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第三部分 状语从句一、知识点拨（一）时间状语从句 (Adverbial Clause of Time)问题一：引导时间状语从句的连接词哪些？引导时间状语从句的常用连接词有：while, when. whenever, before, after, since, till, untill, once, as, as soon as, no sooner . than, hardly / scarcely / barely . when, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, every time, each time, next time, the first time, the last time, by the time, directly, immediately, instantly等。问题二：when, while和as的用法有何区別？1when既能表示时间点，也能表示时间段；while只能表示时间段，如： When/While our English teacher was explaining the grammar to us, the headmaster came in and stopped him. Our English teacher was explaining the grammar to us when the headmaster came in and stopped him.2while引导的从句中的动词通常为延续性动词，且常可用进行时。如：While her classmates were looking for jobs, she was busy writing her graduating thesis.3若从句动作发生在主句动作之前，通常用when引导从句。如：When she comes, I shall tell her to wait for you.4as强调伴随，常指两个动作同时发生。如：As she entered, she responded pleasantly to the interviewers greeting.5若从句表云“随着 . （时间）的流逝”，只能用as。如：As the day went on, the weather got worse.6while还可作“而”解，表示对比。如：Some people waste food while others havent enough.7当主句是过去进行时、过去完成时，或was/were about to do o sth等结构时，从句用when引导，且只能置于主句后面。从句中谓语动词通常是瞬间动词的一般过去时。这时when作“这时正在那时，（突然） .”解。如： He was walking along the street when he ran into an old friend.他正在街上走，突然遇封一位老朋友。 I had read only a few lines when I heard the bell ringing.我只读了几行字，这时我听到铃声响了。 He was about to return to the path when he saw a river nearby, so he went to have a closer look.他正要回到小路上，这时他看见附近一条河，于是他走近看个仔细。 I was halfway back to the cottage where my mother lived when Susan caught up with me.我正在回母亲村子的半路上，这时Susan赶了上来。问题三：after和before的用法须注意什么？1after从句的动作发生在主句动作之前，故若主句的动词是过去时，从句通常用过去完成时，也可用过去时；而before从句的动作发生在主句动作之后，故若从句的动词是过去时，主句通常用过去完成时，也可用过去时。如： He bought a house after he sold/had sold his car. Before she went to the interview, she made / had made two journeys.2before在运用中还须注意：（1）before与can连用时，可解释为“还来不及”。如：Before I could explain, the cashier barked, Cant you see theres a queue? Go to the end and wait your turn.（2）before从句在主句后面时，可解释为“就；才”。“It is + 时间段 + before .”的句型。解释为“. 时间之后，. 才 .”。否定句“It is not long before .”解释为“不久， .”。另外， 注意，before long表示“不久一会儿之后”，如： He hesitated long before he chose a proper answer. It was a long time before I got to sleep again. It wont be long before you are of age. It looks as though it will snow before long.（3）before有时可解释为“然后”。如：Please think it over before you decide to do anything.问题四：since的用法须注意什么？i. 通常，since从句中谓语动词用一般过去时，主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但主句若表示“已经有 . 时间了”，则多用一般时，即“|It is + 时间段 + since .”句型，解释为“自从以来，已经有 . 时间了”。如： Since the World Cup began, all of the winning teams have been from Europe or South America. It is many weeks (=It has been many weeks) since we last met.ii. 如果since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，若从句用一般过去时，则表示所指状态结束以来；若从句用现在完成时，则表示所指状态开始以来。如：He has visited me frequently since I was ill. 自从我病愈以来，他经常来看我。He has visited me frequently since I have been ill. 自从我病倒以来；他经常来看我。She has lived in Paris since she was married. 她离婚以来一直住在巴黎。She has lived in Paris since she has been married. 她结婚以来一直传在巴黎。问题五：till和until的用法须注意什么？till和until在引导时间状语从句时通常可以互换。需注意的是：1用于肯定句时，表示“做某事一直做到某时（为止）”，主句中通常用延续性动词；用于否定句时，表示“直到某时才（开始）做某事”，主句动词可以是延续性动词，也可以是瞬间动词。换句话说，若主句动词是瞬间动词，则只能用于否定句中。如： Amys next step was to search the newspaper until she found a suitable vacancy and write a letter of application. Until I read about the writer I knew little about his novels.2从句中用一般时或完成时，主句却用一般时或将来时。如： They will fight until they overthrow / have overthrown the other. I watched him until he disappeared / had disappeared from sight in the distance.3从句在句首时多用until。如：Until he returns, nothing can be done. 他不回来什么也做不成。4与when连用提问时，until置句首。如：- Until when are you staying?- Until next Friday.5Not until位于句首时，主句的主谓结构须用（部分）倒装语序，如：Not until the war ended did they meet again.6. not . until .的强调结构是“It is not until . that .”，注意强调句中勿倒装。如：It was not until the game had begun that he arrived.问题六：表示“一就”的结构有哪些？1as soon as从句表示“一 . （就 .”。从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时，也可用现在完成时或过去完成时。如：As soon as the poor mother heard/had heard the news that her son was kidnapped, she fainted.2.no sooner . than .和hardly / scarcely / bare1y . when .，表示“一 . 就 .”。须注意的是：(l) 通常主句的谓语动词用过去完成时，从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。如： He had hardly/scarcely/barely arrived when she started complaining. The sun had no soonerstarted to shine than it was clouded over again.(2) No sooner或Hardly/Scarcely/Barely置句首时，句子须（部分）倒装，如： Hardly/Scarcely/Barely had he arrived when she started complaining. No sooner had he gone to sleep than the telephone rang once more.3the moment, the minute, the second, the instant等表示时间的名词词组可以引导时间状语从句，表示“一 . (就 .)”。如： The moment/The minute I saw her, I realized that she had been told everything. The instant/The second he saw the building on fire, he dialed 999.4 directly，instantly，immediately等副词可引导时间状语从句，表示“一 . (就 .)”。如：Directly he threw the letter into the letter oox, he remembered not having put on a stamp.问题七：once如何引导时间状语从句？once引导时间状语从句时表示“一旦 .，（就 .)”。如：Once he has made a decision, nothing can make him change his mind.问题八：其它引导时间状语从句的连接词有哪些？1the first time, the last time, next time等名词短语。如： The first time I saw a woman opening the door for a man, I was very surprised. The last time I went to London, there happened to be the Golden Jubilee.2every time, each time等名词短语。如： Each time I went to a formal dinner, I dressed up carefuly. While reading, dont stop every time you come to a word or phrase you dont know.3by the time引导时间状语从句时，主句谓语动词使用完成时态。如： By the time the ambulance arrived, the old woman had come to. By the time he graduates from high school, he will have leamed English for 10 years.问题九：时间状语从句的时态须注意什么？时间状语从句若表示将来的动作，从句中通常不使用将来时态，而使用一般现在时态或现在完成时态。如： I wont believe it until I see / have seen it with my own eyes. The technology of cloning still has a long way to go before it is considered safe to try on humans.（二）地点状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Place)问题一：引导地点状语从句的连接词有哪些？引导地点状语从句的常用连接词有：where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere等。如： Where there is a will, there is a way. Wherever he goes, he keeps in mind what his father has instructed him. Anywhere he traveled, he was impressed by the the friendliness and hospitality of the people.问题二：where引导的究竟是地点状语从句还是定语从句？地点状语从句和定语从句的区别：简单来说，地点状语从句没有先行词，而定语从句有先行词。如： The Winter Olympic Games are always held where there is plenty of snow.（地点状语从句） The Winter Olympic Games are always held in the countries where there is plenty of snow. （定语从句）（三）条件状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Condition)问题一：引导条件状语从句的连接词哪些？1常用连接词：if（如果），unless（除非）。2其它连接词as long as, so long ason condition that（只要）suppose/supposing (that)，provided/providing (that)（假如）only if（只要）in case（如果，万一）gven (the fact) that（倘若考虑到）如： Short hair styles make the face look longer, especially if there are curls on the top. Life conrinues unless the damage done to the body is too severe. There is hope as long as life continues. Ill come on condition that John is invited, too. In case the match is cancelled, what can we do for the weekend?问题二：only行与if only有何区别？1only行表示“只要”，引导陈述语气的真实条件句。是将only置句首的强调，主句须倒装。如：Only if you practice English as much as possible, are you able to express yourself freely.2if only表示“要是 . 就好了”，引导虚拟语气的非真实条件句，表达强烈的愿望。如：If only thousands of innocent people had not been killed in the war.问题三：条件状语从句的时态须注意什么？条件状语从句若表示将来的动作，从句中通常不使用将来时态，而使用一般现在时态，如： If you step into the lobby of the new Shanghai Grand Theater, a huge and unusual crystal chandelier will immediately catch your eye. Goods will not be delivered unless they are paid for in advance.（四）原因状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Cause/Reason)问题一：because, since, as和for的用法有何区别？常用的表示原因的连接词的区别见下表，按照语气由强到弱的顺序排列。意义词性位置because“因为”强调未知原因从属连词可前置或后置since“既然”表明已知的、显然的理由从属连词常前置as“由于”表明已知的、显然的理由从属连词可前置或后置for“因为”解释、说明，常用于推断并列连词后置1在语气上，because最强，since次之，as较弱，for最弱。2在意义上，because表示“因为”，since表示“既然”，as表示“由于”。而for表示的原因实际上是对前面分句加以解释，说明推断的理由。3在词性上，because，since，as都是从属连词，引导从句；而for是并列连词，连接并列分句，故for不能置句首.4 because等词引导原因状语从句时，主句前不可以再使用so。如： He distrusted me because I was new. Since you are going, I will go, too. As it s raining, youd better take a taxi. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.问题二：什么情况下只能用because？1在回答由why提出的疑问时。如：- Why arent you coming with us to the concert?- Because I have got a bad headache.2在强调句中。如：It was because I wanted to be closer to nature that I moved to the countryside.3在only，simply，just等强调词后面。如：They think they are so superior just because they make more money than I do.4 与否定词not连用，有时构成并列的because分句，如： She said that to comfort him, not because she believed it. I enrolled in the tutorial centre, because I had to, not because I wanted to. He went to bed early today, not because he was tired, but because he had nothing to do.问题三：其他引导原因状语从句的连接词有哪些？1now that通常置句首，表示“既然”，相当于since，但now that具有时间概念，所引导的从句中的谓语动词多为现在时态，如：Now that you have come, you may as well stay.2considering (that)表示“考虑到”；seeing (that)表示“既然”。如： Considering (that) hes only been learning English a year, he speaks it very well. Seeing(that) he refused to help us, theres no reason why we should now help him.3in that本义表示“在 . 方面”，也可表示“因为”。如： Men differ from brutes in that they can think and speak. I like the city, but l like the country better in that I have more friends in the country.（五）结果状语从句和目的状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Result & Adverbial Clause of Purpose)问题一：引导结果状语从句的连接词有哪些？1引导结果状语从句的常用连接词是so that和so . that。 The boy behaved himself at table so that he was praised by his mother. Supermarket is so big that it is often divided into departments。2such . that也可以引导结果状语从旬。问题二：so . that和such . that引导的结果状语从句有何区别？1so为副词，修饰形容词或副词；such为形容词，修饰名词。如： Debbie was so excited that she could hardly keep still. They got such a fright that they dropped the bag and ran away.2当such后的名词有形容词修饰时，注意：（1）当such修饰可数名词单数时，可以和so互换。如：She is such a lovely girl / so lovely a girl that everybody likes to talk to her.（2）当such修饰不可数名词或可数名词复数时，不可以用so替换。如： It was such fine weather that we were all in a cheerful mood. We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller.3当名词前有表示数量的词many, few, little或much修饰时，只用so，不用such。如： He has so few friends that he is often lonely. There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is.4须注意的是，当little不是解释为“少”，而是解释为“小”时，只能用such，不能用so。如：He passed me a note with such little words on it that I failed to make them out.问题三：引导目的状语从句的连接词有娜些？1引导目的状语从句的常用连接词是so that和in order that。such . that也可以引导目的状语从句。目的状语从句的谓语通常含有may, might. can, could等情态动词；从句若为否定句，谓语多用should结构。如： He devoted such great care to his mother that she might recover quickly. She looked down so that he should not see her eyes.2lest, in case和for fear (that) 表示“以防”，也可以引导目的状语从句，但从句中通常用虚拟语气。如：He studied hard lest / in case / for fear that he should fail in the examination.问题四：so that和in order that引导的目的状语从句有何区别？so that引导的从句通常位于主句之后；而in order that引导的从句可位于主句之后，也可位于主句之前。如： Ill leave you my home number so that you can reach me in the evening. In order that he might win a scholarship, he worked very hard.问题五：如何区别so that引导的是目句还是结果状语从句？so that引导的从句谓语若含有may, might, can, could, should等情态动词，则该从句为目的状语从句；若从句谓语不用情态动动词，而多用动词过去时，则该从句为结果状语从句。如： Speak clearly so that they may understand you. (目的状语从句） He got on the train late so that he found all the seats occupied.（结果状语从句）（六）比较状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Comparison)问题一：引导比较状语从句的连接词有哪些？1引导比较状语从句的常用连接词有也than, as . as, not so / as . as。注意：than或as后主语若是人称代词，该代词既可用主格，也可用宾格。宾格常用于非正式语体，主格用于正式语体。但若代词后还有动词，则只能用主格。如： He is taller than I (am) / me. She likes pop as much as he (does) / him.2“The + 比较级 .，the比较级 .”结构也可引导比较状语从句，如： The more a man learns, the more he sees his ignorance. The higher the tree is, the stronger the wind is.问题二：表示相同程度的比较有哪些常用结构？1as + 原级 + as；2the same (+ 表示量度的名词) + as。如： He is about the same age as his cc cousin. She knew he felt just the same as she did.问题三：表示较高程度的比较有哪些常用结构？1比较级 + than；2the + 形容词比较级 + of + 名词。问题四：表示最高程度的比较有哪些常用结构？1“最”（1）the + 最高级 + 比较范围；（2）比较级 + than + any other + 名词单数= 比较级 + than + any of the other + 名词复数= 比较级 + than + anyone else / anybody else / anything else；（3）比较级 + than + any + 名词单数（若比较双方不属同一范畴）；（4）否定词 + as / so . as；否定词 + 比竅级；（5）second to none。问题五：表示较低程度的比较有哪些常用结构？1not + as / so + 原级 + as；2less + 原级 + than。问题六：哪些词可以修饰表示比较的形容词或副词？1可修饰比较级的词有rather, much, many, still, even, far, some, any, a bit, a little, a lot, a great deal, 以及表倍数的词或度量名词等。注意：（1）当形容词比较级作名词的定语时，可用much或far，不可用a great deal / a good deal或a lot修饰。如： Im feeling much / a great deal better than I was. That is a much / far more challenging job.（2）many只能用于后接可数名词复数的比较前。如：We have many more books than they and they have much more money than we.2可修饰最高级的词有almost / nearly, much, very, by far, the next, the + 序数词等。问题七：表示倍数的比较的结构有哪些？A is twice / three times, etc.+ bigger / longer / higher / wider / older / deeper, etc. + than B= A is three times / four times etc. + as big / long / high / wide / old / deep, etc. + as B= A is three times / four times etc. + the size / length / height / width / age / depth. etc. + of B= B is one-third / one-fourth, etc. + the size /length / height / width / age / depth, etc.+ of A问题八：比较状语从句中如何避免重复？1than引导从句时，从句中常省略与主句相同的部分。如：Bill is taller than Bob (is).2than从句中，常用代动词do或其它助动词或惰态动词代替与主句相同的部分。如： Now we speak more English than we did last term. He looks as tall as his father does.3从句中用one, that或those分别代替主句中的相应可数名词单数、不可数名词或可数名词复数。如： The television here is much better than the one over there. The weather in London proves more changeable than that in Paris. The grammar and vocabulary of French are more difficult to Chinese students than those of English.问题九：比较状语从句中须注意哪些问题？1要避免形容词或副词比较级的重复使用。如：He is much cleverer than his brother. (/)He is more cleverer than his brother. (X)2当某个对象与其他对象比较时，被比较的其他对象中不能包括该对象。如：The boy runs faster than any of the other members in his class. (/)The boy runs faster than any other member in his class. (/)The boy runs faster than any girl in his class. (/)The boy runs faster than any member in his class. (X)3比较时须注意比较对象的前后对应。如： The population of Shanghai is larger than that in Beijing. The texts in Book III are much more difficult than those in Book I. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. Never before has our country been so powerful as she is today.4as . as从句中，若副词as后的形容词修饰一个名词时，注意语序应为：as + adj + n + as。如： I havent got as much money as I thought. She bought as nice a gift for her father as she had the year before.问题十：其它与比较有关的结构有哪些？1the + 比较级，the + 比较级”表示“越 . 就越 .”。如：The more you read, the more you learn.2“比较级 + and + 比较级”表示“越来越 .”。多音节的形容词或副词就用“more and more + 原级” = “all the more + 原级”。如： As it was getting hotter and hotter, he became thirstier and thirstier. She felt more and more excited, even frightened.3more ( . ) than（1）“no more than + 数词”表示一个确切的数，意思是“只不过”，相当于“only”；“not more than + 数词”表示“不超过”，相当于at most。如： No more than ten miles have been covered so far. Not more than ten miles have been covered so far.（2）“no more than”或“no + 比较级 + than”表示“和 . 一样不 .”，相当于“neither . nor”；“not more than”或“not + 比较级 + than”表示“不比 . 更 .”。如： He speaks Shanghai dialect no better than I.他和我一样上海话说不好。 He doesnt speak Shanghai dialect better than I.他说上海话不比我说得好。 The bat is no more a bird than the whale is a fish.正如鲸不是鱼一样，蝙蝠不是鸟。 I could no more understand his language than he could mine.我无法理解他的语言就像他也无法理解我的语言。（3）“more than .”可以表示“不仅仅”，相当于“not only”；还可以“非常”，相当于very。如： The electronic dictionary is used more than as a dictionary. We are more than happy to serve the old people.4less ( . ) than（1）“no less than + 数词”表示一个确切的数，意思是“多达”，相当于exactly；“not less than + 数词”表示“不少于，至少”，相当于at least。如： No less than 100 students entered for the popular science English contest. Not less than 100 students entered for the popular science English contest.（2）此外，“no less + 原级 + than”表示“和 . 一样，相当于“as . as”；“not + less +原级 + than”表示“不比 . 更 .”。如： He is no less quick at figures than I. 他对数字的反应和我一样快。 He is not less quick at figures than I. 他对数字的反应之快不亚于我。5同一对象或不同对象的不同性质的比较。（1）as . as结构。如： She is as clever as (she is) beautiful. 她不仅美丽，而只聪明。 She is as clever as her sister is beautiful. 她的聪明可与她妹妹的美貌媲美。（2）more A than B = less B than A = not so much B as A，意为“与其说A不如说B”。其中比较级通常用more . 的形式，而不是 -er 形式。如：He is more a cunning business man than a clever artist.= He is less a clever artist than a cunning businessman.= He is not so much a clever artist as a cunning businessman.与其说他是一个聪明的艺术家，不如说他是一个狡猾的商人。6不用比较级的比较：be junior / senior / inferior / superior to .问题十一：如何运用含有两个比较结构的句型？如果一句句子含有两个比较结构，须在一个比较结构完成之后，再插入另外一个比较结构。常用的此类句型结构有：1“as . as, or + 比较级 + than”。如：The donkey believes he is as good-looking as, or better-looking than the horse.那头毛驴认为自己和那匹马一样漂亮，或者甚至比那匹马更漂亮。2“as . as, if not + 比较级 + than”。如：This film is as good as, if not better than the one I saw yesterday.即使这部电影没有我昨天看的那部好，至少也是和那部一样好。3“one of the + 形容词最高级（+名词复数），if not the + 形容词最高级（+ 名词单数）”。如：This is one of the best novels I have ever read, if not the best.至少可以说，这是我看过的最好的小说之一。（七）方式状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Manner)：问题一：引导方式状语从句的连接词有哪些？1as if和as though（1）两者用法相同，都表示“好像，仿佛”（2）as if和as though引导的方式状语从句中，既可用陈述语气，表示与事实相符的情况；也可用虚拟语气，表示可能性很小或与事实不符的情况。如： It looks as if it is going to rain. The child talks as though he were a man.2as, the way等。（1）as意为“象犹如正如”。如：I want you to tell them your experience exactly as you have told it to me.（2）the way意为“的方式样子”；相当于the way (that/in which)引导的定语从句。如：Pay attention to your table manners, I dont like the way you eat soup.（八）让步状语从句(Adverbial Clause of Concession)问题一：引导让步状语从句的连接词有哪些？引导让步状语从句的连接词：though, although, as, while, even if, even though, wh-ever, no matter+ wh-, whether . or ., in spite of / despite the fact that问题二：though, although, as和while引导让步状语从句须注意什么？1though和although引导让步状语从句时通常可互换使用，though较为普遍，常用于非正式语体，而although则较为正式。两者引导让步状语从句时，若要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，主句中可用yet, still或nevertheless，但不能用but，如：Although no one was injured, (still/yet/nevertheless) I have a guilty conscience.2Though能与even连用，但although不能。even though等同于even if，表示“即使”。如：Today, as a source of information, the newspaper is still the cheapest, even though / even if a computer or a TV set is costing less and less with each passing day.3though引导的让步状语从句可顺装也可倒装，although只能顺装，as只能倒装。如： Clever though / as you are, you cant learn language in a week. Child though / as he is, he supports his family by selling newspapers. Tired though / as he was, he sat up late. Try though / as you may, you wont manage it. Much though / as I admire him as a writer, I don t like him as a man.4while引导让步状语从句时，相当于although，但while从句只能置句首，且不可倒装。如：While I am not optimistic, I have not given up hope.问题三：whether . or .如何引导让步状语从句？whether . or .可以引导让步状语从句，提供两个对比的情况，意思是“不管不论还是”。如： Whether the language is learned quickly or slowly, it is hard work. Something inside your body is always going on whether you are aware of it or not.问题四：no matter + wh-与wh-ever有何区别？1引导让步状语从句时，no matter what / when / where / who / which / how就相当于whatever, whenever, wherever, whoever, whichever和however，表示“无论什么 / 无论何时 / 无论何处 / 无论谁 / 无论哪一个 / 无论如何。如：No matter who/Whoever you are, you are to obey the law.2no matter+wh-只
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