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Unit 21Human Biology,开 篇 背 诵 议论文(优劣对比类),典型例题 (武汉调研)某英文报社正在进行题为“居住在城市的利与弊”的有关征文。请根据下面提示，给该报社写一篇征文。,注意：1. 词数为100左右； 2. 可适当增加内容以使行文连贯。 Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in a City 写作提示 1. 优劣对比类议论文是对于某个观点、优点和缺点的比较性陈述。具有鲜明的对比性。 2. 写作时注意优点和缺点的不同表达，以及对立双方之间过渡词语的准确应用。,佳作欣赏 Advantages and Disadvantages of Living in a City Living in a city has both advantages and disadvantages. For example, there are much more job opportunities, and with many choices of public transport available, its more convenient to travel. Besides, there are a lot of places for entertainment. You can eat in good restaurants, visit museums, watch movies and go to parks whenever you want to relax. However, living in a city is often very expensive.,You must find a wellpaid job, or you will not be able to afford the expenses. Whats more, the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty. It is very difficult to find a good place where people can enjoy peace and fresh air as in the countryside.,名师点评 1. 文章对生活在城市里的利和弊进行了阐述，条理清晰，层次分明。文章的结尾有些唐突，没有适当的提出自己的观点，这是本文的美中不足。 2. 注意利弊观点之间的衔接词However运用巧妙。还有其它一些好的衔接词如：Besides; Whats more等。 3. 文中一些出彩的句式：with many choices of public transport available; eat in.，visit museums, watch movies and go to parks; living in a city is.; the city is always crowded, noisy and dirty。,教 材 自 主 回 归 记记单词,1c_vi.循环_n循环，传播_adj.循环性的_adj.圆形的，环形的 2v_vt.违反，违背_n违反，违背_adj.违反地，违背地_n违反者 3e_n进入；入学_n入口，门口 4t_vt.款待_n对待，治疗,circulate,circulation,circulative,circular,violate,violation,violative,violator,entry,entrance,treat,treatment,5f_vt.预见_vt.&vi.预测，预言 6w_adj.每周一次的_adj.一年一次的_adj.每月一次的_adj.每天的；n.日报 7m_n最低；最小_n最大，最大量 8u_adv.无条件地_adv.附有条件地_adj.以为条件的，附有条件的_n情况，环境，条件,foresee,forecast,weekly,yearly,monthly,daily,minimum,maximum,unconditionally,conditionally,conditional,condition,9e_vt.使有准备_adj.装备好的_n配备，装备，器械 10c_n担心，担忧_adj.担心的，相关的_adv.担忧的_prep.关于，有关,equip,equipped,equipment,concern,concerned,concernedly,concerning,记记短语 1.Floyd Landis made several lame excuses blaming medicine he had been taking for an injury but _(那些全是徒劳) 2It is compulsory for winners to be tested but other participants _(只是被随机检查),these were all in vain,are only tested at random,3The Olympic spiritthe spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather than winninghas been violated by the desire _ (不惜一切代价获得成功) 4I decided not to put off studying and got up early every morning to_(立刻专心于工作),to succeed at all costs,get down to work straight away,5We have to have faith that _ (迟早有消灭禽流感的方法) 6If trends continue the way theyre going, then in my opinion, yesin developed countries _(至少),there will be solutions in time to stop a Bird Flu epidemic in its tracks,at any rate,记记句型 1.Many contemporary amateur athletes _(会打破多项世界纪录)if they _(参加)the first Olympic Games. 2Scientists now guess that _ (那一地区约百分之五十的人口死于)this epidemic _ (使之成为主要原因之一)of the fall of the Roman Empire.,would have broken world records,had taken part in,up to 50% of the areas population died from;,making it one of the main causes,3_(遗憾的是)thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance.,It seems a real pity that,教 材 知 识 探 究 词 语 解 读,1. abuse n&vt.滥用；辱骂 abuse of power滥用职权 alcohol abuse酗酒 drug abuse滥用毒品 abuse ones authority/power滥用职权/权力,Laws have been passed to prevent government officials from abusing their power. 通过立法防止官员滥用权力。 They were so rude that they often abused each other in public. 他们很粗鲁，经常在大庭广众之下彼此辱骂。,考试题 (江西)He is a worthy leader, who never _ his power which is given by people. A. uses B. abuses C. ignores D. forces 答案：B,2. tolerate vt.容忍；忍受 tolerate (sb./ones) doing sth.容忍(某人)做某事 tolerant adj.容忍的，宽容的 be tolerant of/towards sb./sth.容忍某人/某事 tolerance n宽容，忍受 tolerable adj.可以忍受的，可以容忍的,I wont tolerate your bad manners any longer. 我再也不能忍受你那种恶劣的态度了。 Many old people have a very limited tolerance to cold. 许多老年人对寒冷的忍受力很差。,词语辨析 tolerate, stand, bear与endure tolerate可与stand换用，但tolerate更正式，可指容忍不同观点。 stand后除可以跟困难外更多接人。 bear则指承受重负、重量、痛苦、烦恼等。 endure可指忍受长期的痛苦、苦难、困难等。,考试题 (济宁模拟)I am a _ man, but your behavior is more than I can bear. Atolerant Bresponsible Cgenerous Denthusiastic 答案与解析：A 考查形容词辨析。tolerant宽容的；responsible负责的；generous慷慨的；enthusiastic热情的。根据句意，应选A项。,用tolerate, stand, bear或endure的适当形式填空 The sorrow was almost more than she could _. He quietly _ the pain of a loveless marriage. I cant _ hot weather. A government that refuses to _ opposition cannot last long.,bear,endures,stand,tolerate,3. seek(sought，sought)vt.&vi.寻找；探索；追求 seek ones fortune 寻找致富及成功之道 seek to do sth.(try to do sth./attempt to do sth.) 试图做某事，企图做某事 seek ones advice 寻求某人的建议 seek(after/for)sth. 寻找某物 They are seeking the most reasonable diet that will do good to their health. 他们在寻找有益于他们健康的最合理的饮食。,解题警示 seek for, look for和search for都表示“找的动作”，不强调结果。 考试题 (2010广西柳州模拟)Various experiments have been carried out to _ the proper way to raise children. Amake Bfight Cwork Dseek 答案与解析：D seek寻找，seek the proper way寻找合适的方法。,预测题 He is always _ fault with other people though he doesnt do his own work properly. Aseeking Blooking Cfinding Dputting 答案与解析：C seek寻找；look看(不及物动词；find找到；put放。find fault with意为“挑毛病”。,4. in vain徒然，白费力气 vain promises空头许诺 try in vain to do sth.枉费心机地试做某事 take sb.s name in vain轻慢地谈论某人 We tried in vain to make him change his mind. 我们想使他改变主意，结果是白费心机。 He was vain about his looks, spending hours in the gym. 他对自己的外表很自负，在健身房里一呆就是几个小时。,考试题 (湖北)His efforts to raise money for his program were _ because no one showed any intention to take a cent out of their pockets. A. in place B. in sight C. in effect D. in vain,答案与解析：D 句意：他为他的项目筹集资金的努力付诸东流了，因为没有一个人愿意从腰包里掏出一分钱。in place在适当的位置，准备就绪；in sight在视线内可以看见；in effect生效，起作用；in vain徒劳。又如：They tried in vain to persuade her to go.他们极力劝说她去，但枉费了一番口舌。All our efforts were in vain.我们所有的努力全都是枉费心机。,5. oppose vt.反对，反抗，抵制，阻挠 be opposed to sth.反对某事物 as opposed to与对照 opposable adj.可反对的；可对立的 opposite n对立面；对立物adj.对立的，对面的adv.在对面prep.与相对，在对面 Father does not oppose the idea at all. 父亲丝毫不反对这个想法。 I am opposed to going shopping with others. 我反对与其他人一起外出购物。,词语辨析 oppose, object与resist oppose为及物动词，指“对某人、某事采取积极行动来反对”，着重指动作，尤指“反对一种观念、思想、计划等”。 object常指“用言论或论据等表示反对”，着重指“个人嫌厌”和“提出反对意见”。作不及物动词，后常跟to连用。 resist指“积极地反抗、对抗，用武力阻止的前进”。,考试题 (山东省临沭县)The government managed to have two chemical factories built, though _ by the citizens. Abeing opposed to Bopposed to Cwas opposed to Dhaving been opposed to 答案：B,用oppose, object或resist的适当形式填空 The soldiers were _ the enemy. I _ to his plan. The father _ his sons marriage.,resisting,objected,opposed,6. at all costs不管多大代价，无论如何 at all costsat any cost不惜任何代价，无论如何 at the cost of以为代价 at a cost of以的价格 at cost按成本，以成本价格(出售) cut/reduce costs减少了日常花销 cover the cost of sth.支付某物的费用 cost sb. sth.花某人/使付出/使丧失,We must avoid war at all costs/whatever the cost. 我们必须不惜任何代价避免战争。 He saved the children from the fire at the cost of his own life. 他舍身把孩子们从大火中救出。 The students are given 50 a year to cover the cost of books and stationery. 学生每年得到五十英镑作为支付书籍和文具的费用。,考试题 (天津十二区县)Her irresponsible behavior _ her father many sleepless nights. A. costs B. takes C. spends D. pays 答案与解析：A 考查动词辨析。cost指为了某事做出某种努力或牺牲；take花费(时间)；spend花费(金钱，时间)；pay支付的费用。句意：她那不负责任的行为使她父亲在很多个夜晚不得安睡。,(江西重点中学联考)The man charged me 150 yuan for this coat! Oh, my God, it sounds rather _. Aexpensively Bdearly Ccostly Dimpossibly 答案与解析：C 考查词语辨析。根据答语的前半部分可知说话人认为那个男子要价太高，此处costly是形容词，表示“昂贵的”。句中的sounds是系动词，后跟形容词作表语，而其余三项都是副词，因此不正确。,(黄冈质检)The terrible accident almost _ the driver his life. A. valued B. counted C. took D. cost 答案与解析：D 考查动词辨析。value估价，重视；count计算，计算在内，认为，有价值；take拿，拿走，取，抓，占领，获得；cost价钱为，(使)花费(金钱、时间、精力等)，使失去。句意：那起可怕的事故差点要了那个司机的命。cost作“使失去(生命、健康等)”讲时，后接双宾语，符合语境。,7. postpone vt.延期；延缓；搁置 postpone sth. (to/until sth.)推迟到 postpone doing sth.推迟做某事 We postponed the match from March 5th to March 19th. 我们把比赛从3月5日推迟到3月19日举行。 The game has already been postponed three times. 这场比赛已经被延期三次了。,词语辨析 postpone, delay与put off postpone指将某一活动“延期”到某一确定时间。 delay指由于某种意外或客观原因而“耽搁或推迟”。 put off指主观上有意“拖延”时间。,用postpone, delay或put off的适当形式填空 Lets _ making a decision until we have more information. They decided to _ the meeting. The sports meeting will be _ because of some reason.,postpone,put off,delayed,8. wipe v擦，拭，抹，擦掉 wipe out彻底毁灭 wipe sth. with sth.用擦 wipe away擦掉，擦干 wipe.off.从擦下去 wipe up用布擦净(液体或污渍)；用布擦干 wipe sth. from ones mind/memory故意忘记事物,The entire population was wiped out by the terrible disease. 所有的居民都被可怕的疾病夺去生命。 The cost of the new building will wipe out all the companys profits this year. 新建的大楼会花光公司今年的全部利润。 Wipe your nose with your handkerchief. 用手帕擦擦你的鼻子。,预测题 Five hundred years ago the plague (黑死病)_almost all the population of the island. Awiped down Bwiped off Cwiped out Dwiped up 答案：C,9. prohibit vt.禁止；阻止，使不可能 prohibit sb./sth. from doing sth.禁止某人/某物做某事 stop sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/某物做某事 prevent sb./sth. from doing sth.阻止某人/某物做某事 keep sb./sth. from doing sth.不让某人/某物做某事,Smoking in this railway carriage is strictly prohibited. 本列车车厢严格禁止吸烟。 We are prohibited from drinking alcohol during working hours. 工作时间内我们不得喝酒。,词语辨析 prohibit, forbid与ban prohibit指(通过法律、法令、公告、严正警告)“禁止”某些事情，应用范围比其他两个词广，其常用结构为prohibit sb. from doing sth.。 forbid“禁止”，为常用词，常用结构forbid sb. to do sth.。 ban“禁止”，语气最强，指权威机关“正式禁止”，这种禁止可以是正面的，也可以是负面的；ban只以物作宾语，而不能以人作宾语。,预测题 Traffic regulations _ people from riding bicycles on the sidewalk. A. stop B. prohibit C. prevent D. keep 答案：B,用prohibit, forbid或ban的适当形式填空 Smoking is _ in the office building. His parents _ him wine. Bicycles are _ from the new motorway.,prohibited,forbid,banned,10. foresee vt.预见，预知 The extent of the damage could not have been foreseen. 损害程度是无法预见的。 We could foresee that we would die if we couldnt reach land very soon. 可以预见，如果不能很快地靠岸登陆，我们必死无疑。,词语辨析 foresee, forecast, predict foresee强调“预见，预知”，着重宣布未来的事，而不表明所预言的事情是否正确。 forecast强调“预报”，指通过分析一些相关的信息、数据来预测。 predict常指根据已知的事实或自然规律推断出未来的事情，可用于各种不同的场合；predict所作的预言有一定的科学性。,预测题 Those who can _ difficulties on their way _ success may keep calm when they really appear. A. forecast; of B. forecast; to C. foresee; to D. foresee; of 答案：C,用foresee, forecast或predict的适当形式填空 The difficulties could not have been _. Hurricanes have been _ for tomorrow afternoon. She _ that he would marry a doctor.,foreseen,forecast,predicted,11. rob vt.抢夺，抢掠；盗走；剥夺 rob sb./some place of sth.抢走某人/某处某物 While she was walking, her handbag was robbed. 在她散步时，她的手提袋被抢了。 You have robbed me of the glory of youth. 你剥夺了我青春的光辉。,考试题 (南安三校)On his returning from work he found his house _. A. robbing B. robbed C. stealing D. stolen 答案与解析：B 房子不可能被steal，故排除C、D两项；house与rob之间是动宾关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。,12. decline v下降；婉拒，婉言谢绝；n.下降，减少 decline an offer婉拒提议 decline to do sth.拒绝做某事 a decline in.在的方面的减少 fall/go into a decline不景气 in declineon the decline在下降，在衰退 declining adj.越来越少的；越来越差的 His influence declined as he grew older. 随着年龄的增长，他的影响力降低了。,We asked them to come to our party, but they declined the invitation. 我们邀请他们来参加我们的聚会，但他们婉言谢绝了。 词语辨析 decline，refuse与reject decline作“拒绝”之意时，常指有礼貌地回绝，婉言谢绝，其主语只能是人。 refuse语气比decline重，主语可以是人也可以是物。 reject比refuse语气更重，意为“抛弃，拒收，不采纳”。,预测题 Did you take part in his birthday party? No, though he invited me, I _. Adenied Baccepted Cdeclined Dadopted 答案：C,13. equip vt.& vi.装备；配备；使有准备；使有资格 be equipped with. equip.with.用装备 equip sth. on.在上装备某物 equip sb. for.使某人具有 equipment n设备，器材 a piece of equipment for.一件的设备,解题警示 equipment为不可数名词，不可用an equipment进行表达；但可以用a piece of equipment 表示“一件设备”。 预测题 The explorers were told to _ themselves with everything they would need for the voyage. Aassociate Bequip Crelate Dfeed 答案：B,14. fortune n. U 机会；运气；C命运；大笔的钱 fortunate adj.幸运的，运气好的 fortunately adv.幸运地 try ones fortune碰运气 tell sb.s fortune为某人算命 come into a fortune继承大笔遗产 make a fortune发财,考试题 (2008南昌)The millionaire passed away，leaving his children with a large _. Afortune Bluck Cmoney Damount 答案与解析：A 考查名词辨析。The millionaire 暗示留给他的孩子们的应该是财产/巨款。,15. at any rate无论如何；至少 at this rate照这样下去 at the rate of以速度 at this rate照这样 At any rate, I determined to wait for his definite reply. 无论如何，我得等到他给我一个肯定的答复。 He said hell be coming tomorrow. At any rate, I think thats what he said. 他说他明天要来，至少，我认为他是这么说的。,考试题 (蓬莱三校)I may be away on business next week but _ Ill be back by Friday. A. at any rate B. at a rate C. at this rate D. at the rate 答案与解析：A at this rate照这样；at any rate意为“不管怎么样”。句意：我可能下周出差，但无论如何我在周五要返回来。故选A项。,16. concern n担心，担忧；关切；vt.涉及；与有关；影响；使担忧；使烦恼 show/express(great) concern about/for.对表示关心/担心 as concernsconcerning关于 as/so far as.be concerned关于；至于；就而言 be/feel concerned about/over/at sth.关心；忧虑，挂念 be concerned in sth.和某事有牵连 be concerned with牵涉到，与有关，参与,预测题 Even in Ancient Rome times parents _ their children not following traditions. A. were contributed to B. were connected with C. were concerned about D. were combined with 答案与解析：C be concerned about关心，担心；be contributed to被献给；be connected with与连接起来；be combined with与结合起来。由题意知选C项。,Applied science is _ discovering ways to use the knowledge of theoretical science. A. concerned about B. concerned with C. focused on D. combined with 答案与解析：B 本题主要考查be concerned about和be concerned with的区别，前者意为“关心，关注”，后者意为“与有关联，牵涉到”。句意：应用科学研究涉及探究理论科学知识的应用方法。,句 型 剖 析 It seems a real pity that thousands of people who could have benefited from Traditional Chinese Medicine missed out because of ignorance.很遗憾，由于无知，成千上万的人们错过了用传统中医治疗的机会。 It seemsn./adj.that从句中，it为形式主语， that从句为真正的主语。 seem(to be)形容词/名词/介词短语/分词 seemto do/to have done/to be doing,It seems that.(用陈述语气) It seems as if/as though.(从句可用虚拟语气) There seems (to be) seem liken.好像 It seems that there is no way out of difficulty. 我们似乎无法摆脱困境。 There seems (to be) every reason to believe that business will get better. 看来，完全有理由相信生意会转好。,考试题 (2010北京市崇文区)Oh！My God！A file seems _ by mistake! A. deleted b. to be deleted C. being deleted D. to have been deleted 答案与解析：D 此题考查不定式的时态语态。seem to do似乎做某事“文件似乎已被删除”，故选D项to have been done不定式的完成时的被动语态。,(合肥市质检)The little girl showed no anxiety before the competition. She seemed _ it pretty well. A. to prepare B. preparing C. having prepared D. to have prepared 答案与解析：D prepare动作发生在seemed之前，故用不定式的完成时态。而seem后接动词不定式，seem to do sth.“似乎干”，故选D项。,随 堂 检 测 .单词拼写 1They spent a lot of money e_ the school with computers. 2The group o_ the mayor and is trying to find a candidate to run against him. 3He went from city to city, s_ for work. 4Nowadays more and more farmer workers leave their hometown and rush into big cities to make a f_.,equipping,opposes,seeking,fortune,5Some old people dont like pop songs because they cant t_ so much noise. 6We have to p_ going to France because the children are ill. 7The high cost of equipment p_ many people from taking up this sport. 8The activities of Welsh mines went into _(减少)after about 1880.,tolerate,postpone,prohibits,decline,9Completed projects must be _(提交)by 10 March, 2010. 10They have been living in reduced _ (情形)since John lost his job.,submitted,circumstances,.选择填空(有两项为多余选项) in vain, at random, at all costs, straight away, stop sth. in its tracks, at any rate, wipe out 1You are not to allow anyone to leave the room _. 2They have_the enemys major military targets. 3The thief tried to open the locked door but _.,at all costs,wiped out,in vain,4We may miss the next train, but _ well be there before noon. 5When the teacher came in, she opened her book _ and started reading.,at any rate,at random,.根据提示翻译句子 1要弥补已失去的时光是不可能的。(to be made up) 答案：It is impossible for lost time to be made up. 2人们普遍认为Bill Gates是世界上最富有的人。(be believed) 答案：Bill Gates is believed to be the richest man in the world.或It is believed that Bill Gates is the richest man in the world.,3这次事故本来是可以避免的。(could have done ) 答案：This accident could have been prevented. 4似乎有好多年没有见你了。(seems) 答案：It seems like years since I last saw you.,.交际用语 1(河南省联考)I put him down for a welleducated man. _？ I mean that hes a welleducated man. AI beg your pardon BSpeak louder, will you CWhats that DWill you repeat word for word,答案与解析：A 由下文语境“我的意思是他是一个受过良好教育的人”可知提问者没有听明白对方的话，用I beg your pardon来请求重复。,2(郑州质量预测)Its getting late. Im afraid I must be going now. OK. _. A. Take it easy B. Go slowly C. Stay longer D. See you later 答案与解析：D 句意：时间不早了，我该走了。因此答语为“再见”，在口语中通常用“See you later”或“See you”。 Take it easy“不紧张，不生气，不激动”等，用来安慰对方，而B项和C项属于汉语式的表达。,.语法专练 1(2010福建期末)If you _ to the party last Saturday, you would have met our old friend Jim. I caught a cold, for I had been walking around in the rain. Acame Bhad come Cwould come Dwould have come 答案：B,2(2010东至联考)No student _ go out of the school campus after ten oclock at night without permission, according to the school regulations. A. will B. must C. may D. shall 答案：D,3(2010学军中学) Miss Pei is on time for everything. How _ it be _ she was late for the opening ceremony? A. must; where B. can; that C. should; when D. might; if 答案：B,4(2010安徽质检)Mum, would you please buy me a MP5 player? If you can help do the dishes the whole vacation, you _ have one as a reward. Amust Bneed Cwould Dshall 答案：D,5(2010淄博上学期期末) In fact, you _ go outside at all. Theres a supermarket just downstairs. A. couldnt B. mustnt C. neednt D. shouldnt 答案：C,6(2010潍坊测试) Can you imagine that a smart man like him _ make such a stupid mistake? A. might B. should C. would D. need 答案：B,7(2010胶州诊断)Be quick，please.I have to be there by 900. _，but Ill try my best. AThats all right BNo problem CI cant promise DIts impossible 答案：C,课时检测B21(Unit 21 Human Biology),.单项填空 1Is there anyone who _ the plans put forward by the committee? No one. Adiffers Bopposes Cdisagrees Drefuses 答案与解析：B 句意：有人反对由该委员会提出的这些计划吗？没有。oppose指“经过认真考虑后反对”，符合题意。differ为不及物动词，与from搭配，表示“与不同”；disagree“不同意”，需加with/on/to后才能跟宾语；refuse“拒绝”，为及物动词。,2Somewhat better _ academically, he returned home to continue his experiment. A. furnished B. equipped C. provided D. installed 答案与解析：B equip“(智力、体力上)使有准备；装备；武装”，符合题意。furnish(用家具)装备(居室)；provide提供，供应；install安装(仪器、设备等)。,3Thieves _ the bank _ thousands of dollars, the course of which was taperecorded by a video. Arobbed; from Brobbed; of Cstole; of Dstole; from 答案与解析：B 句意：小偷们抢了银行数千美元，整个过程都被录像机录了下来。rob sb. of sth.抢了某人某物；steal sth. from sb.偷了某人某物。,4Why do you Chinese always add something red to the family during the Spring Festival? Because it is believed in China that red things will bring good _ in the coming year. Afortune Bfame Cwealth Dmoney 答案与解析：A 由常识可知，中国人认为红色的东西能为人们在来年带来好运，故用fortune“运气”。fame名声，名词；wealth财富，财产；money钱。,5Why did you sell the house at a very low price? I have no other choice. The _ forced me to do that. A. state B. condition C. circumstance D. cnvironment 答案与解析：C 句意：你为什么把房子低价出售了？我没有其他选择了。当时的情况迫使我那么做的。circumstance作“情况，环境”讲时，常用复数形式，符合题意。state“状态”；condition“条件，情况”，指一定时间内人的感觉或事情所处的情况；environment“(自然)环境”。,6It is very clear that TV programs usua
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