资源描述
Unit1TextAThere was once a town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings. The town lay in the midst of a checkerboard of prosperous farms, with fields of grain and hillsides of orchards where, in spring, white clouds of bloom drifted above the green fields. In autumn, oak and maple and birch set up a blaze of color that flamed and flickered across a backdrop of pines. Then foxes barked in the hills and deer silently crossed the fields, half hidden in the mists of the fall mornings.从前在美国中心有一个小镇，那里的万物看上去都与其四周的环境融洽相处。小镇的四周是像棋盘交错的生意盎然的农庄，还有一块块的田地和一座座遍布山坡的果园。春天来了，白色的鲜花云彩般地漂浮在田野上；秋天到了，橡树、枫树和桦树色彩斑斓，在一片松树林间火焰般地燃烧与跳跃。小山上狐狸吠叫，田野间小鹿静静地跃过，所有的一切都在秋天清晨的薄雾中半隐半现。Along the roads, laurel, viburnum and alder, great ferns and wildflowers delighted the travelers eye through much of the year. Even in winter the roadsides were places of beauty, where countless birds came to feed on the berries and on the seed heads of the dried weeds rising above the snow. The countryside was, in fact, famous for the abundance and variety of its bird life, and when the flood of migrants was pouring through in spring and fall people traveled from great distances to observe them. Others came to fish the streams, which flowed clear and cold out of the hills and contained shady pools where trout lay. So it had been from the days many years ago when the first settlers raised their houses, sank their wells, and built their barns.在路的两旁，一年中许多时候，月桂树、荚莲、桤木、蕨类植物和各样的野花都能让过往的行人赏心悦目。即使是冬天，路边的景色依旧是美不胜收，那里无数的小鸟来觅取浆果莓和露在雪地上的枯枝上的种子。事实上，这乡村正是由于鸟类的数量和种类之繁多而出名的。在候鸟群潮涌而来的春秋季节，人们从大老远的地方慕名前来欣赏。还有的人来这里的小溪垂钓。清冽的溪水从山中流出，溪水中有许多鳟鱼藏身的背阴的水潭。所以，从许多年前开始，第一批居住者就在这里盖房挖井，搭起了自己的谷仓。Then a strange blight crept over the area and everything began to change. Some evil spell had settled on the community: mysterious maladies swept the flocks of chickens; the cattle and sheep sickened and died. Everywhere was a shadow of death. The farmers spoke of much illness among their families. In the town the doctors had become more and more puzzled by new kinds of sickness appearing among their patients. There had been several sudden and unexplained deaths, not only among adults but even among children, who would be stricken suddenly while at play and die within a few hours.后来，一种奇怪的摧毁力悄然袭击了这个地区，所有的一切都开始变了。某种邪恶的符咒笼罩了这个社区：神秘的疾病攻击了鸡群，牛、羊也纷纷病死，到处都有一层死亡的阴影。农夫们谈论着家中的许多疾病；镇上的医生也越来越因病人中出现的新的病症而感到迷惑。在成人和孩子中发生了好几起突发的不明其由的死亡，那些孩子在玩耍中突然病倒，几小时后就死去了。There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example - where had they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly. It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays, wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.这里是一派奇怪的寂静。就说鸟儿们吧-它们都去哪儿了？许多人说起鸟儿的时候都充满了迷惑与不安。他们后院的饲养站已经没有鸟儿光顾了。随处能见到的几只鸟都奄奄一息。他们猛烈地颤抖，却飞不起来。这是一个无声的春天。曾经是震动着画眉鸟、猫鸟、鸽子、樫鸟、欧鹪和许多鸟儿的黎明合唱声的清晨如今却寂然无声。田野间、树林中和沼泽地里也是一片寂静。On the farms the hens brooded, but no chicks hatched. The farmers complained that they were unable to raise any pigs - the litters were small and the young survived only a few days. The apple trees were coming into bloom but no bees droned among the blossoms, so there was no pollination and there would be no fruit.在农庄，母鸡下蛋却孵不出小鸡。农夫们抱怨无法养猪，因为刚生下的猪崽太小了，小猪也只能活几天的功夫。苹果树开花了，可是没有蜜蜂在花丛中嗡嗡地采蜜，没有蜜蜂的授粉，也就没有任何果子。The roadsides, once so attractive, were now lined with browned and withered vegetation as though swept by fire. These, too, were silent, deserted by all living things. Even the streams were now lifeless. Anglers no longer visited them, for all the fish had died.曾经是如此迷人的路旁如今却铺着黑黑的枯干的草木，仿佛是被一场大火烧过一般。那里也是一片寂静，因为所有的生物都遗弃了它。即使是溪流中也没有了生命。因为所有的鱼都已经死了，垂钓者也就不再来了。In the gutters under the eaves and between the shingles of the roofs, a white granular powder still showed a few patches; some weeks before it had fallen like snow upon the roofs and the lawns, the fields and streams.在屋檐下的天沟里，屋顶的木瓦之间仍旧可见几片白色的粒状的粉末。几个星期之前，它像白雪一样洒在了屋顶上、草地上、田野里和溪流里。No witchcraft, no enemy action had silenced the rebirth of new life in this stricken world. The people had done it themselves.在这个遭受袭击的地球上，没有巫术，也没有敌人的行动抑制了新生命的复苏；这一切都是人自身造成的。Since the mid-1940s, over 500 basic chemicals have been created for use in killing insects, weeds, rodents, and other organisms described in the modern vernacular as pests, and they are sold under thousand different brand names.自20世纪40年代中期起，人们制造了500多种基本的化学药品来杀死在现代语言中被称作害虫的昆虫、杂草、啮齿动物和其他的生物体，以几千种的品牌名称来出售它们。These sprays, dusts, and aerosols are now applied almost universally to farms, gardens, forests, and homes - nonselective chemicals that have the power to kill every insect, the good and the bad, to still the song of birds and the leaping of fish in the streams, to coat the leaves with a deadly film, and to linger on in soil - all this though the intended target may be only a few weeds or insects. Can anyone believe it is possible to lay down such a barrage of poisons on the surface of the earth without making it unfit for all life?这些液体喷剂、粉末和雾状喷剂现在几乎普遍使用于农庄、花园、森林和家庭。非选择性的化学药品能杀死每只昆虫（不管是好的还是坏的），能使鸟儿不再歌唱，溪流中的鱼儿不再跳跃，能在树叶上覆盖一层致命的薄膜，并能存留在土地中。而造成这一切的预定的目标可能仅仅是一些杂草和昆虫。难道真的有人认为，我们在地球的表面撒下如此多的毒药，同时还能使它继续成为一个任何生命都能存活的地方吗？This town does not actually exist, but it might easily have a thousand counterparts in America or elsewhere in the world. I know of no community that has experienced all the misfortunes I describe. Yet every one of these disasters has actually happened somewhere, and many real communities have already suffered a substantial number of them. A grim specter has crept upon us almost unnoticed, and this imagined tragedy may easily become a stark reality we all shall know. 这个小镇事实上并不存在，但是在美国或地球的别的地方我们能轻易地找到一千个与它对应的地方。我知道没有一个社区经历了我所描述的所有不幸，但是其中的每一个灾难都已经在某个地方发生了，许多社区已经遭受了相当多的灾难。一个冷酷的幽灵几乎是在不经意间已悄悄向我们走来了，而这个想像的悲剧也许很容易就成为一个我们都应该知道的严酷的事实。TextBWater must also be thought of in terms of the chains of life it supports - from the small-as-dust green cells of the drifting plant plankton, through the minute water fleas to the fishes that strain plankton from the water and are in turn eaten by other fishes or by birds, mink, raccoons- in an endless cyclic transfer of materials from life to life. We know that the necessary minerals in the water are so passed from link to link of the food chains. Can we suppose that poisons we introduce into water will not also enter into these cycles of nature?我们考虑水的时候必须想到它所维持的生命链：从一个漂浮着的浮游植物尘土般微小的绿色细胞，通过细小的水蚤进入到那些将浮游生物从水中滤出的鱼，它们自身又被其他的鱼或者鸟、貂、浣熊所吃，这就是一个无止境的从生命到生命的物质的循环传输。既然我们知道水中必需的矿物质是从食物链中的一环传给一环的，我们怎能认为投入水中的毒药不会也进入这些自然的循环中呢？The answer is to be found in the amazing history of Clear Lake, California. Clear Lake lies in mountainous country some 90 miles north of San Francisco and has long been popular with anglers. The name is inappropriate, for actually it is a rather turbid lake because of the soft black ooze that covers its shallow bottom. Unfortunately for the fishermen and the resort dwellers on its shores, its waters have provided an ideal habitat for a small gnat, Chaoborus astictopus. Although closely related to mosquitoes, the gnat is not a bloodsucker and probably does not feed at all as an adult. However, human beings who shared its habitat found it annoying because of its sheer numbers. Efforts were made to control it but they were largely fruitless until, in the late 1940s, the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides offered new weapons. The chemical chosen for a fresh attack was DDD, a close relative of DDT but apparently offering fewer threats to fish life.答案就在位于加利福尼亚州的清水湖的令人惊异的历史中。清水湖位于旧金山北大约90英里处的山村，很久以来一直很受垂钓者的欢迎。不过，这名字并不恰当，因为它其实是个相当混浊不清的湖，浅浅的湖底铺满了黑色的软泥浆。但是对于渔民和居住在岸边的度假胜地的人来说不幸的是，湖水为一种名叫幽灵蚊的小昆虫提供了理想的栖息处。这种昆虫虽然与蚊子紧密相关，但是它并不吸血，而且成年后可能就不摄入食物了。然而，与它共处一地的人类还是仅仅因为这种虫子的数量惊人而感到恼火。虽然他们使用了各种方法来控制，但是基本上都是毫无成效。直到20世纪40年代末，氯化碳氢化合物杀虫剂提供了新的武器。他们选择作为新一轮进攻的化学药品叫DDD，它是DDT的一个近亲，但是对鱼类的生存威胁似乎小些。The new control measures undertaken in 1949 were carefully planned and few people would have supposed any harm could result. The lake was surveyed, its volume determined, and the insecticide applied in such great dilution that for every part of chemical there would be 70 million parts of water. Control of the gnats was at first good, but by 1954 the treatment had to be repeated, this time at the rate of one part of insecticide in 50 million parts of water. The destruction of the gnats was thought to be virtually complete.1949年采取的新的控制措施事先经过了仔细的计划，很少有人认为它会造成什么伤害。人们勘查了湖泊，测定了体积，又将杀虫剂在水中经过了70，000，000:1的大比例的稀释后才付诸使用。这对小昆虫的控制一开始不错，但是到了1954年这种处理不得不再重复一次，而这一次则是按50，000，000:1的比例使用的。如此，人们认为对昆虫的摧毁已基本告成了。The following winter months brought the first intimation that other life was affected: the western grebes on the lake began to die, and soon more than a hundred of them were reported dead. At Clear Lake the western grebe is a breeding bird and also a winter visitant, attracted by the abundant fish of the lake. It is a bird of spectacular appearance and beguiling habits, building its floating nests in shallow lakes of western United States and Canada. It is called the swan grebe with reason, for it glides with scarcely a ripple across the lake surface, the body riding low, white neck and shining black head held high. The newly hatched chick is clothed in soft gray down; in only a few hours it takes to the water and rides on the back of the father or mother, nestled under the parental wing coverts.接下来的冬季使人们第一次意识到其他生命也受到影响了：湖上的西开始死去，不久又有一百多只死了。西被清水湖中大量的鱼吸引，在此繁殖，冬天又来此栖息。这种鸟有着漂亮的外观和迷人的习性，在美国西部和加拿大的浅水湖中筑造它们漂浮的巢。它被称作燕子是有道理的，因为它滑过湖面时几乎不漾起一点微波，身体压得低低的，脖颈洁白，油黑发亮的头高高地扬着。刚刚孵出的小鸟浑身披着柔软的灰色绒毛，几个小时以后它就喜欢上了湖水，伏在爸爸妈妈的背上，依偎在它们的翅膀底下。Following a third assault on the ever-resilient gnat population, in 1957, more grebes died. As had been true in 1954, no evidence of infectious disease could be discovered on examination of the dead birds. But when some thought to analyze the fatty tissues of the grebes, they were found to be loaded with DDD in the extraordinary concentration of 1600 parts per million.接着，对总是能恢复原数目的小昆虫发动了第三次攻击后，1957年，更多的西死去了。正如1954年的情况一样，对死鸟的检查中，没有发现传染病的证据。但是当有人想到要对它们的脂肪组织进行分析时，却在那儿找到了1600:1，000，000的高浓度的DDD。The maximum concentration applied to the water was 1/50 part per million. How could the chemical have built up to such prodigious levels in the grebes? These birds, of course, are fish eaters. When the fish of Clear Lake also were analyzed the picture began to take form - the poison being picked up by the smallest organisms, concentrated and passed on to the larger predators. Plankton organisms were found to contain about 5 parts per million of the insecticide (about 250 times the maximum concentration ever reached in the water itself); plant-eating fishes had built up accumulations ranging from 40 to 300 parts per million; carnivorous species had stored the most of all. One, a brown bullhead, had the astounding concentration of 2500 parts per million. It was a house-that-Jack-built sequence, in which the large carnivores had eaten the smaller carnivores, that had eaten the herbivores, that had eaten the plankton, that had absorbed the poison from the water.投放湖水中的最高浓度是1/50:1，000，000，那药品又是如何在西体中积累到如此高的浓度呢？这些鸟当然是食鱼的。当人们又分析了清水湖中的鱼类后，实情开始变得清晰了：最小的有机体摄入了毒药，集中后又传给更大的捕食动物。浮游生物有机体的体中大约含有5:1，000，000的杀虫剂（这数字大约是投放水中的最高浓度的250倍）；食草的鱼类体中积累到40:1，000，000到300:1，000，000；食肉鱼类的体中积累了最多的杀虫剂成分。一次，一条牛头鱼体中发现了2500:1，000，000的惊人的浓度。这是一个连环套：大的食肉动物吃小的食肉动物，小的食肉动物吃食草动物，食草动物吃浮游生物，浮游生物从水中吸收毒药。Even more extraordinary discoveries were made later. No trace of DDD could be found in the water shortly after the last application of the chemical. But the poison had not really left the lake; it had merely gone into the fabric of the life the lake supports. Twenty-three months after the chemical treatment had ceased, the plankton still contained as much as 5.3 parts per million. In that interval of nearly two years, successive crops of plankton had flowered and faded away, but the poison, although no longer present in the water, had somehow passed from generation to generation. And it lived on in the animal life of the lake as well. All fish, birds, and frogs examined a year after the chemical applications had ceased still contained DDD. The amount found in the flesh always exceeded by many times the original concentration in the water. Among these living carriers were fish that had hatched nine months after the last DDD application, grebes, and California gulls that had built up concentrations of more than 2000 parts per million. Meanwhile, the nesting colonies of the grebes dwindled - from more than 1000 pairs before the first insecticide treatment to about 30 pairs in 1960. And even the thirty seem to have nested in vain, for no young grebes have been observed on the lake since the last DDD application.后来的发现更是奇特：在向湖水投放最后一次药品以后不久，水中并没有发现丝毫的DDD的痕迹，但是这毒药并没有真正离开清水湖，它只不过是进入了靠湖水维持的生命结构里面。在停止用药23个月以后，浮游生物仍旧含有5.3:1，000，000浓度的药品。在那段将近两年的时间里，浮游生物花开花谢，但是在水中不再存在的毒药却不知为什么，在浮游生物中一代一代地传了下来。同样，它也存活在湖中的动物生命体中。在停止用药一年后，所有被检查的鱼、鸟、和青蛙都含有DDD，而且在它们的体中发现的含量总是高出原来向湖中投放的浓度的许多倍。在这些活载体中有上一次投放DDD九个月后孵出的鱼、西，而在加利福尼亚海鸥的体中积累了高于2，000:1，000，000浓度的药品。与此同时，在此作巢的西群从第一次投放杀虫剂前的1，000多对减少到1960年的30对左右，而即使这30对似乎也是徒然作巢，因为自从上一次使用DDD以后，湖上就再也没有看到小西了。This whole chain of poisoning, then, seems to rest on a base of minute plants which must have been the original concentrators. But what of the opposite end of the food chain - the human being who, in probable ignorance of all this sequence of events, has rigged his fishing tackle, caught a string of fish from the waters of Clear Lake, and taken them home to fry for his supper? What could a heavy dose of DDD, or perhaps repeated doses, do to him?这一连串的中毒似乎是取决于最先积聚毒性的细小植物，然而对于位于食物链的另一端的人类又将会怎么样呢？他可能根本不知道这一系列的事件，他装备了鱼具，从清水湖中钓起了一串鱼，带回家煎了做晚餐。大剂量的DDD，或者是反复的剂量，对他又会造成什么后果呢？Although the California Department of Public Health professed to see no hazard, nevertheless in 1959 it required that the use of DDD in the lake be stopped. In view of the scientific evidence of the vast biological potency of this chemical, the action seems a minimum safety measure. The physiological effect of DDD is probably unique among insecticides, for it destroys part of the adrenal gland - the cells of the outer layer known as the adrenal cortex, which secretes the hormone cortin. This destructive effect, known since 1948, was at first believed to be confined to dogs, because it was not revealed in such experimental animals as monkeys, rats, or rabbits. It seemed suggestive, however, that DDD produced in dogs a condition very similar to that occurring in man in the presence of Addisons disease. Recent medical research has revealed that DDD does strongly suppress the function of the human adrenal cortex. Its cell destroying capacity is now clinically utilized in the treatment of a rare type of cancer, which develops in the adrenal gland. 虽然加利福尼亚州的公共卫生部门曾声称没有任何危险，但在1959年，它仍然要求停止向清水湖投放DDD。鉴于这种药品经科学证明具有巨大的生物效力，这种措施看起来是起码的安全措施。在杀虫剂中，DDD的生理效果可能是独一无二的，因为它摧毁了部分肾上腺，就是分泌皮质荷尔蒙的肾皮质的外层细胞。自1948年这种摧毁力为人们所知以来，它起初被认为只限于作用在狗身上，因为它在猴子、老鼠、兔子这样的实验动物身上并没有体现出来。然而DDD在狗身上造成了一种与人患有阿狄森氏病非常相似的症状，这是很有启发性的。最近的医学研究表明DDD确实具有强烈抑制了人类肾上皮质的作用，它的这种摧毁细胞的能力已经在治疗一种生于肾上腺的罕见癌症上得到临床使用。Unit2TextAIt was a very happy funeral, a great success. Even the sun shone that day for the late Henry Ground. Lying in his coffin, he was probably enjoying himself too. Once more, and for the last time on this earth, he was the centre of attention. Yes, it was a very jolly affair. People laughed and told each other jokes. Relatives who had not spoken for years smiled at each other and promised to stay in touch. And, of course, everyone had a favourite story to tell about Henry.这是一个非常欢快的葬礼，一个巨大的成功。就连天上的太阳都为刚刚过世的亨利格兰德灿烂地照耀着。躺在棺材里的亨利或许也在欣赏自己。在这个世界里最后一次，他，亨利又一次成为人们关注的中心。是的，这真是一件非常愉快的事情。人们笑着，彼此讲着笑话。多少年不来往的亲戚们相互微笑着，承诺今后保持联络。并且，当然，每个人都有自己最为得意的关于亨利的笑话。I was once having dinner with him in a posh restaurant. When the wine-waiter brought the wine, he poured a drop into Henrys glass and waited with a superior expression on his face, as if to sayTaste it, you peasant. Its clear that you know nothing about wine. So Henry, instead of tasting it, the way any normal person would do, dipped his thumb and forefinger into the wine. Then he put his hand to his ear and rolled his forefinger and thumb together as if he were listening to the quality of the wine! Then he nodded to the wine-waiter solemnly, as if to say Yes, thats fine. You may serve it. You should have seen the wine-waiters face! And how Henry managed to keep a straight face, Ill never know!有一次我们俩在一家豪华的饭店吃饭。送酒的服务生走过来，倒了一点酒到亨利的杯子里，然后等在一旁，满脸高人一等的表情，仿佛在说：尝尝吧，乡巴佬。很显然你根本不了解葡萄酒。亨利没有去尝酒，在这种场合人们通常都会尝一下。而他却用拇指和食指在酒里沾了一下，接着把手放到耳边，捻动起食指和拇指，仿佛在聆听酒的质量。之后他朝送酒的服务生严肃地点点头，仿佛在说：是的，不错。你可以上酒了。你真该去看一看那个服务生的脸！真不知道亨利怎么能绷着脸忍住不笑的。Yes, old Henry loved to pull peoples legs. Once, when he was invited to an exhibition of some abstract modern painters latest work, he managed somehow to get in the day before and turn all the paintings upside down. The exhibition ran for four days before anyone noticed!.是啊，老亨利就是爱捉弄人。有一次，他被邀请去参观一个现代抽象派画家的近期作品展览，他居然设法提前一天进入展览馆，把所有的画都颠倒过来。结果画展进行了四天，楞没有人发现。The stories went on even while the coffin was being lowered into the grave. People held handkerchiefs to their eyes, but their tears were tears of laughter, not sadness. Afterwards, there was a funeral breakfast, by invitation only. It was attended by twelve of Henrys closest friends. Henry Ground had asked his brother, Colin, to read out his will during the funeral breakfast. Everyone was curious about Henry Grounds will. Henry had been in debt all his life, hadnt he? What could he possibly have to leave in a will?笑话一个接着一个，连棺材被放入墓穴时都没有停止。人们拿手帕去擦脸、擦眼睛，擦掉的不是悲伤的眼泪，而是笑出的眼泪。稍后，是葬礼早餐，只有接到请柬的人能够参加。出席者是亨利的十二位最好的朋友。亨利格兰德曾嘱咐弟弟柯林在葬礼早餐上宣读他的遗嘱。每个人都想知道亨利的遗嘱会是什么内容。亨利可是一辈子债台高筑，不是吗？他的遗嘱里还能留什么东西？Colin cleared his throat. Ahem! If you are ready, ladies and gentlemen. Everyone settled down expectantly. Colin opened the will, and began to read it out in a singsong voice.柯林清了清嗓子，呃哼！你们都准备好了吧，女士们，先生们。每个人都安静下来，期待着。柯林打开遗嘱，开始一板一眼地大声宣读：I, Henry Ground, being of sound mind. last will and testament. do hereby bequeath.我，亨利格兰德，心智正常特立遗嘱将此传与The legal phrases rolled on and on, and the audience grew impatient to get to the important part. It came soon enough. When Colin announced that Henry Ground, despite his reputation as a good-for-nothing, had invested his money very wisely, and was in fact worth at least three-quarters of a million, everyone gasped. But who was going to get it? Eyes narrowed and throats went dry.法律术语滚滚而来，听众有些不耐烦，急着听关键的部分。很快就到了。当柯林宣布亨利格兰德虽然声名不好，一直被认为游手好闲，一事无成，但却聪明地将钱做了投资，现在实际上有价值至少七十五万的遗产时，每个人都倒吸了一口气。不过，谁将得到这笔钱呢？所有人的眼睛都眯起来，喉咙开始发干。You are all such dear friends of mine, Colin went on, reading out Henry Grounds words in a monotone, which, in other circumstances, would have sent everyone to sleep, that I cannot decide which of you to leave my money to. Colin paused. In the silence, you could have heard a pin drop. He resumed. So, dear friends, I have set you a little competition. Each of you in turn must tell the funniest joke he or she can think of, and the one who gets the most laughter will inherit my fortune. Colin will be the sole judge of the best joke.你们都是我这么好的朋友，柯林接着往下读着亨利格兰德的遗言，那种单调的语调，换任何别的场合早叫人听得睡着了。我真无法决定该将我的钱留给你们当中的哪一个。柯林停顿了一下。周围一片沉寂，要是有根针掉到地上也能听得见。他接着念道，所以，亲爱的朋友们，我给你们设立了一场小小的比赛。你们每个人都要轮流讲一个你认为最滑稽的笑话。谁的笑话得到的笑声最多，谁将继承我的财产。柯林将作为惟一裁判，遴选出最佳笑话。So, ladies and gentlemen, said Colin, putting the will down on the table, its up to you now. Who will go first? May I suggest that you go in alphabetical order of surnames?所以，女士们，先生们，柯林把遗嘱放在桌上，说道，现在全看你们的了。谁第一个讲呢？我可不可以建议你们按姓氏字母顺序进行呢？The first person stood up and told a very funny joke about an Englishman who fell in love with his umbrella. When he finished, he was in tears o
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