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1plain n. 平原；草原 Have you been to the Great Plains of the US? 你曾经去过美国的大平原吗？ adj. 清楚的；明白的；简单的；朴素的；单纯的 He made it plain that he did not like me. 他很坦白地说他不喜欢我。 She wore a plain brown dress. 她穿了一件普通的棕色衣服。,知识拓展 in plain English 用浅显的英语 in plain clothes 衣着朴素；着便衣 plain sailing 十分顺利；一帆风顺 注意：plain作名词“平原”讲是可数名词。,即学即用 The unhappiness of her look has made it_that we should leave at once. Aclean Bknow Cplain Dunderstand 答案：C,2shore n. 岸；滨 We walked along the seashore. 我们沿着海岸走。 The ship was anchored off shore. 船停泊在离岸不远的地方。,辨析：bank, beach, coast, seaside与shore 上述几个词都含有“(海)岸；边”之意。 1)bank“河岸；堤岸”；指河流两旁高出水面的地方。 The old man used to sit on the river bank to fish. 那位老人过去常常坐在河岸上钓鱼。 2)beach“海(湖、河)滩；水滨”；指由于受潮水冲刷而形成的由细沙或卵石覆盖的平缓的斜坡。 The children are playing with sand along the beach. 孩子们在海滩上玩沙。,3)coast“海岸；海岸线”；是地理上的专有名词，指海洋与陆地的分界线，有清晰的边界概念。它不能用来指河岸或湖岸。 Shanghai lies on the east coast of China. 上海位于中国东海岸。 4)seaside“海滨”；尤指度假胜地。 Many English people like to go to the seaside for their holidays and lie on the beach in the sun. 许多英国人去海滨度假，并躺在海滩上晒太阳。,5)shore“岸；滨”；含义广泛，可指围绕海洋、河流及湖泊旁边的陆地，含有与水相对的意味(in shore“近岸”，on shore“在岸上”，off shore“离岸”)。 They saw a boat a mile from the shore. 他们离海岸大约一英里处看到一条小船。,即学即用 用bank, shore, coast, beach或seaside填空。 (1)There is an island called Liu Gong Island off the_of Wei Hai. (2)I decided to go to the_to spend my summer vacation, where we can enjoy the cool sea water, the sunshine lying on the_. (3)With great difficulty, we pushed the man in the sea onto the_. (4)My brother lives on the other_of the lake. 答案：(1)coast (2)seaside; beach (3)shore (4)bank,3flat 1)adj. 平的；平直的 The earth is round, not flat. 地球是圆的，不是平的。 2)n. 公寓；单元房 Do you live in a flat or a house? 你住的是一套公寓还是一座房子？,知识拓展 fall flat on your face 趴倒在地；彻底失败 即学即用 My car has got a_tyre. I wonder if you could lend me a hand. No problem. Around Bfull Cempty Dflat 答案：D,4surround v 围绕；环绕；(使)包围；围住 The fence surrounds the school. 篱笆环绕着学校。 As a child I was surrounded by love and kindness. 幼年的我备受关爱。,surrounding n. 环境(常用复数形式) surroundings=environment social surroundings 社会环境 surrounding adj. 周围的 the surrounding area 周边地区,即学即用 (2009皖南八校)When Mr Brown got off the train, he found himself_by his students. Asurround Bto surround Csurrounding Dsurrounded 答案：D,1at the edge of 在的边缘 We played at the edge of the playground on Sunday. 星期天，我们在操场边玩耍。 知识拓展 have the edge on 比强 on edge 紧张不安 on the edge of 在边上 set sb.s teeth on edge 使生气,辨析：at the edge of与on the edge of 1)on the edge of在的边上；指在物体的表面之上。 Dont put the glass on the edge of the table in case it will fall and break. 不要把瓶子放在桌子边，免得掉下来打碎了。 2)at the edge of指“在的边缘上”；并不特指在物体的表面上 We could hear birds whistling at the edge of the woods. 我们能够听见小鸟在树林边欢叫。,即学即用 完成句子 (1)The soldiers are drilling_(在草地的边上) (2)He is sitting_(桌子的边上) (3)Tom used to live_(一个湖边上) 答案：(1)at the edge of a meadow (2)on the edge of a table (3)by the side of a lake,2know about sth./sb. 了解；知道的情况 I happened to know about him. 我碰巧知道他的情况。,辨析：know about与know of know about表示“了解；知道情况”。 know of表示“听说过；知道”。 How much do you know about him? 你对他了解多少？ I dont know Mr. Smith, but I know of him. 我不认识史密斯先生，但我听说过他。,即学即用 He is known_us all_his good spokenEnglish. Afor; as Bto; for Cto, to Dto, as 答案：B,1The shore is the area where the land meets the sea or a lake. 岸就是陆地与海洋或湖泊汇合的地方。 本句中使用了由where引导的定语从句。where既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句；where本身在从句中作地点状语，从句的前面不仅可以用表示“地点”的名词作先行词，还可以用表示地点含义的抽象名词作先行词。where有时相当于“介词关系代词”。,There are cases where the word“mighty”is used as an adverb. 在这些情况下，“mighty”可用作副词。 He is unlikely to find the place where/in which he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他40年前居住过的地方。,高考直击 (1)(2010江西卷，31)The girl arranged to have piano lessons at the training centre with her sister_she would stay for an hour. Awhere Bwho Cwhich Dwhat 解析：句意：这位女孩安排在培训中心和她的妹妹上钢琴课，在那儿她要呆上一个小时。where在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词the training center. 答案：A,(2)(2010天津卷，8)Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? You should try the barbers_I go.Its only 15. Aas Bwhich Cwhere DThat 解析：句意：你是否相信我理一个发要付30美元？你应该去试试我去的理发店。只花15美元。本题考查定语从句，且从句中缺少地点状语，故用where。 答案：C,(3)(2010福建卷，24)Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet _life has developed gradually. Athat Bwhere Cwhich Dwhose 解析：考查定语从句。先行词the planet在定语从句中需作地点状语，因此用where引导定语从句。 答案：B,即学即用 After graduation she reached a point in her career_she needed to decided what to do. Athat Bwhat Cwhich Dwhere 答案：D,2A lake is an area of water surrounded by land. 湖泊就是由陆地所围成的一片水域。 本句使用了过去分词短语作后置定语，相当于定语从句which is surrounded by land，其具体用法如下： 1)过去分词作定语常常位于其所修饰的名词前；过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于其所修饰的名词后，相当于一个定语从句。 When I got home I saw a message pinned to the door(which was pinned to the door) reading, “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”,我到家的时候，看到门上别着一个留言条，上面写着：“很遗憾没见到你，过会儿再来。”,2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，而表示完成。 boiled waterwater that has bolied 开(过的)水 fallen leavesthe leaves that have fallen 落叶 3)有些过去分词作定语既表示被动，又表示完成。即过去分词可以独立表示完成意义的被动语态。 He told us of the great wrong done to him.He told us of the great wrong which had been done to him. 他给我们讲述了他所蒙受的巨大冤屈。 Most of the invited(who had been invited)to the party were from South Africa. 受邀请到会的大部分艺术家都来自南非。,4)不及物动词的过去分词作定语，且与其所修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，必须在该动词后使用必要的介词。 He is the boy looked after by his elder sister. 他就是由姐姐照看的那个男孩。,5)过去分词作定语，如果强调该动作正在被完成，则将“being过去分词”置于被修饰的名词之后。 Have you noticed the bridge being built there？Have you noticed the bridge which is being built there? 你注意到那儿正在建造的那座桥了吗？ 另外，过去分词可作非限制性定语，因其不属于被修饰名词不可缺少的定语，前面常用逗号与被修饰名词隔开。,The Olympic Games, first played in 776BC, did not include women players until 1912. 奥运会始创于公元前776年，直到1912年才允许女选手参加。,高考直击 (1)(2010全国卷，27)Mrs. White showed her students some old maps _ from the library. Ato borrow Bto be borrowed Cborrowed Dborrowing 解析：句意：怀特老师给她的学生展示了一些从图书馆借来的旧地图。及物动词的过去分词形式作后置定语，既表被动，亦表完成；to be borrowed表示将要发生的被动动作，与句意不符。 答案：C,(2)(2010北京卷，25)Im calling to enquire about the position_in yesterdays China Daily. Aadvertised Bto be advertised Cadvertising Dhaving advertised 解析：句意：我在电话查询昨天在中国日报上作广告的那个工作岗位。此题考查过去分词短语作定语的用法。“advertised in.”表示动作既被动又完成，意为“被做广告的”；B项表示将来时态，不对；C、D两项是主动语态，不对。 答案：A,(3)(2010湖南卷，30)So far nobody has claimed the money _ in the library. Adiscovered Bto be discovered Cdiscovering Dhaving discovered 解析：句意：迄今为止，没有人认领在图书馆发现的钱。本题考查非谓语动词作定语，因money与discover之间是动宾关系，故用过去分词作定语，表完成，表被动。 答案：A,(4)(2010四川卷，4)A great number of students _said they were forced to practise the piano. Ato question Bto be questioned Cquestioned Dquestioning 解析：句意：被调查的许多学生说他们是被迫练习钢琴的。句中所填之处是作定语修饰名词students的，且二者之间是被动关系，排除表主动的A、D两项；而B项不定式是表示将来的被动，与句中said的时态不符，故应选C项表示被动和完成。 答案：C,即学即用 We hope the building project_will be completed as soon as possible because a lot of citizens are complaining about the noises. Ato be carried out Bcarried out Cbeing carried out Dcarrying out 答案：C,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,
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