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第三讲:代词一.代词的分类代词是用来代替名词(或名词性结构)的词。九类:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,相互代词,指示代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词和关系代词。 (人物反相指,不疑连关词)二.代词详解1. 人称代词(1) 定义:表示“你,我,他/她/它及其复数”的代词称为人称代词。人称第一人称第二人称第三人称 数格单复单复单复主格Iweyouhesheitthey宾格meushimherthem(2). 用法 作主语(用主格)如: We eat to live; we dont live to eat. 作宾语(用宾格)如: They gave him some books. 作表语(主格,宾格皆可)如: It must be he.(主格)It was him that I saw yesterday.(宾格)注意:人称代词作主语,其后不带谓语动词时,在口语中常用宾格。如: Does anyone know him? Me.(3) it的用法 主要用于指代上文提到的事物,也可用于指代婴儿或不明身份的人如: -Whats this? -Its a book.(=This is a book.)I bought a pen last week, but I lost it yesterday.Who is it?Its Tom. 指代天气, 温度, 时间, 距离, 环境等。如: It s cold today. Its ten oclock now. 用作形式主语如: Its important to master English.(it=to master English) 用作形式宾语如:I found it interesting to teach English.(it=to teach English)2.物主代词 (1) 定义: 表示某物属于“谁的”的代词称为物主代词。人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单复单复单复形容词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词性mineoursyoursherstheirs(2) 用法形容词性的物主代词:只用作定语如: I havent got your name. 名词性物主代词: 可用作主,宾,表语。如: Hers is a new bike. I dont like hers. Victory will be ours.3.反身代词(1) 定义: 表示“某人自已”的代词称为反身代词。单数都以self结尾,复数则以selves结尾。人称第一人称第二人称第三人称数单复单复单复myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimselfherselfitselfthemselves(2) 用法 作宾语如: God help those who help themselves.(自助者,天助之。) You should be proud of yourself. 作表语如: The master of your fate is yourself.(命运的主人是你自己。) Im not myself today. (我今天不舒服。) 同位语如:The matter itself is not important.You should ask Tom himself. 作主语单独的反身代词不用作主语,但在“A and/or/nor B”结构作主语时,B可以用反身代词。如: James and myself did it.4.相互代词(1) 定义: 表示相互关系的代词称为相互代词。只有两个:each other和one another。它们都表示“彼此”.(2) 用法each other用于两者及以上之间one another用于三者及以上之间如: We should help each other/one another.5.指示代词(1) 定义:用于指明一定的人或事物时所用的代词称为指示代词。指示代词:this(这个),that(那个),these(这些),those(那些)this,that指代单数或不可数名词these/those指代可数名词复数this/these指时空上近的事物that/those指时空上较远的事物(2)用法 形容词性用法-作定语如: This desk is small and that one is big. 名词性用法-主要用作主,宾语.如: This is Bill. Do you like that?注意:that可在句中代替前面出现过的单数可数或不可数名词,以避免重复。 如:The climate of Qingdao is cooler than that of Beijing. (that=climate)当其所代替的名词为复数时用those。如:The apples in the basket are bigger than those on the floor. 6. 不定代词1) 定义:不指明代替任何特定名词的代词。常见不定代词有:all ,both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no,something, anything, everything, nothing , somebody, anybody, everybody, nobody, someone, anyone, everyone, no one, none等。 2) 用法要点:(1)every/each. every只能作定语,后接单数可数名词,指代三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个。如: Every student is present.(每个学生都在场。) Every man has his weak side.(每个人都有弱点。) each指代两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个,可以在句中作主语,宾语,定语,同位语。如:Each of the students will get a book.(主语)I gave a piece of cake to each of the children.(宾语)He had a pen in each hand. (定语)They each have a book. (同位语)(2)some, any二者都可以用作主语,宾语或定语。可以代替或修饰可数名词(单复数均可)或不可数名词。 some一般用于肯定句中。其修饰可数名词复数或不可数名词时,表示“一些”,修饰可数名词单数时表示“某个”,用于数字前时则可表示“大约”。some用于疑问句时,则表示希望得到对方肯定回答的请求或建议。如:Some have gone back home.(主语) We like some of them.(宾语) I have some books.(定语) May I have some water? (表请求) Should we get some oil? (表建议) any多用于疑问句、否定句和条件句中,也可用于肯定句,表示“任何;任一”。如:Have you any brother/brothers?I dont like any of these books. 我不喜欢这些书。Take any book(s) you like.试比较: I dont like some of these books. 这些书中有些我不喜欢。(3)either, neither代替或修饰可数名词单数形式。在句中用作定语,主语,宾语,表语。either指“(两个人或物中的)任何一个”,表肯定意义。neither则表示“(两个人或物中的)任何一个也不”,为否定意义。这两个词作主语时,谓语动词需用单数。如:Does either of you know where I can buy such a pen?(主语)There is tea or coffeeyou can have either.(宾语)He sat in the back of the car with a policeman on either side. (定语)他坐在车子后面,一边坐着一个警察。Both players have been warned, but neither of them takes it seriously. (主语)两个运动员都受到了警告,但是他们都不把它当回事。I like neither of them.(宾语)Neither parent cares what happens to the child.(定语)(4)many/muchmany代替或修饰可数名词复数,much则代替或修饰不可数名词。在句中用作定语,主语,宾语,表语。如: Many want to join us.(主语)We are many, and they are few.(表语)Much has been said on it. (主语)He didnt say much about it.(宾语)There was too much work for one person(定语)(5) little/a little, few/ a few little/a little代替或修饰不可数名词; few/a few代替或修饰可数名词。都可用作定语,主语,宾语,表语。little/few表示否定意义,意为“几乎没有”;a little/a few意为“有一点/有几个”,表示肯定意义,说明虽然不多但是有。如:A little is enough.(主语)We just need a little.(宾语)There is only a little milk. (定语)注意:only,just,quite与a few、a little为固定搭配。I have many interesting books, and here are just a few.There are only a few people.She has cooked quite a few dinners over the years. (相当多的)(6)a lot (of), lots (of)修饰或代替复数可数名词或不可数名词。作主语,宾语,表语。 如:A lot has been said on this.(主语)Ive learned a lot from him.(宾语)Thats a lot.(表语)注意:a lot/lots不可直接置于名词前,其后接名词时,必须用a lot of/lots of。如:A lot of work has been done.There were lots of people at the party.(7) one / other两者都可指代或修饰人或物,在句中作主语, 宾语,表语,定语 。 one代指单数可数名词,其复数形式为ones。如: One can do what one likes here.(主语)-Have you got a camera?-No.-Oh, you should buy one.(宾语) They are all old ones.(表语)other可指代或修饰单数或复数可数名词; the other用于指代单数名词,表示“(两者中的)另一个”。如: She has two sisters. One is a nurse and the other is a teacher.(主语)Some of them want to help him. The others want to stop him.(主语)There are other people there.(定语)She is ready to help others.(宾语)(8) none/no one(no body)none可代指可数名词(单复数皆可)和不可数名词,可指人也可指物,其与名词连用时需有of。在句中作主语,宾语,表语。如:None of us is/are ready.(主语)I like none of the books.(宾语) no one/no body只能代指人。其作主语时,谓语动词用单数。none表示在某群人中(某个范围内)没有做某事的人,常用来回答how many提问的句子;而no one/no body则表示“没有人”,用来回答who开头的问句及其它没有限定范围的一般问句。如: -How many students are there in the classroom?-None.-How many of you have ever been to America?-None.-Who can answer this question?-No one.-Did any one call me up just now?-No one.7. 疑问代词(1) 定义: 对某人或某物进行提问的代词,一般用在特殊疑问句的句首。常见疑问代词有:who, whom, whose, what, which(2) 用法详解 who 主格 作主语;whom 宾格 作宾语;whose 所有格,作主语、宾语、表语和定语;都用于指人。口语中who 常可以代替whom, 但当whom位于介词后时,不能用who 代替。如:Who wants to answer my question? Who(m) are they looking for?what 什么;which哪一个/些两者都可表示选择的意思,但what 泛指物,强调没有限定范围的选择,which强调有限定范围的选择。what 可用于提问职业、地位等。如:-What is your father? 你爸爸是干什么的? -Hes a teacher. 他是一个老师。What sport do you like most? Which sport do you like most, basketball, football, or volleyball? Which is the biggest, the sun, the earth, or the moon?
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