答案：D。解析：文章主要讲了专家对奥运会后北京及全国经济发展的看法。考点：主旨要义例2 Besides entertainment and beautiful lanterns, another important part of the Lantern Festival ,or Yuanxiao Festival is eating small dumpling balls made of glutinous rice flour. We call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods. The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuansiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame（芝麻）, osmanthus flowers(桂花), rose petals, sweetened tangerine（橘子）peel, bean paste, or jujube paste（枣子酱）. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat（肉末儿）, vegetables or a mixture.The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nutmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.1.Which of the following is NOT true? AThe custom of eating Yuanxiao dates back to the fourth century. BSugar, rose petals and minced meat are all fillings of Yuanxiao. CSweet Yuanxiao are usually made in southern China. DPeople in northern China usually make Yuanxiao by rolling like a snowball.2.Which country does the Lantern Festival come from? AChina BSouth Korea CJin Dynasty DTang and Song periods.3.Choose the right order of making Tangyuan in southern provinces. make a hole and insert the filling roll the dough between your hands shape the dough of rice flour into balls close the hole prepare some rice flour A B C D4.What is the best title of this passage?AThe Lantern Festival BThe ingredients of Yuanxiao CThe difference between Yuanxiao and Tangyuan. DChinas traditional foodYuanxiao.5.Why do we eat Yuanxiao today? ABecause its a tradition.BBecause its a tasty food.CBecause we love our country.DBecause this food can make money.【参考答案】1.答案：C。解析：文中没有提到只有南方人吃甜元宵。要特别注意题干中的NOT一词。考点：综合细节题。2.答案：A。解析：第一段中说明它起源于金代，盛行于唐宋，说明是中国的。考点：简单推测题。3.答案：D。解析：prepare some rice flour文中未提，但应该在前。考点：细节顺序题。4.答案：D。解析：文中说了元宵的起源、制作材料和方法以及流行情况，只有D能概括全 文。考点：主旨大意。5.答案：A。解析：文中显示我们吃元宵主要是因为它是传统。考点：推理判断题。例3 My parents were in a huge argument, and I was really upset about it. I didnt know who I should talk with about how I was feeling. So I asked Mom to allow me to stay the night at my best friends house. Though I knew I wouldnt tell her about my parents situation, I was looking forward to getting out of the house. I was in the middle of packing up my things when suddenly the power went out in the neighborhood. Mom came to tell me that I should stay with my grandpa until the power came back on.I was really disappointed because I felt that we did not have much to talk about. But I knew he would be frightened alone in the dark. I went to his room and told him that Id stay with him until the power was restored. He was quite happy and said, “Great opportunity.”“What is?” I asked.“To talk, you and I,” he said. “To hold a private little meeting about what were going to do with your mom and dad, and what were going to do with ourselves now that were in the situation we are in.”“But we cant do anything about it, Grandpa,” I said, surprised that here was someone with whom I could share my feelings and someone who was in the same “boat” as I was.And thats how the most unbelievable friendship between my grandfather and me started. Sitting there in the dark, we talked about our feeling and fears of life-from how fast things change, to how they sometimes dont change fast enough. That night, because the power went out, I found a new friend, with whom I could safely talked about all my fears and pains, whatever they may be.Suddenly, the lights all came back on. “Well,” he said, “I guess that means youll want to go now. I really like our talk. I hope the power will go out every few nights!”56I wished to get out of the house because _. AI was angry about my parents quarrel BI found nobody to share my feelings withCI wanted to escape from the dark house DI planned to tell my friend about my trouble57Grandpa was happy to see me because_.Ahe could discuss the problem with me Bhe had not seem me for a long timeChe was afraid of darkness Dhe felt quite lonely58What can be inferred from the passage?AThe grandchild was eager to leave. BThey would have more chats. CThe lights would go our again. DIt would no longer be dark.答案与解析56答案：B解析；根据第一段第二句可知。考点：事实判断题。57答案：A解析；由第四段第一句“To talk, you and I”可知。此处是对上文He was quite happy and said, “Great opportunity.”的解释。考点：判断推理题。58答案：B解析：文章结尾Grandpa所说的话表明了态度。考点：细节推理题。例4 Tilly Smith, an 11-year-old British girl, who was called “Angel of the Beach”, saved 100 tourists from a Thai beach hit by a tsunami on DeC26, 2004 and had been named “Child of the Year 2005” by readers of a French childrens newspaper.Tilly Smith is a schoolgirl at Danes Hill School in Oxshott, Surrey, EnglanDBack from Thailand she told her geography class how the sea slowly rose and started to foam(起泡沫), bubble, and form whirlpools(漩涡) before the big waves came.“What Tilly Smith described as happening was exactly the same as Id shown on a video of a tsunami that hit the Hawaiian Islands in 1946,” said Andrew F. Kearney, Tillys geography teacher. “She saw the consequences of not acting when something strange happens.” Kearney said topics for sixth-grade pupils include earthquakes and volcanoes.“We covered tsunamis because they can be caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, or landslides,” he added. “Ive taught this particular course for at least 11 years.”Kearney uses audiovisual(视听教学的) teaching aids such as interactive whiteboards to exploit geographic information online (his class often visits nationalgeographic.com). Tillys class had looked up U.S. websites about tsunamis early warning systems.“The teacher has a computer on the desk and can project different web pages onto the whiteboard,” Kearney said. “Its helped make great strides in teaching geography, it really brings it into the classroom.”On December 26,2004, Tilly Smith, ten, saw “bubbles on the water and foam sizzling(发出嘶嘶声) just like in a frying pan” while walking on Phuket Island beach with her family. Her mind kept going back to the geography lesson Mr. Kearney gave just two weeks before she flew out to Thailand on vacation. She recognized these as the warning signs of a tsunami.She told her parents and alerted the staff of the Marriott Hotel, where they were staying. The beach was evacuated(撤离) just minutes before the killer tsunami struck. It was one of the few on Phuket Island where no one was killed or seriously hut.1. The purpose of the passage is to tell us _. Ahow geography is taught in British schools Bhow Tilly Smith used her knowledge to save tourists from tsunami Cwhy Tilly Smith was named “Child of the Year 2005” Dthe relationship between classroom knowledge and its practical use2Which of the following words can best describe geography teaching in Britain? APractical. BExciting. CAudiovisual. DInteractive.3The underlined word “it” in paragraph 6 refers to _. Aweb page Bcomputer Cwhiteboard Dgeography4What can we learn from the last two paragraphs? ATilly Smiths parents and the hotel staff had no knowledge of tsunamis. BNo other beaches on Phuket Island were evacuated before the tsunami struck. CThe warning signs of the tsunami were the same as Tilly Smith had learned. DTilly Smith and her family had not left the hotel room before the tsunami struck.解读：本文报道英国小学生Tilly Smith利用课堂上所学到的地理知识在2004年印度洋海啸中拯救了100名游客，因而获得“2005年度最佳儿童”的称号。我们可以从文章中了解到英国小学在地理教学方面的先进理念。【参考答案】1. 答案：B解析：通读全文可知，文章重点介绍了Tilly Smith如何利用课堂上所学知识拯救游客的。考点：主旨大意题。2答案：A解析：根据文章所介绍的英国小学的地理教学模式以及Tilly Smith所做的一切可以得出结论：英国的地理教学很实用。考点：推理判断题。3.答案： D解析：根据前文“The teacher has a computer on the desk and can project different web pages onto the whiteboard”可知，该句的意思应该是：它（计算机）把地理真实地带入了课堂。考点：细节理解题。4答案：C解析：从文章倒数第二段的介绍可以得到答案，Tilly Smith正是运用了地理课堂 上学到的知识在海啸中救人。文章倒数第二段中“Her mind kept going back to the geography lesson”也验证了这一点。B项与原文信息不符；A、D两项缺乏信息支持。考点：推理判断题。通过以上例题解析，我们大体可以分这么几步来完成阅读理解（解题方法和技巧）：(1)【主旨要义】：一段独立的文字材料必须有主旨大意，如说明文说明了什么；议论文沦证了什么；记叙文记叙了一件什么事情以及事情的来龙去脉；应用文要起到什么作用等，也就是作者希望读者读完材料后能了解到或者学到什么。这类问题一般设题常用title，main idea，main purpose，. want you to know，.make it clear that，.mainly tell about，make you believe等信息词。这类题要求读者阅读完文章后领会文章大意并对所有信息进行归纳，综合和概括后才能正确完成。所以，考生在备考中应加强对阅读篇章整体理解的训练，培养敏捷的思维能力和对篇章整体把握的意识。 (2)【意图态度】：每年的高考试题中都有考查学生是否领会和理解作者意图和态度的试题。这种材料有其特定的写作目的，是传递信息还是阐述道理用以教育他人。这种目的往往不是文章直接告诉读者，而是隐含在某段、某句或者是通过对整篇文章的理解才能真正领会。这种命题常用infer，suggest，conclude等词，需要注意的是如果文章中已经明确指出那就肯定不是正确的选项了。因此，考生在平时的训练中要注重对信息收集、判断、总结和概括能力的培养，(3)【细节理解】：要论证一个观点，说明一项事宜或陈述一件事情都必须有充分的事实依据，即：事实细节。其实，每段短文中会有大量的信息，有些与设题有关，有些则无关。对于这些细节信息的准确理解和掌握关系到全文主旨和作者意图的把握。有些细节信息是直接的，有些是隐含在文章中的，需要经过归纳、概括、总结和推理才能提取出与设题密切相关的细节信息，从而作出正确判断。(4)【推理判断】：阅读的目的主要是掌握有关或相关的信息，在阅读过程中我们需要根据文字所提供的事实或线索进行一番逻辑推理才能掌握作者虽末提及但确实存在或很可能发生的事情。这种命题往往含有probably等可能性的词，这也是阅读理解设题的一个方面。(5)【猜测词义】：客观地说，在阅渎过程中遇到生词是很正常的事情。正确理解阅读材料中单词和短语的意思是理解全文的基础，在阅读过程中根据上下文和文章的背景猜测词义也是一种阅读能力。有时候从字典查出来的中文解释与句中的具体意思也不相同，这是因为考生没有真正了解这个英文单词的真实涵义。猜测词义是阅读理解中常常遇到的题目，所以培养猜测词义的能力在阅读过程中是非常重要的。(6)【文章结构】：命题人常用询问段落大意或用询问指代关系或用询问事件情节或思维发展的先后顺序的试题来考察学生对文章基本结构的掌握情况。不同的文体有不同的结构，正确把握文章的基本结构对主题句和主题段落的判断很有帮助。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。总之，做阅读理解，考生应该从整体上或者说从宏观上把握一篇文章的脉络，一定要明确每一段的大意，理解文章的中心思想和作者的行文思路，这是做阅读理解获取高分的基础和前提条件。1 【专题训练与高考预测】1. 2008(I) A20090318It is often necessary to release a fish, that is, set it free after catching, because it is too small, or you just dont want to take it home to eat. In some cases, releasing fish is a good measure that will help keep fish variety and build their population size. The Department of Game and Inland Fisheries (DGIF) encourages fishermen who practice catch-and-release fishing to use a few simple skills when doing so. The advice provided below will help make sure that the fish you release will survive (存活) to bite again another day.When catching a fish, play it quickly and keep the fish in the water as much as possible. Dont use a net in landing the fish and release it quickly to prevent it from dying.Hold the fish gently. Do not put your fingers in its eyes. Dont wipe the scales (鱼鳞) off the fish because it might cause it to develop a disease and reduce its chance of survival.Remove your hook (鱼钩) quickly. If the hook is too deep or hooked in the stomach, cut the line and leave the hook in. The hook left inside will cause no serious problem to the fish.Take good care of the fish by moving it gently in water. Release the fish when it begins to struggle and is able to swim.Do not hold fish in a bucket or some other containers and later decide to release it. If you are going to release a fish, do so right away.With a little care and by following the suggestions given above, you can give the released fish a better chance of survival.64People sometimes set a fish free after catching it because they _Adont want it to die Bhope it will grow quicklyCdont want to have it as food Dwant to practice their fishing skills65Which of the following will probably make a fish ill?ATaking the hook off it. BRemoving its scales.CTouching its eves DHolding it in your hand.66A proper way to release a fish is to _.A .move it in water till it can swim Btake the hook out of its stomachCkeep it in a bucket for some time Dlet it struggle a little in your hand67What is the purpose of the test?ATo show how to enjoy fishing. BTo persuade people to fish less often.CTo encourage people to set fish free. DTo give advice on how to release fish.2(2008山东) BFederal regulators Wednesday approved a plan to create a nationwide emergency alert(警报) system using text messages delivered to cell phones.Text messages have exploded in popularity in recent years, particularly among young people. The wireless industrys trade association, CTIA, estimates(估计) more than 48 billion text messages are sent each month.The plan comes from the Warning Alert and Response Network Act, a 2006 federal law that requires improvement to the nations emergency alert system. The act tasked the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) with coming up with new ways to alert the public about emergencies.“The ability to deliver accurate and timely warnings and alerts through cell phones and other mobile services is an important next step in our efforts to help ensure that the American public has the information they need to take action to protect themselves and their families before, and during, disasters and other emergencies,” FCC Chairman Kevin Martin said following approval of the plan.Participation in the alert system by carrierstelecommunications companiesis voluntary, but it has received solid support from the wireless industry.The program would be optional for cell phone users. They also may not be charged for receiving alerts.There would be three different types of messages, according to the rules.The first would be a national alert from the president, likely involving a terrorist attack or natural disaster. The second would involve “approaching threats,” which could include natural disasters like hurricanes or storms or even university shootings. The third would be reserved for child abduction(绑架) emergencies, or so-called Amber Alerts.The service could be in place by 2010.66Which of the following would be the best title for the text?ACell Phone Alerts Protecting StudentsBCell Phone Alerts by Wireless IndustryCCell Phone Alerts of Natural DisastersDCell Phone Alerts Coming Soon3(2008福建) CFor years we have been told that encouraging a childs self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car.The implication(含义) of saying “You are the prettiest girl in class,” or talking about thegoals she succeed but not her overall effort, is that you love her only when she looks the best, scores she highest, achieves the most. And this carries ov