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英译汉部分试题的解题技巧透彻的理解是做好翻译题的前提。透彻的理解是指对作者的观点态度了解清楚。考生要把题目中的各个部分句子的相互关系搞清楚。对于较长的句子可以首先划出句子的主干，然后再看剩下的部分在句中对于主干是什么关系。 在动手翻译之前，考生应当首先把这篇四百字左右的短文当作泛读题看一遍，主要是对全文的大意、段落之间的关系有所了解。在不影响对文章主旨的理解的情况下，若有不懂的句子大可不必在意。下一步考生可以逐句地对五个划线部分的句子精读一番，争取对各个句子有准确的理解，这样才可能进行准确的翻译。之所以强调对全文的阅读，是因为许多考生在不通读全文的情况下光读几个考题而出现理解的偏差。这样做得不到高分，因为许多句子牵涉到对上下文的整体理解，如果不通读全文就无法做到正确地理解，更谈不上正确地翻译。在理解之后再动手翻译，争取一次到位，而不要译完一半时发现理解错误后，全部推翻已译内容并重新开始翻译，这样反而耽误时间。以下就翻译文章的具体特点，谈谈考生需要掌握的翻译技巧：1.被动语态的翻译在命制试题过程中，选用的文章大多是正式的文体。这类文章的特点之一是被动句很多，因为这类文章客观性很强，而被动语态是使文章客观化的手段之一。不但如此，在英语正式文体中还有其他表示被动的方法，如在名词后加-ee表示动作的承受者（如trainee, employee, addressee, payee 分别表示受训者，受雇者，收件人，收款人）；形容词以 -able、-ible结尾和由过去分词转换的形容词，大多含有被动意义，如：visible stars(看得见的星星)，navigable rivers(可通航的海湾)等等。介词短语，过去分词短语有时也能表示被动意义。汉语中的被动句不占优势。英文中大部分的被动句都可以译为汉语的主动句，只有在强调被动意义时才使用被动句。但是在汉语的主动句中，有的在逻辑上是被动句，如：“文章写完了”。在这样的句子中，主语不是谓语的动作施行者，而是承受者。汉译时应该灵活采取相应的形式。此外，汉语本身特有一些表示被动的语言手段可以加以利用。为了使译文符合汉语习惯，翻译被动句时，常常可以用以下几种方法：(1)被动句的主语仍译为主动句的主语。The car was severely damaged beyond any means of repair while the driver was safe and sound.译文：汽车损坏严重，已无法修理，而驾车者却安然无恙。The discovery is highly appreciated in the circle of science. 译文：此项发现得到科学界的高度评价。（或：科学界对此项发现给予高度评价。）(2)将被动句译成主动句，有时外加泛指人称代词“人们”，“有人”，“大家”，“我们”做主语。Rubber is found to be a good isolating material.译文：人们发现，橡胶是一种良好的绝缘材料。The area has been marked out for building more hotels.译文：人们划出这块地区用于建造更多的旅店。(3)把by 后动作的执行者做主语，英文原句中的主语做宾语。The result of the invention of the steam engine was that human power was replaced by mechanical power. 译文：蒸汽机发明的结果是机械力代替了人力。What measures have been or are being adopted by the government to reduce air pollution?译文：政府已经采取或正在采取哪些措施去降低空气的污染程度呢？(4)译成汉语中的无主句。若根据上下文或特定情景，对行为主体一目了然，或者出于礼貌和婉转起见，可以采用这种译法。The amount of carbon monoxide that an engine gives off can be reduced by special devices designed to make the engine burn the fuel more efficiently.译文：使发动机更有效地燃烧燃料而设计的特殊装置可以降低发动机一氧化碳的排放量。Additional International Standards may be added to the series in the future. 译文：将来还可能对本系列标准增加若干项国际标准。(5)改译成汉语的判断句，即带表语的主动句。如“是由”、“是因”、“是在”等等。被动语态是表示一种状态时可以译成汉语的判断句型。My first forty years were spent in Southern Europe.译文：我的前四十年在南欧度过。These machines are operated by a worker only.译文：这些机器只由一名工人操纵。(6)译成正常的被动句，以突出被动意义。这不仅包括被字句，还包括汉语特有的表示被动的手段，如“受、被、叫、挨、让、给、遭、由、为、为所、把、加以、使”等等都可以表示被动意义。In industry, natural materials difficult to get are often replaced by plastics. 译文：在工业中，不易获得的天然材料常常被塑料代替。Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. 译文：工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉，多年来在很大程度上被历史学家和科学的思想家忽视了。Problems should be resolved in good time. 译文：问题应该及时加以解决。The Apollo crew reported that their spaceship was being followed by two UFOs.译文：阿波罗十二号的宇航员曾报告说，它们的宇宙飞船正遭到两个不明飞行物的跟踪。（用“遭到”）For separating iron from the impurities the iron ore must be melted.译文：为了使铁跟杂质分离，铁矿石必须经过冶炼。常见的被动式句型译法：It cannot be denied that.不可否认It has been illustrated that.据说明；据图示；图中表示It has been proved that.已经证明It is（usually） considered that.据（通常）估计；人们（通常）认为It is assumed that.假定It is believed that.大家相信It is alleged that.据称It is demonstrated that.已经证明，文中(图中)表明It is estimated that.据估计It is expected that.人们希望It is found that.据发现；人们认为It is generally agreed/recognized that.人们通常认为/承认It is hoped/still to be hoped that.（我们）希望/仍希望It is mentioned that.据说It is noticed /noted that.人们注意到/前面已经指出It is proposed that.有人提议（指出）It is recommended that.有人推荐It is regarded that.人们认为It is reported that.据报道It is said that.据说It is stressed that.人们强调说It is supposed that.据推测；假定It is thought that.有人认为It is universally accepted that.普遍认为It is well known that.众所周知It must be admitted that.必须承认It should be pointed out that.必须指出It will be seen from it that.由此可见2.定语从句的翻译在语法上，定语从句是对先行词的修饰语，但是从定语从句的作用来看，它还可以用作补充或说明先行词的附加语、同位语和描述语。此外，在有些英语的定语从句和主句之间还存在状语关系。一般而言，对限制性定语从句采取前置法或后置法或融合法，而对先行词加以进一步地描写、解释或叙述的非限制性定语从句采取的是前置法或后置法。较长的定语从句采取后置法，而较短的采取前置法。事实上，翻译没有定规，它需要根据汉语习惯去灵活处理。(1)前置法译成“的”。一般针对比较短的限制性定语从句。The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并且给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式。(2)后置法用“这个”、“这”或重复先行词的办法去引导另起一个句子；有时省略先行词另起一句；有时灵活处理成并列分句。这种方法适合比较长的限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的翻译。They would have had to live the rest of their lives under the stigma that he had recklessly precipitated an action which wrecked the Summit Conference and conceivably could have launched a nuclear war. 译文：他们可能不得不背着一种臭名而终其余生，这个臭名就是：他曾冒然采取一项行动，这项行动破坏了首脑会晤，并且可以设想，还可能已经触发一场核战争。(较长的限制性定语从句，重复“这个臭名”)It is he who received the letter that announced the death of his uncle.译文：是他接到了那封信，说他的叔叔去世了。（限制性定语从句，后置省略先行词）I told the story to John,who told it to his brother.译文：我把这件事情告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。（非限制性定语从句后置处理成并列分句,重复先行词“约翰”）Christmas carols are loved by all who hear and sing it every year.译文：圣诞颂歌为大家喜爱，人们每年都欣赏和演唱。（非限制性定语从句后置处理成并列分句,重复先行词“人们”）World War II was, however, more complex than World War , which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources and territories.译文：第一次世界大战是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场、资源和领土的冲突，而第二次世界大战却比第一次复杂。（非限制性定语从句前置）In such an experiment the insects can be taught to fly to the ultra-violet,which for us is just darkness. 译文：在这样的实验中，能够训练昆虫飞向紫外线，而紫外线对我们来说只是一片黑暗。（非限制性定语从句后置，重复先行词）(3)融合法融合法就是把限制性定语从句与主句融合成一句话。There are many people who want to read the book.译文：许多人想读这本书。（融合成一句话，一般适用于There be句型）Home workers are people who have made decisions regarding their careers and life-styles.译文：在家工作的人是按照自己的职业和生活方式做出这种决定的。3.抽象名词的译法科技英语中有名词化的倾向。这其中包括一些由动词变过来的动作名词和动名词，如examination，examing。这样的抽象名词本身就含有很强的动词意味，故在翻译的时候经常转译成动词。此外，还有一些是形容词加后缀 -ity,- ness, -ability构成的名词，翻译的时候可以灵活译成相应的动词、状语（从句）、分句、意合句等等。We were caught up in a discussion about the situation in Afghanistan when the professor walked into the classroom.译文：当教授走进教室时，我们正在兴致勃勃地讨论阿富汗局势。It would be wise to handle this delicate problem with calmness and patience.译文：冷静耐心地处理这个微妙的问题是明智的。Even an elementary knowledge of statistics is sufficient to enable the journalist to avoid misleading his readers.译文：即使只懂得一点统计学的初步知识，也足以使记者避免报道失真。（名词词组译成状语从句）4.正义反译和反义正译正义反译和反义正译要求译者对一些无法直接用汉语的相同结构进行表达的语言结构和表达方式从相反的角度进行转换。英汉两种语言习惯不同，要加强修辞效果，或要更确切地表达原文的含义，翻译时如果用正面表达原文出现困难，那么不妨试着用反面表达，或将原文的反面表达改用正面表达，使译文更流畅。There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them.译文：人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致，而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。(more A than B 实质上是对B的否定，因此我们可以把B 部分用否定法译出，正义反译the term根据上下文译为“智力这个词”)And the cycle continues.译文：如此循环，永不止息。（正义反译）It cannot be too much emphasized that listening is the most important in learning English.译文：应当特别强调，听力在英语学习中是最重要的问题。（反义正译）类似的结构还有：cannot.enough；cannot.more；cannot.sufficient；cannot sufficiently；cannot.overcharged(以及其他由over-构成的复合词)，这些结构可以译为“无论怎么也不过分”。The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.译文：把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。 (divert attention from译成“不考虑”。正义反译)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.译文：科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给予准确而严谨解释的表达方式。(nothing but 译成“只不过”，反义正译)The United Nations has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world set on it.译文：迄今为止，联合国辜负了世界人民寄予的希望。（反义正译）I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character.译文：这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套的了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。（正义反译）To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.译文：批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能够测风速一样。such failure是正面表达，但是从上下文看，是指An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustments.，所以译成“不反映上述情况”。Galileos greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.译文：伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以求证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球旋转。（rather than是正面表达，但是它含否定意思，应该译成“而不是”）有如下词语经常用正反、反正译法：动词：fail, miss, lack, live up to, ignore, refuse, withhold, neglect, refrain, deny, overlook, exclude名词：absence, failure, refusal, ignorance, neglect, exclusion形容词：few, little, free from, far from, short of, safe from, thin, worthy of, ignorant.副词：little, less, otherwise, too.to., vainly连词：more.than, unless, before, until, rather than, or介词：without, about, except, beyond, instead of, in place of, out of5.习惯用法的翻译研究生入学考试中，经常出现一些习惯用法和短语。许多考生因为对此不知道或不敏感，以至对原文的理解产生偏差，甚至产生完全错误的理解，所以，牵涉到习惯用法和短语的部分考生往往失分严重。我们有必要掌握一些经常在考研题中出现的习惯用法和短语。现将考研题中经常出现的习惯用法归纳如下：（1）more A than B, less B than A，not so much B as/but A意思相同，用法相似，都可理解为“与其说是B，还不如说是A”。这些短语的常见意义为“比更”，如：There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.夏天公路上的车比冬天多。但是这个释义并不适合所有的场合。在很多情况下，这些句型中A、B表示的是不同种类的比较，而且是表示在比较的基础上的一种选择关系，应该译为“与其说还不如说”。如：Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.译文：教学与其说是把知识灌输到假定为一片空白的头脑中，还不如说是对其进行引导和帮助。（本句可理解为将“知识灌输”的行为与“引导和帮助”的行为进行对比，说明教学选择的是后一种行为。故译为“与其说还不如说”。注意译文与原文的语序相反。）It remains our view that a definition would be more likely to interfere with than to assist the competent organs of the United Nations to take quick and effective action to ensure the maintenance of peace. 译文：我们仍然认为，一项定义与其说是有助于，还不如说是有碍于联合国各个主管机构采取迅速而有效的行动确保和平。It was a curious exchange,less a debate than a quarrel between two aggressive men, each of them determined to impress the audience as more peaceful than the other. 译文：这是一次奇妙的交谈，与其说是两个好斗的人之间的一场辩论，还不如说是一次吵嘴，双方都竭力想使听众觉得自己比对方更爱和平。However, this is not so much a weakness in his work as it is the inevitable result of scholars neglect of this period. 译文：然而，这与其说是他作品中的弱点，倒不如说是学者们忽略对这个时期的研究而造成的必然结果。（2）no more.than，not any more than表示类比，意思是“和一样都不”，“不比更”。no more.than与not any more不能简单地看做more.than 的否定形式。这一结果可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。第一种情况：表示同类否定比较，可译为“不比更”或“都同样不”。The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.译文：心脏和胃一样无智力可言，因为它们都是由大脑控制的。The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed. 译文：这条船上的（供应的）食品和比利工作过的其他船上的食品一样差劲。第二种情况：表示两者的比较关系，可译为“正如不，也不”。There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink. 译文：他们没有理由限制你服用多少维生素，正像他们不能限制你喝多少水一样。（这句话实际上是前后两部分进行比较的一种用法）No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam. 译文：任何人都无法阻挡革命洪流，正如一个人不能拿着扫帚挡住决堤的洪水一样。The archaeologists efforts are not directed at proving the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated. 译文：考古学家的努力并不是要“验证”圣经的正确性，正如信仰上帝不能从科学上证明一样。（3）rather than很多情况下是一个表示否定的词组，译成“而不是”。He rather than you is responsible for the loss. 译文：损失由他而不是你负责。Rather than a punishment or a burden, work is the opportunity to realize ones potential.译文：工作不是惩罚，也不是负担，工作为个人潜力的发挥提供机会。（4）only too.to相当于very.to表示“非常”、“很”。I shall be only too pleased to help him.译文：替他帮忙我是非常高兴的。（5）cannot.too.的意思是“无论怎么也不会过分”，not表示的否定也可用scarcely这样的半否定词代替，意思相似。A book may be compared to your neighbour; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 译文：一本书好比你的邻居；如果是好书，读书的时间再长也不嫌长；如果不是好书，你越早丢开它越好。One can scarcely pay too high a price for liberty.译文：为自由人们付出多大的代价都不过分。（6）肯定句中other than 表示 different from或except,“不同于，除了”；在否定句中other than相当于except“除了”。Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined. 译文：提炼矿石的厂房通常不设在采矿石的国家，而设在其他国家。Holidays other than those in this brochure do not have free places for children. 译文：小册子上没写的节假日里小孩不免费。We missed the last bus so there was no choice other than to walk home. 译文：我们错过了最后一班公共汽车，所以除了步行回家外别无选择。（7）It is not that.but that.的意思是“这不是说，而是说”，或“原因不是，而是”。It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former. 译文：这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然准确得多。（8）Cannot.too“再也不过分”，“应该”，参见技巧中的“正义反译和反义正译”部分。You cannot be too careful in this matter.译文：在此事上你再仔细也不过分。We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much. 译文：对现代科学的价值再重视也不过分。（9）much less, still less 用于否定句中，表示一种追加的否定，意思为“更不用说、更不要说”。类似的说法还有to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone，它们的意思也是“更不用说”，但是肯定句和否定句都可以用。He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry. 译文：他几乎不懂数学，更不用说化学了。In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.译文：在旧中国，几乎没有机器制造业，更不用说电子工业了。Some people never read a newspaper,let alone a book. 译文：有些人从未读过报纸，更不用说书本了。He is the most intelligent, not to mention handsome, people I know. 译文：他是我知道的最聪明的人之一，而且他还很英俊。（10）the last + 名词+不定式，或the last +名词+定语从句,意思是“最不可能的，最不愿意的”。You are the last person I want to see.译文：你是我最不愿意见的人。He would be the last person to go along with the proposal.译文：他将是最不可能同意这项提议的人。 Breach of promise is the last thing that he is likely to commit.译文：违约的事情他是绝不会干的。/他决不至于干出违约的事情。（11）only to+动词“结果却”，表示出乎意料的一种结果。They dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.译文：他们不必花钱去剧院、电影院或歌剧院买价格昂贵的票，结果却发现，所演节目令人失望。I went to pay a visit to my teacher only to find that the door was locked. 译文：我去拜访老师，结果却发现大门被锁上了。（12）no.but“没有不”，“任何都”。There is no man but has faults.译文：没有人没有错误。/人皆有错误。but在此是一否定关系代词，既代替前面的名词，又引出从句,而且具有否定意义，可理解为who.not, that.not, which.not.原句相当于There is no man who does not have faults.（13）would rather.than“宁愿”,“与其不如”。I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me. 译文：我宁愿昂着头，怀着不动摇的信念,抱着对祖国前途的真切信心而死,也不愿在屈从之下背弃神圣的原则而生。（注：would rather 在某些英语中写成had rather）（14）not nearly 相差很远,远远少于。The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. 译文：粮食供应将远远比不上人口的增长,这意味着我们在粮食生产和购销两方面正陷入危机。（15）no less than简直是，实在是； no less. than不但而且。It is no less than blackmail to ask such a price for a mere vase.译文：区区一花瓶索要如此高价，简直是敲诈。There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting. 译文：到会的不少于1 000人。（强调人很多。比较There were not less than one thousand people at the meeting.到会的至少有1 000人。只说“不少于”，而不强调人多人少）China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.译文：中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面亦如此。(注意：no less.than连接两个并列的成分，强调的重心在前面，因此汉译时被强调的部分要放在“而且”之后)（16）anything but 根本不；all but 几乎,差一点；but for、but that + 从句“要不是”。Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything but lonely.译文：虽然他单独一人待在这所空寂的房子里，但是他埋头于工作研究，所以一点也没有感到孤独。(anything but意思是not at all, but做介词，意为except)The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation. 译文：科学研究的方式不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给予准确而严谨的解释的表达方式。It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat. 译文：要再回到船上已几乎不可能了。(all but相当于nearly, almost)But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday. 译文：要不是因为下雨,我们的假日一定过得很惬意。But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned. 译文：要不是你看见我掉在水里，我早就淹死了。6.否定的翻译法英语中的否定有其特有的形式，在翻译中要特别重视被表达的意思是全部否定、部分否定、还是双重否定以及有没有否定转移的现象。(1)否定转移：The object did not move because I pushed on it. The object moved not because I pushed on it.两句话的意思都是：该物体的移动不是因为我的推动所致。(第一句里有否定转移)We did not build institutes of technology to educate our boys for export. 译文：我们成立理工学院不是为了培养学生日后出国。(2)部分否定：具有全体意义的词如all, every, both, always 等用于否定结构时，不表示全体否定，只表示其中一部分被否定。不能译做“一切都不”，而应当译成“并非一切都是”All is not gold that glitters.闪光的东西并不一定是金子。（谚语）I do not like both of the books.这两本书我并不都喜欢。7.句子结构和被分离结构的译法英语中较长或较难的句子常常会出现结构分离现象，在翻译时注意要保持整个句子结构和被分离的结构的一体性。（1）不定式分离带to的不定式通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也有将副词插入其中的情况，这就被称为分裂不定式。这种将to和后面的动词拆开的做法是为了避免由于这一插入的副词放在句中其它位置而产生的歧义，如下面两句意思可能会不同。He failed entirely to comprehend it.He failed to entirely comprehend it.在句中，entirely既可以看作是修饰failed，也可看作是修饰to comprehend，而在句中则只能修饰comprehend了。因此不定式的分离是有特定作用的。在复合不定式结构中也存在分离现象。The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.（1998年第72题）注意该句子中的to maintain its reign和前面的for the Big Band是一体的，它们构成了不定式的复合结构for. to do.，插入语first put forward in the 1920s将它从中间分离开来，翻译的时候要注意恢复它们的一体性，即“（使）大爆炸论得以保持其主导地位”。（2）否定词位置不同两句话中即使其它单词一模一样，如果否定词换了地方，句意也会有区别，如：I wasnt anxious to go.（我并不特别想去）I was anxious not to go.（我很想不去）I wasnt sorry to break the cup.（我对打碎了杯子不感到遗憾）I was sorry not to break the cup.（我很遗憾没有打碎这个杯子）
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