《GREsub考试说明》word版.doc

GRE机考完全备考手册之附录一GRE SUBJECT TEST（GRE SUB）专栏一 GRE SUB考试之启蒙篇首先，我们来了解一下什么是GRE SUBJEST考试（又称GRE专业考试或GRE专项考试）。GRE (Graduate Record Exam)考试是研究生的入学考试，它适用于除了法律（需参加LSAT考试）与商业（需参加GMAT考）以外的各种学科与专业的研究生考试。GRE考试分为两种，一种是普通GRE考试（GRE General），也就是大部分中国学生参加的GRE考试。另一种是专项GRE考试(GRE Subject)。GRESUBJESTTest是ETS为测试考生专业能力设计的标准化考试，因各学科的专业范围、试题数都不相同，所以没有统一的分数换算规则 和标准。各学科的满分是990分，但生物学、工程学、法语、地质学、历史、音乐、 心理学和西班牙语这8个学科还分别就这些学科的不同领域给出各自的小分，其目的是帮助接受单位更好地了解申请人在某一学科领域的能力情况。SUBJECT考试与GENERAL考试的评分标准有很大不同：绝对分数的重要性是次于百分比分布的，对于中国学生来说比例不应低于90%。计分方式为倒扣分：RawScore=（答对的分数-答错的分数）/4 其次，GRE专业考试分为数学、生物、物理、化学、历史、音乐、法语、西班牙语、计算机、经济学、工程学、教育学、地质学、美国文学、政治学、心理学和社会学等14门学科，各个学科的试题数目与形式各不相同，其目的主要在于测试考生在某一学科领域或专业领域内所获得的知识和技能以及能力水平的高低。以下是各个学科的简要说明。GRE SUB考试范围（中文版）(1) 数学类(M67Mathematics)约66题，试题主要是针对希望攻读数学专业研究生的考生，侧重于数学专业的知识和技巧。除了基本的微积分运算外，还包括线性代数、数学分析等，要求考生能够举一反三。大约有1/4的试题涉及到复变分析、拓扑学、数论等方面的知识。 (2)物理类(P77Physics)约100题，其内容主要涉及大学的物理课程。其中经典力学约占20%，电磁基础约占18%，原子物理约占10%，物理光学及波动现象约占9%，流体力学及统计力学约占10%，量子力学约占12%，狭义相对论约占6%，实验方法约占6%；其余9%主要涉及近代物理学的内容，包括有拉格朗日和哈密尔顿力学、原子和质子物理、低温物理及空间物理。 (3)化学类(C27Chemistry)约150题，涉及大学化学课程的主要内容。其中，分析化学约占15%，无机化学约占25%，有机化学约占30%，物理化学约占30%。 (4)计算机科学类(C29ComputerScience)约80题，涉及大学电子工程专业和计算机专业的课程内容。其中，软件系统及方法约占35%，计算机与结构约占20%，计算机理论约占20%，计算数学约占20%;其他如数学横型与模拟约占5%。 (5)生物学类(B24Biology)约205题，总共分成三个部分：细胞与分子生物学、有机生物学、人体生物学（包括生态学与进化论）。(6)工程类(E37Engineering)约有140题，涉及大学基础及专业基础课程，内容包括机械学、传热学、电子及电子线路、热力学、材料特性等。在个别试题中也可能涉及化学、工程评价、光学、声学、计算方法、工程经济、流体力学、液压原理等。约有50题涉及到数学的应用，其中有一类试题是从研究数学模型到通过工程应用以完成操作;另一类试题是从研究直观数学概念，求出最佳方法，再应用到工程实践中去。 (7)经济类(E31Economics)共有130题。其中，微观经济和宏观经济分析试题约占60%，包括公共财政、金融、数量经济与国际贸易;7%的试题为统计基本知识;其余33%的试题包括经济学的其他领域。(8)教育学(E34Education)约有200题，要分成以下五个部分：教育目标、学校管理及监督、课程安排、教学与学习、教育评估及研究。(9)生物化学、细胞与分子生物学(B22-Biochemistry，CellandMolecularBiology)参加这门学科考试的学生来自以下专业，即生物化学、细胞生物学、分子生物学以及其有关学科，例如微生物学、遗传学。该学科约180题，其试题内容涉及到三个领域，其中生物化学(36%)，细胞生物学(28%)，分子生物学与遗传学(36%)。 (10)地质学(G47Geology) 约195题，共分成三个部分：地层学、沉积学、古生物学、地貌学和海洋学；地质结构与地球物理学、大地构造学、重力学、磁力学、地震及地震学、热电特性；矿物学、岩石学、地球化学、同位素地质及经济资源等。(11)英国文学类(L64LiteratureinEnglish)约230题，其内容集中在重大事件、社会活动、著名作家等方面。主要侧重于大学课程的知识，例如辨认作家、作品，概述并讨论历史事件，复述某篇名作的章节;还有一类试题侧重于学生阅读诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文的能力。后一类试题往往要求考生使用规定的结构、形式、文学技巧和风格进行作文。 (13)音乐类(M72REVISEDMusic) 约200题，试题侧重于人们熟悉的基本概念与原理，作品的分析和讲解，包括风格、构成和历史时期，共包括三个方面内容：音乐理论，其中有基本规则、和声、时位、节奏、形式、配器及管弦乐；音乐史(中世纪变态乐)；音乐史(20世纪古典音乐) (14)心理学类(P81Psychology)约220题，共分为三个部分：记忆、思维、知觉、人文学、比较心理学、生理学等，约占43%；个性、临诊、变态心理、心理发展和社会心理学等，约占43%；历史心理学与应用心理学、心理测量、心理统计，约占14%。GRE SUB考试范围之英文详尽版Section 1 GRE Subject Test for Computer Science I. SOFTWARE SYSTEMS AND METHODOLOGY (35%) A. Data organization 1. Data types 2. Data structures and implementation techniques 3. File organization (e.g., sequential, indexed, multilevel) B. Program control 1. Iteration and recursion 2. Functions, procedures, and exception handlers 3. Communication and synchronization C. Programming languages and notation 1. Constructs for data organization and program control 2. Scope, binding, and parameter passing 3. Expression evaluation D. Systems 1. Compilers and interpreters 2. Operating systems, including resource management and protection/security 3. Networking and distributed systems 4. System development tools 5. System performance II. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE (20%) A. Logic design 1. Implementation of combinational and sequential circuits 2. Functional properties of digital integrated circuits B. Processors and control units 1. Instruction sets 2. Register and ALU organization 3. Number representation 4. Control sequencing 5. Data paths C. Memories and their hierarchies 1. Speed, capacity, cost, allocation 2. Cache, main, secondary storage 3. Virtual memory, paging, segmentation D. Communication 1. Bus, switch, and network structures and protocols 2. I/O 3. Synchronization Individuals who currently serve or have recently served on the Committee of E. High-performance architectures 1. Pipelining super-scalar and out-of-order execution processors 2. Parallel computing 3. Distributed computing III. THEORY (25%) A. Automata and language theory 1. Models of computation (finite automata, pushdown automata, Turing machines) 2. Formal languages (regular languages, context-free languages) 3. Decidability B. Design and analysis of algorithms and computational complexity 1. Exact or asymptotic analysis of the best, worst, or average case for the time and space complexity of specific algorithms 2. Algorithmic design techniques (greedy, dynamic programming, divide and conquer) 3. Upper and lower bounds on the complexity of specific problems 4. NP-completeness C. Correctness of programs 1. Formal specifications and assertions 2.Verification techniques IV. MATHEMATICAL BACKGROUND (15%) A. Discrete structures 1. Mathematical logic 2. Elementary combinatorics, including graph theory and counting arguments 3. Elementary discrete mathematics, including number theory, discrete probability, recurrence relations B. Numerical mathematics 1. Computer arithmetic, including number representations, roundoff, overflow and underflow 2. Classical numerical algorithms 3. Linear algebra V. ADVANCED TOPICS (5%) Topics including modeling and simulation, information retrieval, artificial intelligence, computer graphics, data communications, databases, VLSI, logic programming. Section 2 GRE Subject Test for Biochemistry BIOCHEMISTRY 36% A. Chemical and Physical Foundations Thermodynamics and kinetics Redox states Water, pH, acid-base reactions, and buffers Solutions and equilibria Solute-solvent interactions Chemical interactions and bonding Chemical reaction mechanisms B. Biomolecules: Structure, Assembly,Organization, and Dynamics Small molecules Macromolecules (for example,nucleic acids, polysaccharides,proteins, and complex lipids) Supramolecular complexes(for example, membranes,ribosomes, and multienzyme complexes) C. Catalysis and Binding Enzyme reaction mechanisms and kinetics Ligand-protein interaction(for example, hormone receptors, substrates and effectors, transport proteins, and antigen-antibody interactions) D. Major Metabolic Pathways Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur assimilation Anabolism Catabolism Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules E. Bioenergetics (including respiration and photosynthesis) Energy transformations at the substrate level Electron transport Proton and chemical gradients Energy coupling (phosphorylation and transport) F. Regulation and Integration of Metabolism Covalent modification of enzymes Allosteric regulation Compartmentation Hormones G. Methodology Spectroscopy Isotopes Separation techniques (for example, centrifugation,chromatography, and electrophoresis) Immunotechniques II. CELL BIOLOGY 28% A. Cellular Compartments of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Organization, Dynamics, and Functions Cellular membrane systems (structure and transport) Nucleus (envelope and matrix) Mitochondria and chloroplasts(including biogenesis and evolution) B. Cell Surface and Communication Extracellular matrix (including cell walls) Cell adhesion and junctions Signal transduction Receptor function Excitable membrane systems C. Cytoskeleton, Motility, and Shape Actin-based systems (including muscle contraction) Microtubule-based systems Intermediate filaments Prokaryotic systems D. Protein Synthesis and Processing Regulation of translation Posttranslational modification Intracellular trafficking Secretion and endocytosis E. Cell Division, Differentiation, and Development Bacterial division Meiosis and gametogenesis Eukaryotic cell cycles, mitosis,and cytokinesis Fertilization and early embryonic development (including positional information,homeotic genes, tissue- specific expression, nuclear and cytoplasmic interactions, growth factors and induction, environment, and polarity) III. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 36% AND GENETICS A. Genetic Foundations Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance Transformation, transduction, and conjugation Recombination and complementation Mutational analysis Genetic mapping and linkage analysis B. Chromatin and Chromosomes Karyotypes Translocations, inversions, deletions, and duplications Aneuploidy and polyploidy Structure C. Genomics Genome structure Physical mapping Repeated DNA and gene families Gene identification Transposable elements D. Genome Maintenance DNA replication DNA damage and repair DNA modification DNA recombination and gene conversion E. Gene Expression The genetic code Transcription RNA processing Translation F. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes Positive and negative control of the operon Promoter recognition by RNA polymerases Attenuation and antitermination G. Gene Regulation in Eukaryotes Cis-acting regulatory elements Trans-acting regulatory factors Gene rearrangements and amplifications H. Bacteriophages and Animal and Plant Viruses Genome replication and regulation Virus assembly Virus-host interactions I. Methodology Restriction maps Nucleic acid blotting and hybridization DNA cloning in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Sequencing and analysis Protein-nucleic acid interaction Section 3 GRE Subject Test for Biology I. Cellular and Molecular Biology 33-34% Fundamentals of cellular biology, genetics, and molecular biology are addressed. Major topics in cellular structure and function include metabolic pathways and their regulation, membrane dynamics, cell surfaces, organelles, cytoskeleton, and cell cycle. Major areas in genetics and molecular biology include chromatin and chromosomal structure, genomic organization and maintenance, and the regulation of gene expression. The cellular basis of immunity, the mechanisms of antigen-antibody interactions, and cell-pathogen interactions are included. Distinctions between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are considered where appropriate. Attention is also given to experimental methodology. A. Cellular Structure and Function 16-17% 1. Biological compounds Macromolecular structure and bonding Abiotic origin of biological molecules 2. Enzyme activity, receptor binding, and regulation 3. Major metabolic pathways and regulation Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis Synthesis and degradation of macromolecules Hormonal control and intracellular messengers 4. Membrane dynamics and cell surfaces Transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis Electrical potentials and neurotransmitters Mechanisms of cell recognition, cell junctions, and plasmodesmata Cell wall and extracellular matrix 5. Organelles: structure, function, and targeting 6. Cytoskeleton, motility, and shape Actin-based systems Microtubule-based systems Intermediate filaments Bacterial flagella and movement 7. Cell cycle, growth, division, and regulation B. Genetics and Molecular Biology 16-17% 1. Genetic foundations Mendelian inheritance; Pedigree analysis Prokaryotic genetics (transformation, transduction, and conjugation) Genetic mapping 2. Chromatin and chromosomes Nucleosomes Karyotypes Chromosomal aberrations Polytene chromosomes 3. Genome sequence organization Introns and exons; Single-copy and repetitive DNA Transposable elements 4. Genome maintenance DNA replication; DNA mutation and repair 5. Gene expression and regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: mechanisms The operon; Promoters and enhancers; Transcription factors; RNA and protein synthesis; Processing and modifications of both RNA and protein 6. Gene expression and regulation: effects Control of normal development; Cancer and oncogenes Signaling mechanisms in cells 7. Immunobiology Cellular basis of immunity; Antibody diversity and synthesis Antigen-antibody interactions 8. Bacteriophages, animal viruses, and plant viruses Viral genomes, replication, and assembly Virus-host cell interactions 9. Recombinant DNA methodology Restriction endonucleases; Blotting and hybridization Restriction fragment length polymorphisms; DNA cloning, sequencing, and analysis; Polymerase chain reaction II. Organismal Biology 33-34% The structure, physiology, behavior, and development of plants and animals are addressed. Topics covered include nutrient procurement and processing, gas exchange, internal transport, regulation of fluids, control mechanisms and effectors, and reproduction in autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. Examples of developmental phemonena range from fertilization through differentiation and morphogenesis. Perceptions and responses to environmental stimuli are examined as they pertain to both plants and animals. Major distinguishing characteristics and phylogenetic relationships of selected groups from the various kingdoms are also covered. A. Animal Structure, Function, and Organization 9-10% 1. Exchange with environment Nutrient, salt, and water exchange Gas exchange; Energy 2. Internal transport and exchange Circulatory, gastrovascular, and digestive systems 3. Support and movement Support systems (external, internal,and hydrostatic) Movement systems (flagellar, ciliary,and muscular) 4. Integration and control mechanisms Nervous and endocrine systems 5. Behavior (communication, orientation,learning, and instinct) 6. Metabolic rates (temperature, body size, and activity) B. Animal Reproduction and Development 5-6% 1. Reproductive structures 2. Meiosis, gametogenesis, and fertilization 3. Early development (e.g., polarity, cleavage,and gastrulation) 4. Developmental processes (e.g., induction,determination, differentiation, morphogenesis,and metamorphosis) 5. External control mechanisms (e.g., photoperiod) C. Plant Structure, Function, and Organization,with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 6-7% 1. Tissues, tissue systems, and organs 2. Water transport, including absorption and transpiration 3. Phloem transport and storage 4. Mineral nutrition 5. Plant energetics (e.g., respiration and photosynthesis) D. Plant Reproduction, Growth, and Development, with Emphasis on Flowering Plants 4-5% 1. Reproductive structures 2. Meiosis and sporogenesis 3. Gametogenesis and fertilization 4. Embryogeny and seed development 5. Meristems, growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation 6. Control mechanisms (e.g., hormones, photoperiod,and tropisms) E. Diversity of Life 6-7% 1. Archaebacteria Morphology, physiology, and identification 2. Eubacteria (including cyanobacteria) Morphology, physiology, pathology, and identification 3. Protista Protozoa, other heterotrophic Protista (slime molds and Oomycota), and autotrophic Protista Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships Importance (e.g., eutrophication, disease) 4. Fungi Distinctive features of major phyla (vegetative, asexual, and sexual reproduction) Generalized life cycles Importance (e.g., decomposition, biodegradation, antibiotics, and pathogenicity) Lichens 5. Animalia with emphasis on major phyla Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships 6. Plantae with emphasis on major phyla Alternation of generations Major distinguishing characteristics Phylogenetic relationships III. Ecology and Evolution 33-34% This section deals with the interactions of organisms and their environment, emphasizing biological principles at levels above the individual. Ecological and evolutionary topics are given equal weight. Ecological questions range from physiological adaptations to the functioning of ecosystems. Although principles are emphasized, some questions may consider applications to current environmental problems. Questions in evolution range from its genetic foundations through evolutionary processes to their consequences. Evolution is considered at the molecular, individual, population, and higher levels. Principles of ecology, genetics, and evolution are interrelated in many questions. Some questions may require quantitative skills, including the interpretation of simple mathematical models. A. Ecology 16-17% 1. Environment/organism interaction Biogeographic patterns; Adaptations to environment; Temporal patterns 2. Behavioral ecology Habitat selection; Mating systems; Social systems; Resource acquisition 3. Population structure and function Population dynamics/regulation; Demography and life history strategies 4. Communities Interspecific relationships; Community structure and diversity; Change and succession 5. Ecosystems Productivity and energy flow; Chemical cycling B. Evolution 16-17% 1. Genetic variability Origins (mutations, linkage, recombination, and chromosomal alterations) Levels (e.g., polymorphism and heritability) Spatial patterns (e.g., clines and ecotypes) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 2. Evolutionary processes Gene flow and genetic drift; Natural selection; Levels of selection (e.g., individual and group) 3. Evolutionary consequences Fitness and adaptation; Speciation; Systematics and phylogeny; Convergence,divergence, and extinction 4. History of life Origin of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Fossil record Paleontology and paleoecology Section 4 GRE Subject Test for Chemistry I. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 15% A. Data Acquisition and Use of Statistics Errors, statistical considerations B. Solutions and Standardization Concentration terms, primary standards C. Homogeneous Equilibria Acid-base,oxidation-reduction, complexometry D. Heterogeneous Equilibria Gravimetric analysis, solubility, precipitation titrations, chemical separations E. Instrumental Methods Electrochemical methods, spectroscopic methods, chromatographic methods, thermal methods, calibration of instruments F. Environmental Applications G. Radiochemical Methods Detectors, applications II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 25% A. General Chemistry Periodic trends, oxidation states, nuclear chemistry B. Ionic Substances Lattice geometries, lattice energies, ionic radii and radius/ ratio effects C. Covalent Molecular Substances Lewis diagrams, molecular point groups, VSEPR concept, valence bond description and hybridization, molecular orbital description, bond energies, covalent and van der Waals radii of the elements, intermolecular forces D. Metals and Semiconductors Structure, band theory, physical and chemical consequences of band theory E. Concepts of Acids and Bases Brønsted- Lowry approaches, Lewis theory, solvent system approaches F. Chemistry of the Main Group Elements Electronic structures, occurrences and recovery, physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds G. Chemistry of the Transition Elements Electronic structures, occurrences and recovery, physical and chemical properties of the elements and their compounds, coordination chemistry H. Special Topics Organometallic chemistry, catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry, applied solid-state chemistry, environmental chemistry III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 30% A. Structure, Bonding, and Nomenclature Lewis structures, orbital hybridization, configuration and stereochemical notation, conformational analysis, systematic IUPAC nomenclature, spectroscopy (IR and 1H and 13 C NMR) B. Functional Groups Preparation, reactions, and interconversions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, dienes, alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, epoxides, sulfides, thiols, aromatic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and their derivatives, amines C. Reaction Mechanisms Nucleophilic displacements and addition, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, electrophilic