2015年电大职业技能实训平台化有机化学基础试题答案.doc

电大职业技能实训平台化有机化学基础试题答案1、 化合物乙醇、碳酸、水、苯酚的酸性由强到弱的顺序是( )。2、 下列物质中，不能作干燥剂的是( )。烧碱3、 某工厂排放的酸性废水中，含有较多的Cu2+，A农作物和人畜都有害，欲采用化学方法除去有害成分最好是加入下列哪种物质( )。铁粉 生石灰4、 化工生产过程的“三废”是指( )。废水废气废渣5、 利用下列( )方法能制备乙醇。乙醛蒸气和氢气通过热的镍丝6、 下列物质中氧元素的质量分数为50%的是( )。SO27、 国际上常用( )的产量来衡量一个国家的石油化学工业水平。乙烯8、 H的化学分子式是( )。CH3COOH9、 目前对人类环境造成危害的酸雨主要是由下列哪种气体造成的( )。SO210、对于真实气体，下列与理想气体相近的条件是( )。高温低压11、单位质量的某物质，温度升高或降低1K时所吸收或放出的热量，称为这种物质的( )。比热12、下列分子中有两A共用电子A的是( )。H2O13、在一定温度下，增大反应压力，平衡向着( )的方向移动。分子数减小，体积减小14、氨气和氯化氢气体一样，可以作喷泉实验，这是由于( )。氨分子是极性分子，极易溶于水 15、对于二组分系统能平衡共存的最多相数为( ) 416、下列气体中不能用浓硫酸做干燥剂的是( )。NH317、相同条件下，质量相同的下列物质，所含分子数最多的是( )。氢气 18、氯气泄漏后，处理空气中氯的最好方法是向空气中( )。喷洒石灰水 19、下面属于不饱和烃的是( )。C2 H420、烷烃正庚烷、正己烷、2-甲基戊烷、正癸烷的沸点由高到低的顺序是( )。21、下列物质中为共价键化合物的是( )。氯化氢22、氢离子浓度(pH)的测定方法是( )。酸碱指示法 23、达到化学平衡时，各反应物和生成物的平衡浓度( )。不改变24、我们把能保持物质一切化学性质的最小粒子称( )。分子25、工业上所谓的“三酸两碱”中的两碱通常指的是( )。氢氧化钠和碳酸钠26、化工企业对污水处理方法有多种，其中化学处理法包括( )。混凝法、中和法、离子交换法法27、下列物质不属于纯净物的是( )。浓盐酸 28、封闭系统经任意循环过程，则( ) Q+w=0 29、当某溶液的氢氧根浓度为10 - mol/L时，则它的pH值为( )。530、工业废水中衡量该废水可生化性的重要指标是( )。BOD/COD31、碱液的输送不能采用下列( )材料的管道。铝管32、在分光光度计中，其原理为( )。朗伯比尔定律 33、随着化学工业的发展，能源的种类也变得越来越多样化，现在很多城市都开始使用天然气，天然气的主要成分是( )。CH434、要准确量取一定量的液体，最适当的仪器是( )。滴定管35、下列( )材质的设备适用于次氯酸钠的储存。玻璃钢36、通常把只改变物质的外部状态和形态，而不改变物质的组成的变化，称为( )。物理变化37、还原催化剂使用的气体是( )。氢气38、NH3与水反应属( )。放热反应39、现有四份浓度均为0.Imol/L的溶液，其中pH值最大的是( )。Na2CO340、cod是指在一定条件下，用( )氧化废水中有机物所消耗的氧量。强氧化剂41、输送浓硫酸的喷射器为了防腐，内壁可采用( )。耐酸陶瓷42、要增大二氧化碳在水中的溶解度，可采用( )方法。增加压强43、下列物质中属于酸碱指示剂的是( )。甲基红44、国家禁止用工业酒精配制饮料，这是因为工业酒精中含有少量会使人中毒的( )。甲醇45、化学混凝沉淀法属于废水的( )。化学处理方法46、在氢气和氧气化合生成水的反应中，8g氢气恰好与氧气完全反应，氧气的质量是 ( )。64g47、物质从固态直接变成气态叫( )。升华48、当某溶液的氢离子浓度为10-3g/L时，它的pH值为( )。349、气体CO与02在一坚固的绝热箱内发生化学反应，系统的温度升高，则该过程( )。U=050、影响化学反应平衡常数数值的因素是( )。温度51、原子的化学性质决定于( )。最外层电子数52、质量流量与体积流量的关系为( )。W=Q53、在稀酸溶液中，pH值增加时，溶液的酸性( )。减弱54、通常实验用高压氢气瓶的颜色是( )。天兰55、1mol的氮气其质量为1kg。 56、当前对环境恶化的控制主要通过对污染排放的总量控制和末端治理。57、乙炔的工业制法，过去用电石生产乙炔，由于碳化钙生产耗电太多，目前已改用天然气和石油为原料生产乙炔。58、75%的乙醇水溶液中，乙醇称为溶质，水称为溶剂。59、去离子水的电导越高，纯度越高。 60、以石墨为电极，电解氯化铜水溶液，阴极的产物是铜。61、温度升高，对所有的反应都能加快反应速度，从而使生产能力提高。62、温室效应是因为排放cO2造成的。63、在一定条件下，当气液处于平衡时，一定数量溶剂所能溶解的溶质的数量称为溶解度。64、为了除去水中的重金属离子，采用臭氧氧化法A铬、铅、汞的除去效果都比较好。65、质量百分比浓度是溶液的质量与溶质的质量的百分比。66、在4 (277K)条件下纯水的密度为1000kg/m3。67、温度升高，电解质溶液的电离度降低，金属的电阻率升高。68、乙酸乙酯在稀硫酸或氢氧化钠水溶液中都能水解，水解的程度前者较后者小。69、硝酸在工业生产中所产生的尾气可用氢氧化钠溶液吸收。70、在化合物Fecl3中，铁的化合价为2，FeCl2中，铁的化合价为3。71、化学变化是指既改变物质的形状，同时也使得物质的组成发生变化的过程。72、烧碱的化学名称为氢氧化钠，而纯碱的化学名称为碳酸钠。73、能水解的盐，其水溶液不是显酸性，就是显碱性。74、工业废水的处理方法有物理法、化学法和生物法。 75、饱和蒸气压与液体的量无关，而决定于液体的本性和温度。76、固体废弃物处理的基本途径常用是：露天堆存法、焚烧法、化学处理法以及填埋法等。77、密度大于277K的纯水的液体，其相A密度大于1。78、浓硫酸稀释时只能把水缓缓倒入浓硫酸中，并不断地加以搅拌，切不可反过来。79、在酸性溶液中，K+、I一、SO42-、MnO4-可以共存。80、摩尔定律表示溶液混合前后，溶液的摩尔数相等，用M1V1= M2V2表示。81、当溶液中氢氧根离子大于氢离子浓度时溶液呈碱性。82、理想稀薄溶液中的溶质遵守亨利定律，溶剂遵守拉乌尔定律。83、一定量气体反抗一定的压力进行绝热膨胀时，其热力学能总是减少的。84、两种或两种以上的物质生成一种新物质的反应叫化合反应。85、砸锂块时，应将锂块放在铜板或铁板上，以免产生火花。86、液体的饱和蒸气压与温度无关。87、电子层结构相同的离子，核电荷数越小，离子半径就越大。88、蒸汽压越大的物质越难挥发。89、物质的溶解过程都吸热，结晶过程都放热。90、金属铝的两性指的是酸性和碱性。91、理想气体状态方程是：PV= RT。92、碱金属有强还原性，它的离子有强氧化性。93、所谓“三烯、三苯、一炔、一萘”是基本的有机原料，其中“三烯”是指乙烯、丙烯、丁烯。94、含碳元素的化合物一定是有机物。95、浓硫酸具有强氧化性、吸水性和脱水性。96、酸碱的强弱性是由离解常数大小决定的。97、纯水的氢离子浓度等于氢氧根离子，等于10-7mol/L。98、容量分析法是以化学反应为基础的分析方法，所有化学反应都能作为容量分析法的基础。99、含有有机物的废水一般采用生化处理方法。100、化工污染防治的主要措施有：采用无污染或污染少的生产工艺、改进设备，实现闭路循环，淘汰有毒产品，回收和综合利用。请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Shanghais Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the citys history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek.Huangpu River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghais other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a commercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the citys history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in peoples living conditions. Where the Bund began In-between the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and criss-cross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire complex of this historical site comprises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a two-storey masonry building on an H-shaped plan in typical English renaissancestyle. The building is designed with a five-arch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonnaded loggia. It has been turned into a caf where dinner and afternoonteaare available. Visitors can choose to sit indoors or outdoors to enjoy the magnificent gardens with nearly 30 ancient trees.Yuanmingyuan Road behind the complex is also a historical site. The road has been revamped as a pedestrian shopping street and high-end brands have seized the best spots. Altogether, 14 old buildings, including those used for offices and residences constructed during 1920s and 1930s, remain. Today, it is a popular location for commercialfashionphoto shoots. New Tianan Church, or Union Church, stands at the intersection of Yuanmingyuan Road and Suzhou Creek. The church, designed in the style of the English countryside, has a capacity of 500 people. It was very popular during the concession period but was converted into factory offices after 1949. The church we see today is a replica, the original burned down in 2007. There used to be an outdoor swimming pool, the first of its kind in Shanghai, beside the church but has been filled-in and is now a small garden. Bridge of romance There is perhaps no other place thats more representative of Shanghai than this bridge, which appears in quite a lot ofmovies about the city. Dozens of couples visit every day to pose for their pre-wedding photos on the bridge where Suzhou Creek begins and interconnects with Huangpu River. This is Waibaidu Bridge, or the Garden Bridge. The soon-to-be-wed couples pose in splendid attire on the bridge, leaning against the railing or sitting on the wooden floor. Some even risk walking into the middle of the road to get the perfect shot.Colorful lights illuminate the bridge throughout the night, making it a picturesque place for pre-wedding portraits and lovers to meet. Constructed in 1873 and designed by a British company, the 106-meter-long bridge was the first-ever major bridge in Shanghai. In 1856, the first large wooden bridge, Wells Bridge, was built over Suzhou Creek but the bridge toll led to complaints from citizens. So 17 years later, another wooden bridge, which did not require tolls, was built. People called it Waibaidu, which means “going across for free”. The bridge was renovated as a steel truss structure in 1907. Because nearly 40 bridges have now been built over Suzhou Creek, the bridge is no longer a traffic artery but is more of an observation deck for tourists. It is a tradition in Shanghai for a grandmother to walk across a bridge with their grandchild when he or she reaches one month. This represents that the newborn has overcome all the twists and turns and its journey will be safe and smooth throughout his or her life. Waibaidu Bridge is always the best option because its the icon of Shanghai. The picture of my daughter when she was a baby held by her grandmother was also taken here. Its like a family tradition, says Wang Xuefen, a Shanghai native who has a newborn grandson. Changning Riverside There is a 5-km stretch of waterfront by Suzhou Creek in Changning district on Changning Road from the intersection of Hami Road to Jiangsu Road. It has become a popular place to take a walk and sunbathe on the lawn. There is an overpass at the intersection of Changning Road and Gubei Road for people to enjoy the view of the creek and a 3-km plastic runway on both sides of Changning Road, which attracts people of all ages, Chinese and expat. Jogging on the two sides gives a different feeling because the north side is next to the creek, and the south side is adjacent to the residential highrises, which is like jogging in the jungle, says Xiao Xu, a 27-year-old woman who lives nearby. The riverside used to be completely different. Dozens of textile mills, chemical plants and machine manufacturing factories were set up along the creek in the 1920s. They brought industrialization but also pollution. From the 1930s the creek could no longer be used as a source for tap water, and no living fish or shrimp could be found. Suzhou Creek in my memory is dark and smelly. I used to go to the riverbank to watch the sewage disposal running out from the chemical plants when I was a little girl. We didnt know it was pollution. We thought it was a red waterfall, says Huang Qi, a 57-year-old Shanghai resident. So the residential houses along the creek were unpopular, and only migrants with low incomes would live in that area, she says. However, things have changed. The plants were closed and turned into riverside parks and the apartments in the new highrises, especially those facing the creek, are much sought after. East China University of Political Science and Law This is the famous former Saint Johns University, Chinas first-ever modern institution of higher education established by missionaries from the United States in 1879. The buildings combine Chinese and Western elements. Address: 1575 Wanhangdu Road, Changning district The old residential area After you leave the university from its east gate you will enter a shabby neighborhood that retains its original look. The alleys are narrow and the houses are overcrowded. Some things have not changed for many generations, such as raising chickens at home. Address: West Guangfu Road Moganshan Road This is anartsy street that has become very popular among artists and fashionistas in recent years. Graffiti covers the walls on the winding street, where you can find a cluster of art galleries and creative industry offices. Sihang Warehouse Four banks jointly funded the construction of this warehouse, so it is named sihang, or four banks. The warehouse, built in 1931, was used for the storage of food, first-aid supplies and ammunition during the years of war. The building, which is also a masterpiece left by the Hungarian architect Laszlo Hudec in the 1930s, has been recently transformed into a center of creative industry workshops. Address: 1 Guangfu Road, Zhabei district