非谓语动词的考点总结.doc

语法专题 非谓语动词to do(动词不定式)、doing(现在分词、动名词)、done过去分词统称为非谓语动词。这三类动词的形式在句中不能单独作谓语，统称非谓语动词。下面进行分类解析。一to do(动词不定式)可以充当谓语以外的任何成分（英语中的句子成分有七种：主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表、同位语）。 不定式所作的成分如下：1. 作主语To learn English is important.不定式短语作主语时, 往往放在谓语之后, 用it作形式主语, 例如:It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的（常考/用句式：It is important/necessary/dangerous to do sth）2.作宾语动词不定式做宾语时, 如果还带有宾语补足语, 往往把不定式放在宾语补足语之后, 而用it作形式宾语. 例如: I find it interesting to work with him. 我感觉和他一起工作很有趣.（常考/用句式：find/feel/think/believe/consider it important/necessary/dangerous to do sth）3. 作定语：动词不定式作定语时,和其所修饰的名词间有三种关系a.动宾关系 如I have homework to do. to do是homework的定语，可以说do homework 因此不定式to do中的do和被修饰词homework之间是动宾关系b.主谓关系 如 I have a daughter to look after me. 我有可以照料我的女儿。to look after me作a daughter的定语，可以说a daughter look after me，因此不定式to look after me中的look after me和被修饰词a daughter之间是主谓关系。C.所属关系：只要不属于上面两种情况的都是所属关系，被修饰的名词常见的有：way/need/time/plan/right/chance/opportunity/movement运动/reason/promise/wish/effort/struggle I found a good way to solve the problem.He thought of a plan to punish the evil governor.It is time to go to work.I have no chance to go abroad.Keep your promise to write to me regularly.There is no need to worry.You have no right to do so.He makes an effort to lift the big stone.(有的可以看成固定词组记忆：a way/chance/ to do sth “做某事的方法、计划 have no/the right/reason to do sth“（没)有权力、理由”有的可以看成固定句式：There is no need to do sth; It is time to do sth)注意：a.作定语的动词不定式如果是不及物动词, 动词不定式后面须加相应的介词, 介词由与其搭配的名词来确定。注意在单选中考察不定式中介词的应用。例如:He is looking for a room to live in. （live in a room）他在找房间住There is nothing to worry about. (worry about nothing) 这没什么好担心的Please give me a knife to cut with. (cut with a knife) 给我把刀子切东西.如不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯省去.例如:He had no money and no place to live.他没有钱也没有地方住b.当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时, 不定式既可以用主动语态也可以用被动语态, 但是其含义有所不同. 比较:Have you anything to send? 你有东西要寄吗?(自己去寄)Have you anything to be send? 你有什么要寄的东西吗?（让别人去寄）判断之后正确翻译：我有东西要打印（打字员和老板该如何正确表达自己的意思呢）。你回家之后想和父母说：我有作业要做，该怎么说？4.作状语动词不定式作状语表示目的, 原因, 结果或条件. 例如:I came here to see you. (目的) 我来这里看你. He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there. (结果) 他匆忙来到学校结果发现一个人也没有.不定式还可以在作表语用的形容词后作状语. 例如:I am glad to hear it. 听到这个, 我很高兴The question is difficult to answer. 这个问题很难回答.We were very excited to hear the news. (原因) 听到这个消息我们很激动.(不定式作形容词的状语时，最常见的结构有：be glad to do sth; be able to do sth; be afraid to do sth; be sure to do sth; be careful not to do sth; be ready to do sth; be anxious to do sth; be eager to do sth; be willing to do sth;be free to do sth; be proud to do sth等等，作为固定词组背熟即可活用。)注意：a. hard/difficult/easy/light/heavy(“难易轻重”后面的不定式用主动表示被动)The bag is heavy to carry.The question is difficult to answer.b. hard/difficult/easy一般不以人主语，而用句式it is hard to do sth; 不过，如果主语是不定式的逻辑宾语时，可以以人做主语，如 I am easy to get along with. 我很好相处。 The man is hard to work with. 这人难共事。c. 不定式作结果状语，很罕见，主要有：(only) to find/discover/see/be told 结果（只是）发现/看到/被告知，是常被考察的，熟记！5. 作补语：也叫作宾语补足语。补语只用在固定短语中（熟记！）a. teach sb to do sth (to do sth 是sb 的补语，用来补充说明sb的情况/动作/状态等)，此类词如：love/ask/get/tell/invite/force/oblige/beg/allow/wish/want/would like/hate/prefer/expect/encourage/advise/persuade/forbid/trouble等，都可以用于teach sb to do sth这样的固定短语中。He encouraged us to do a third experiment. 他鼓励我们再做一次试验b. wait for sb to do sth (to do sth是sb 的补语，用来补充说明sb的情况/动作/状态等)，此类词组有: call on(号召)，send for(派人去请)，ask for（请），depend on(依靠)，long for(期盼)，care for喜欢，愿意You can depend on me to get everything ready for you. 你可以相信/依靠我会把一切安排妥当We are waiting for you to sing a song for us. 我们在等你给我们唱歌c. tell sb wh- to , 疑问词（why除外）+to do sth作宾补，同类词：advise/show/teachHe didnt tell me how to pronounce the word. 他没告诉我怎样读这个单词d. make sb do sth(do sth为宾补), 此不定式必须省略to，同类用法的词：have/let/see/hear/watch/notice/observe/discover/feel/look at/listen to/findThe boss made us work twelve hours a day. 老板强迫我们一天工作12个小时不过：find sb to be 中，be 前的to 不能省略。I found him to be friendly.我发现他很友好e. think sb to be , 同类词：consider/believe/suppose/know/feel/find/understand/imagine/takeI thought him to be reliable. 我认为他值得信赖 （to be reliable 是him的补语）6. 表语：My wish is to become a singer. 我的愿望是成为歌唱家。To see is to believe. 眼见为实What I hate is to wait for someone for too long a time. 我讨厌等人等太久7. 同位语：不定式作同位语，说明前面名词的具体内容：An order only to teach German in our school has come from Berlin.从柏林传来只准我们学校教德语的命令His goal to become a singer is difficult to realize.注意：a. 不定式的特殊结构：疑问词+不定式不定式和疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用, 在句中起名词作用, 可充当主语, 表语, 宾语等. 例如:He didnt know what to say. (宾语)他不知道说什么好.b. 不定式在与why连用时, 只用在why或why not开头的简短疑问句中, 后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to. 构成句式：why do sth?和why not do sth? 例如:Why not have a rest? 为什么不歇会儿？Why laugh at me? 为什么嘲笑我？请注意以下几点:c. but/except 后面接不定式，构成：but /except to do sth “除了”，前do 后不to, 即：在but前如果有实义动词do“做”，则省去but后不定式中的to, 否则，前不do 后to，即：在but前如果没有实义动词do, 则but 后的to 不省。She could do nothing but cry. 她别无办法只好哭了.I have no choice but to go. 我别无选择只好走.二 doingdoing是动词的一种非谓语形式, 由动词原形加-ing构成, 叫做现在分词和动名词。可以在句子中用作主、 宾、 表、 定、状语、补。下面分述动名词和现在分词的句法功能：动名词1. 作主语(动名词和不定式作主语有何区别？)Seeing is believing. （还可说： To see is to believe.主表要一致） 眼见为实.Coming to Hangzhou by train takes about 16 hours. 乘火车到杭州要16个小时.翻译：学英语很重要。注意：a.通常为了避免句子主语过于冗长, 用it作形式主语. 例如:Its nice talking with you. (口语中，常说：Nice talking with you.) 和你谈话很高兴.Its no use/good arguing with him. 跟他争论没用/没好处b.“There+ be+ no+-ing” 结构, “不/不可”例如：There is no denying that he is quite capable. 不可否认他很有能力There is no knowing whether he will come or not. 不知他来否。c. There is no use/good doing sth结构，“没用、没好处”There is no use/good arguing with him. 和他争执没用/没好处2. 作宾语I warned her against driving fast.Jim dislikes eating chocolate.注意： a. 有些动词和动词短语后接动词的-ing形式作宾语, 常见的这类词有admit, acknowledge, advise, appreciate, avoid, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, excuse, escape, fancy, finish, forgive, face, endure, involve, give up, imagine, mind, miss, pardon, practice, require, resent, resist, suggest, recall, resist, understand等. 例如：The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多锻炼.I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用不同的方法做这件事.下面的动词/动词词组只接doing, 请熟记昂！双延期两建议双：put off/postpone(延期)建议：advise/ suggest否认错过了练习否认：deny 错过：miss 练习：practise坚持完成不耽搁 坚持：insist on 完成：finish 耽搁：delay喜欢设想不介意 喜欢：enjoy 设想：fancy 介意：mind考虑停止即放弃 考虑：consider 停止：leave off 放弃：give up避免冒险动名词 避免：avoid 冒险：riskb. 大部分 “动词+介词”的短语动词, 只能后接动词-ing形式作宾语. 这些动词短语有think of, give up, aim at, put off, insist on, persist in, be good at, do well in, cant help, keep on, leave off, feel like, be tired (afraid, capable, fond) of, set about等.以下以to作介词的短语有be used to, object to, devote oneself to, stick to, respond to, look forward to, see to, submit to, adapt to, apply to, add to, get to, preferto, adjust to, react to等. 例如:Do you feel like having a drink? 你想喝点饮料吗?I prefer swimming to playing basketball. 我喜欢游泳胜于打篮球. c.有些动词既可能带-ing分词作宾语, 也可以带to不定式作宾语, 但在语意上却有很大的差别.(1). chance to do碰巧去做某事; chance doing冒险试一试做某事.(2). forget to do忘记要去做某事; forget doing忘记曾做过谋事(3). go on to do接着又做另一件事; go on doing继续做同一件事(4). remember to do记得要去做某事; remember doing记得曾做过某事(5). stop to do停下来去做某事; stop doing停止做某事(6). Try to do努力做某事; try doing试一试做某事(7). regret to do对将要做的事表示遗憾; regret doing对做过的事表示遗憾/后悔(8). mean to do打算/ 想做某事; mean doing意味着/ 意思是做某事d. need后必须用动词-ing形式的主动形式或不定式的被动形式做宾语, 表示事情需要被做. 即sth need doing. 此时，need可以用want/require替换。例如:sth. need/ want/require doing=need to be doneThe room needs/wants/requires cleaning=The room needs to be cleaned.3. 作表语动词的-ing可用来作表语. 例如:My Favorite sport is swimming. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳.Their job is cleaning the window. 他们的工作是打扫窗子.注意: 不定式同样可以作句子的主语和表语, 所表达的意义也非常接近, 但两者也有一定的区别: 一般说来, 动词-ing多表示平时的一般行为和状态, 而不定式则强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。4. 作定语，表用途：a swimming pool=a pool for swimming, a hiding place, a washing machine, waiting room, publishing house注意：现在分词作定语时，表动作是主动的/正在发生 a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping现在分词1.作定语，分词作定语时和形容词的功能是相似的. -ing分词可以单独作定语. 例如:a smiling face 笑脸a leading figure 领导人物-ing分词还能构成合成词作定语, 例如:easy-going man 易相处的人当现在分词短语作后置定语时, 可以转换成定语从句. 例如:There are two roads before us, one leading to the beach, the other to the park.=There are two roads before us, one which leads to the beach, the other to the park.在我们面前有两条路, 一条通向沙滩, 另一条同向公园.She went on board the train leaving for Shanghai.=She went on board the train, which was leaving for Shanghai. 她乘坐了去上海的火车.还表示动作是主动的/正在发生 a sleeping child=a child who is sleeping（与动名词作定语区别在）2. 作状语-ing分词作状语表示在进行一动作的同时所进行的另一动作, 它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用. 分词作状语可以表示时间, 原因, 条件, 让步, 结果, 方式或伴随情况. （在单选和改错中为考察重点）Having cleaned the rooms, we began to weed the garden. 打扫完房间, 我们开始在花园里除草. (时间)Coming into the room, she saw everybody already at their work. 进屋以后, 她看到人人都在工作. (时间)Being ill, he couldnt go to school. 因为生病, 他不能去上学. (原因)Having no interest in the topic, he didnt go to the lecture. 由于对这个话题没有兴趣, 他没去参加讲座. (原因)Working diligently, you will certainly succeed. 只要刻苦学习, 你会成功的. (条件)Using atomic energy, we can build spaceships. 利用原子能, 我们能够建造太空船. (条件)My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 我的车被交通拥挤堵住, 所以延误了. (结果)Traveling by train, we visited a number of cities. 我们坐火车访问了好多城市. (方式)Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book. 玛丽坐在教室的窗户旁, 正在读一本书. (伴随)3. 作宾补 (固定词组/短语后才会带宾补)这种用法通常用在下列几类动词中a.表示感觉/心理状态的动词, 如see/hear/feel/find/smell/watch/find/listen to/look at/notice/observe等.There we found him watching TV. 我们发现他在那儿看电视.I heard someone knocking at the door. 我听见有人在敲门.b.在有些动词(如regard, describe, accept, think of, quote等)之后, 可由as引出-ing分词词组做宾补.They regarded the contract as being invalid. 他们认为合同无效.They described the child as being very clever. 他们描述这个孩子非常聪明.c. 使役动词, 如have, get, leave, catch等. 例如: Can you get my watch going again? 你能使我的表再走起来吗? This sets me thinking 这使我思考.d. 感官动词，如see/hear/watch/notice/observe/discover/feel/look at/listen to/findI found him dancing on the playground.4.作表语（常见的有：exciting, interesting, satisfying, puzzling, tiring, boring, frightening, encouraging, discouraging, threatening, thrilling, inspiring “令人的”）The news is exciting /satisfying/puzzling .三、done(过去分词)动词的-ed形式是动词的另一种非限制性形式, 一般由动词加-ed构成. -ed形式与-ing形式句法功能基本相同, 从意义上看, 两者却有差别: 现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系, 过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系; 现在分词表示一般性或正在进行的动作, 而过去分词则表示已经完成的动作.1. 作定语This is a newly-developed device.The house built last week is very beautiful.=The house which was built last week is very beautiful.过去分词作后置定语时, 其功能相当于一个定语从句. 如上句。她喜欢喝凉开水.2. 作状语，表示时间/原因/条件/伴随状况等. (单选与改错中的考察重点)Seen from a distance, the mountain looked like a lion. (表示时间) 从远处看, 这条山脉像一头狮子.Criticized unfairly, she left the office without saying a word. .（表示原因）由于受到不公平的指责, 她没说一句话就离开了办公室.Watered once a day, the flower will grow very well. （表示条件）如果每天浇一次水, 这花会长得很好.He stood there, fascinated by the singing. （表示伴随） 他站在那里, 被歌声所吸引.3. 作补语，多用于感官动词后作宾补（用于固定短语），常见词有：see/hear/watch/notice/observe/discover/feel/look at/listen to/findI found the desk covered with a tablecloth.注意：在句子深层结构中, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语就是句子的主语. 如果过去分词短语的逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致, 过去分词短语的逻辑主语则需要用一个独立结构或者用一个由with/ without等引导介词短语表达出来, 这就是我们通常所说的独立主格结构. 例如:The question settled, they left for home.问题解决了, 他们就回家了.4. 作表语（常见的有：excited, interested, satisfied, puzzled, tired, bored, frightened, encouraged, discouraged, threatened, thrilled, inspired “觉得”,这些词的主语是有生命/感觉的人或者动物）I am very excited.作业：一 完成下列精选试题 高考示例【例一】2005全国高考II“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _away. A. run B. running C. to run D. ran 提示: running away作shouted的伴随状语, 由Janet发出这一动作. 答案: B【例二】2005天津高考You should understand the traffic rule by now. Youve had it _often enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained提示: have sth. done意思是主语让别人做某事. 答案:D【例三】2005江西高考The manager, _it clear to us that he didnt agree with us, left the meeting room. A. who has made B. having made C. made D. making提示: 由两个动作发生的顺序可知, 应该用分词的完成式. 答案:B【例四】2005湖北高考_from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants animals not found in any other country in the world. A. Being separated B. Having separatedC. Having been separated D. To be separated提示:逗号后面的部分是主句, 前面这一部分只能是状语. 作状语的非谓语动词逻辑上的主语应是主句的主语, 即Australia. “分割开”这一动作发生在很久以前而且与其逻辑主语是被动关系, 故用分词的完成被动式. 答案: C【例五】2005北京高考When asked by the police, he said that he remembered _at the party, but not _. A. to arrive; leaving B. to arrive; to leave c. arriving; leaving D. arriving; to leave提示: remember后加动词不定式表示动作还没发生, 意为 “记着做某事”; 后加动词-ing形式表示动作已经发生, 意为 “记着做过某事”. 题中两个动作都是过去已经完成的, 所以用-ing形式. 答案:C【例六】2004 辽宁高考I dont know whether you happen _it,but Im going to study in the USA this September. A. to be heard B. to be hearing C. to hear D. to have heard提示: 根据后半句的内容, “我”将出国学习, 前半句是问对方是否已听说过 “我” 的事情了. 答案:D【例七】2004全国高考ISarah, hurry up. Im afraid you cant have time to _before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change提示: get changed换衣服, 此处应该用被动语态. 句意为 “萨拉, 快点, 恐怕去宴会前你没有时间换衣服了”. 答案: A【例八】2004 福建高考The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _the film stars had left. A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told提示: 此题考查动词不定式作结果状语. only后接动词不定式往往在句中表示一种出乎意料的结果. The news reporters和tell是被动关系, 所以用动词不定式的被动关系. 答案:B触类旁通1.2004 北京高考My advisor encouraged _a summer course to improve my writing skills.A. for me taking B. me taking C. for me to take D. me to take2.(经典回放)You were silly not _your car.A. to lock B. to have locked C. locking D. having locked3.2004 上海高考Im going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything _?A. to be buying B. to buy C. for buying D. bought4.2005 上海高考It was unbelievable that fans waited outside the gym for three hours just _a look at the sports stars. A. had B. having C. to have D. have5. This company was the first _ portable radios as well as cassette tape recorders in the world. A. producing B. to produce C. having produced D. produced6. 2005上海春季高考 The purpose of new technology is to make life easier, _it more difficult. A. not making B. not make C. not to make D. not to make7. In Canada, James made quite a few friends _English well, so he could make himself _ A. to learn; understood B. learn ; understand C. learning; understand D. learned; understood8. Missing the train means _for another hour, so I mean _up early tomorrow. A. to wait; getting B. to wait; to get C. waiting; getting D. waiting; to get9. If we dont prevent them from destroying the woods, there will be no trees _the village. A. stay up in or around B. remaining in and around C. remained in and around D. left in or around10. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked11. The careless driver is _for the traffic accident that _yesterday. A. to blame; happened B. to blame; was happening C. to be blamed; was happened D. to be blamed; happened12. They found the lecture hard _; they all felt sleepy. A. to be understood B. for understanding C. to understand D. to have been understood13. -Having failed in her final exams, my best friend looks blue.-How about _her to our party?A. inviting B. invited C. to invite D. invite14. -Come on, Mary! Whats the matter? -My elder brother. Ive just heard the news of _from that good job. A. his having fired B. his firing C. his having been fired D. his fired15. _in deep thought, Robert almost ran into the car in front of him in the street. A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose16. -What will be discussed at the meeting tomorrow? -We are going to talk about the plan _at the last meeting.A. discussing B. discussed C. was discussed D. being discussed25. _such heavy loss, the businessman didnt have the courage to go on. A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. Being suffered D. Suffered26. _from endless homework on weekends, the students now find their own activities, such as taking a ride together to watch the sunrise. A. Freed B. Freeing C. To free D. Having freed27. -Why do you look so upset? -There are so many troublesome problems _. A. remaining to settle B. remained to settle C. remaining to be settled D. remained to be settled1.DBBCB 6.CADDB 11.ACACC 16.B 25A 26.A 27.C非谓语动词的考点总结概念：非谓语动词是指在句子中不作谓语的动词doing/done/to do. to do在句中可以作谓语以外的任何成分；doing/done相当于adj /adv, 两者都可作定/状/补/表语。在此对非谓语动词的考点进行总结，如下：doing 一、 done , +句子。 to do 考察目标：非谓语动词做题步骤：1）找到句子的主语 2)分析主语和非谓语动词之间的关系（有三种）：A.主语发出了动作，或者动作正在进行，则非谓语动词用doingB.主语被动，则用doneC.表示将来或者目的，则用to do _ (give) time, he will make a first-class tennis player.（2003） _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.（2004北京）A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited _ the programme, they have to stay here for another two weeks.（2004广东）A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed _ with the whole size of the earth, the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all.（2004湖北）A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. Compared_ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to stay another two days.（2004辽宁） A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted _ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns.（2005上海）A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put _ from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.（2005武汉）A. Being separated B. Having separated C. Having been separated D. To be separated _ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor.(2006全国)A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed Can the project be finished as planned? （2005福建）Sure，_ it completed in time, well work two more hours a day.A having got B to get C getting D get _ more about university courses, call 756-7489.(2005浙江)A To find out B Finding out C Find out D Having found out _ and happy, Tom stood up and accepted the prize.（2006全国）A. Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising _ for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits.A. Blaming B. Blamed C. To blame D. To be blamed _ this cake, youll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. making _ with so much trouble, we failed to finish the task on time.（2006四川）A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face _ along the sands towards his boat, Crusoe saw in the sand a large footprint.A. To walk B. Walked C. Walking D. Having walked _ down the road, I get a feeling that I should have been home yesterday.A. Driving B. To drive C. Driven D. Having driven _ the first bus, Tom got up very early.A. To catching B. To catch C. Catching D. Having caught _ by the hunter, the she-