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高级英语复习笔记及讲解1Lesson OneRock Superstars ： What Do They Tell Us About Ourselves and Our Society ？1. Rock Superstars 摇滚乐超级明星rock ： rock music ， rock n roll （ or ： rock and roll ）摇滚乐早期的摇滚乐是源于美国的民歌（ folk ）爵士乐（ jazz ）勃鲁斯歌曲（blues）等的一种音乐，其特征是具 有强烈的节奏 （ rhythm ）单纯的旋律 （ melody ）一再重复的歌词和音符的后拍音 （ after beat ）2. Rock is the music of teenage rebellion .摇滚乐是青少年的反叛音乐a. teenage adj. pertaining to a teenager （ 13 至 19 岁的 ） 青少年的。其名词形式为teenager： （13至19岁的青少年）。b. rebellion ： resistance to or defiance of any authority 造反，反派。如；a rebellion against old traditions 对旧传统的反叛。3. By a man s heroes ye shall know him . 你将从一个人崇拜的英雄得知其人。a.这句句子的句型与英语中常说的 judge a man by the company he keeps（以一个人所交的朋友断定其为人）很相似。b. ye = you 用于古英语或诗歌中，是第二人称代词thou的复数。如：You are the salt of the earth .你们是社会的中坚。 （出自）4. Midnight Rambler ：ramble ： walk for pleasure漫游，既可表动词，也可作名词。如；They rambled through the woods.他们在林中漫步。5. he said ， grabs a half-gallon jug of water and runs along the front platform ， sprinkling its contents over the first rows of sweltering listeners a. grab ： to seize suddenly ， eagerly ， or roughly ； snstch 急抓，夺取。如： He jumped up from the table ， grabbed his hat and ran out of the door .他从桌子旁跳了起来，抓起自己的帽子，奔出门去。另外，grab后面可以跟其他名词或名词短语。如：grab a shower快速冲了澡，grab a sandwich，胡乱吃了一个三明治，grab a taxi 赶搭出租车。有时，还可以作不及物动词。如：He grabbed at the opportunity of going abroad . 他设法抓住这次出国的机会 b. sprinkle ： to scatter drops or particles of water ， powder or the like on 洒液体，撒粉末等（于上）。如：They sprinkled ashes on the icy sidewalk .他们在积水溜滑的人行道上撒了灰。We sprinkle the lawn every day .我们每天给草坪洒水。以 sprinkling 引导的短语是动词的 - ing 形式作伴随状语。再如：They stood there ， watching the basketball .他们站在那里，观看篮球比赛。6. They surge to follow him ， eager to be touched by a few baptismal drops .a. surge ： to move or swell forward in or like waves 如波涛汹涌而至。A crowd surged out of the theater .观众从剧院里蜂拥而出。b. 以形容词 eager 引导的不定式词组在语法功能上起着并列分句的作用。7. Some 14，000 screaming fans were cruching up to the front of the stage at Capital Center ， a. some ： （ before a number ） approximately ， about （在数字前）大约。如：some twenty students大约20个学生。b. scream to make a loud ， sharp cry 尖声大叫。 screaming是动词 scream的 - ing 形式作前置修饰语， screaming fans 意为“尖声大叫的歌迷”c. crunch ： to proceed with a crushing noise嘎吱嘎吱地往前。如：The children crunched through the snow .孩子们嘎吱嘎吱地踩着雪走。8. I ought to be crawling on my knees .a. crawled ： to move with the face downward and the boye close to the ground爬行。如；The bus crawled along .公共汽车缓慢地行进。注意：短语 crawl into the favor of ones superiors表示“卑躬屈膝地讨好上司”。b. on ones knees ： 双膝跪地。9. How do you feel about all this adulation and hero worship ？a. feel about ： consider ， think of 觉得，感到。经常用于疑问句中，如：How do you feel about the suggestion ？你认为这个建议怎么样？b. adulation 是adulate的名词形式。adulate ： flatter or admire excessively过分赞赏，奉承，恭维。如：One can hardly understand why young people so adulate film stars.年轻人为什么如此过分赞赏影星，真让人费解。10. Or are you drawn somehow to this strange clown ， perhaps because he acts out your wildest fantasies ？a. draw ： atteact 吸引。如：Some mutual interests draw us together .一些共同的兴趣把我们吸引到一块了。b. somehow ： in some way not specified or known 不知什么缘故。如：Somehow I dont like this novel though it is so popular .这本小说虽然很流行，但不知什么原因我却不喜欢它。c. fantasy ： imagination ， esp. when it is let free and not held back（自由奔放的）想象，幻想，狂想。wildest fantasies ，最为狂妄的奇想。11. These arent idle questions .idle ： of no real worth or purpose 无聊的。如：idle rumor无聊的谎言。12. Horwitz sees the rock music arena as a sort of debating forum ， a place where ideas clash and crash .a. see as ： consider as 把看作b. forum ： a meeting place of discussion of matters of public interest论坛。c. a place 是a sort of debating forum的同位语，后面由 where引导的句子是定语从句，修饰 a place. ideas chash and crash 意为“各种思想冲撞”。13. The redefinition ， Horowitz says is a task uniquely performed by the young uniquely performed by the young 是过去分词短语，用于修饰前面的a task。14. It is they alone who combine invention and exaggeration ， a.it is who （ that ） 是强调句式。b.alone ： （ after a noun or pronoun ） only（在名词或代词后面）仅，只。His name alone was enough to draw a large audience .仅仅他的名字就足以吸引一大批观众。15. Rock music ， he says is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force . rather than ： instead of 而不是（肯定前者，否定后者。）比如：He is a poet rather than a novelist .与其说他是小说家，不如说他是诗人。这里介绍另一个短语or rather，意为 more exactly更为确切地说“。如：late last night ， or rather early this morning昨天深夜，更为确切地说，是今天清晨。16. Its just that Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s .a. 句中的it有 the reason的意思， that = be cause .b. embody ： give a definite form to具体体现如：The statue embodies the sentiment of the sculptor .这尊塑像表现了雕像家的感情。The latest model of the lorry embodies many improvements .卡车的最新式样体现了许多改进的地方。17. TV network banned him .a. network ： a group of radio or television stations linked by wire or microwaves （广播，电视）广播网 b. ban ： prohibit ， forbid 禁止。如：Students are banned from reading dirty books .禁止学生阅读色情书刊。18. Most of the older viewers frowned ， while most of the younger viewers applauded .a. frown： to wrinkle the forehead ， such as when one is displeased or in deep thought皱眉。如：听到我说错了答案，他便皱起了眉头。短语frown on （ upon ）表示“不赞同”。如：He frowned upon my plan .他不赞同我的计划。b. applaud ： to clap the hands together in approval or appreciation鼓掌喝彩；称赞。如：The audience applauded wildly .观众热烈鼓掌。c. 连接词while在这里表示对照，再如：I like books while my brother loves sports .我喜欢书，而我的兄弟则热衷于体育。19. The Rolling Stones ， arrogant street-fighting men ， demanded revolution .arrogant ： acting as if one were more important than others傲慢的；妄自尊大的。如；He was just too arrogant to his subordinates .他对他的部下太傲慢了。20. Feelings ， always a part of any musical statement ， were a major subject .这里always a part of any musical statement 是feelings的同位语。21. The Beatles showed there were a range of emotions between love and hate .range ： a number of different things of the same general sort or type （变动的，可供选择的）范围；幅度。如：a range of colors to choose from可以选择的一系列颜色；a range of prices from 5 yuan to 50 yuan 从5元到50元不等的各种价格。22. This country element ， Horowitz feels ， helped its audience express an urge to get away from it all ， urge ： an instincitve drive .冲动。如：I felt an urge to further my studies in Europe .我有一种去欧洲深造的冲动。23. these rock musicians mirror feelingsmirror ： reflect 反映。如：The election result reflects their opinions.选举结果反映了他们的观点。24. where its heading ？head （ for ） ： move toward （朝某一方向）前进。如：They were heading for the deep jungle for hunting .他们去丛林深处打猎。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basket-balls range in size from 28.5-30 in (72-76 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 18-22 oz (510-624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in mens games measures 29.5-30 in (75-76 cm) in circumference, and a womens ball is 28.5-29 in (72-74 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, composition, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the balls bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 49-54 in (1.2-1.4 m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft (1.80 m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere commands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two half-bushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and out-lined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Mens Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (1861-1939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the hand-eye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismiths five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as large, light, and handled with the hands. Players could not move the ball by running alone, and none of the players was restricted against handling the ball. The playing area was also open to all players, but there was to be no physical contact between players; the ball was the objective. To score, the ball had to be shot through a horizontal, elevated goal. The team with the most points at the end of an allotted time period wins. Early in the history of basketball, the local YMCAs provided the gymnasiums, and membership in the organization grew rapidly. The size of the local gym dictated the number of players; smaller gyms used five players on a side, and the larger gyms allowed seven to nine. The team size became generally established as five in 1895, and, in 1897, this was made formal in the rules. The YMCA lost interest in supporting the game because 10-20 basketball players monopolized a gymnasium previously used by many more in a variety of activities. YMCA membership dropped, and basketball enthusiasts played in local halls. This led to the building of basketball gymnasiums at schools and colleges and also to the formation of professional leagues. Although basketball was born in the United States, five of Naismiths original players were Canadians, and the game spread to Canada immediately. It was played in France by 1893; England in 1894; Australia, China, and India between 1895 and 1900; and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948; its construction and size of 30 in (76 cm) were ruled official in 1949. The rule-setters came from several groups early in the 1900s. Colleges and universities established their rules committees in 1905, the YMCA and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) created a set of rules jointly, state militia groups abided by a shared set of rules, and there were two professional sets of rules. A Joint Rules Committee for colleges, the AAU, and the YMCA was created in 1915, and, under the name the National Basketball Committee (NBC) made rules for amateur play until 1979. In that year, the National Federation of State High School Associations began governing the sport at the high school level, and the NCAA Rules Committee assumed rule-making responsibilities for junior colleges, colleges, and the Armed Forces, with a similar committee holding jurisdiction over womens basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popular in the United States especially at the high school and college levels. After World War II, its popularity grew around the world. In the 1980s, interest in the game truly exploded because of television exposure. Broadcast of the NCAA Championship Games began in 1963, and, by the 1980s, cable television was carrying regular season college games and even high school championships in some states. Players like Bill Russell, Wilt Chamberlain, and Lew Alcindor (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) became nationally famous at the college level and carried their fans along in their professional basketball careers. The womens game changed radically in 1971 when separate rules for women were modified to more closely resemble the mens game. Television interest followed the women as well with broadcast of NCAA championship tourneys beginning in the early 1980s and the formation of the WNBA in 1997. Internationally, Italy has probably become the leading basketball nation outside of the United States, with national, corporate, and professional teams. The Olympics boosts basketball internationally and has also spurred the womens game by recognizing it as an Olympic event in 1976. Again, television coverage of the Olympics has been exceptionally important in drawing attention to international teams. The first professional mens basketball league in the United States was the National Basketball League (NBL), which debuted in 1898. Players were paid on a per-game basis, and this league and others were hurt by the poor quality of games and the ever-changing players on a team. After the Great Depression, a new NBL was organized in 1937, and the Basketball Association of America was organized in 1946. The two leagues came to agree that players had to be assigned to teams on a contract basis and that high standards had to govern the game; under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several womens professional leagues were attempted and failed, including the Womens Professional Basketball League (WBL) and the Womens World Basketball Association, before the WNBA debuted in 1997 with the support of the NBA. James Naismith, originally from Al-monte, Ontario, invented basketball at the International YMCA Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891. The game was first played with peach baskets (hence the name) and a soccer ball and was intended to provide indoor exercise for football players. As a result, it was originally a rough sport. Although ten of Naismiths original thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first five-man teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine nets but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the nets were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Nonetheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the two-hand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more organized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics; the Cleveland Rosenblums, owned by Max Rosenblum; Eddie Gottliebs Philadelphia SPHAs (South Philadelphia Hebrew Association); and two great black teams, the New York Renaissance Five and Abe Sapersteins Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the publics attention as they did in other sports of the period. The same was true in college basketball up until the late 1930s, with coaches dominating the game and its development. Walter Doc Meanwell at Wisconsin, Forrest Phog Allen at Kansas, Ward Piggy Lambert at Purdue, and Henry Doc Carlson at Pittsburgh all made significant contributions to the games development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to become a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules committee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the one-handed shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the Easts devotion to the set shot and encouraging a more open game. In consecutive years the center jump was eliminated after free throws and then after field goals, thus speeding up the game and allowing for more scoring. In 1938, Irish created the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in the Garden to determine a national champion. Although postseason tournaments had occurred before, the NIT was the first with major colleges from different regions and proved to be a great financial success. The National Collegiate Athletic As
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