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Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)passage 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnans and Dr. de waals; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different. In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to ;accept the slice of cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin. The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast. B. justifying an assumption. C. making a comparison. D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys nature. C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get. B. attentive to researchers instructions. C. nice in both appearance and temperament. D. more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers. B. can be taught to exchange things. C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. D. are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.passage 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earths atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panels report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.” Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that its Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But its obvious that a majority of the presidents advisers still dont take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”. To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration wont take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was thatA. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. B. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. C. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. D. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve asA. a protector. B. a judge. C. a critic. D. a guide.28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4) A. Endless studies kill action. B. Careful investigation reveals truth. C. prudent planning hinders. D. Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do aboutA. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. B. Raise public awareness of conservation. C. Press for further scientific research. D. Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking becauseA. they both suffered from the governments negligence. B. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. C. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. D. both of them have turned from bad to worse. passage 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing. The Degradation of language and Music and why we should like, care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr.McWhorters academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees gradual disappearance of “whom” ,for example, to be natural and no more regranttable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive-there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas .He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms-he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china”. A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to Mc Whorter, the decline of formal EnglishA. is inevitable in radical education reforms. B. is but all too natural in language development. C. has caused the controversy over the counter-culture. D. brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s.37. The word “talking” (Linge6, paragraph3) denotesA. modesty. B. personality. C. liveliness. D. informality.38. To which of the following statements would Mc Whorter most likely agree? A. Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk. B. Black English can be more expressive than standard English. C. Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining. D. Of all the varieties, standard English Can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians love of memorizing poetry shows the authorsA. interest in their language. B. appreciation of their efforts. C. admiration for their memory. D. contempt for their old-fashionedness.40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” asA. “temporary” is to “permanent”. B. “radical” is to “conservative”. C. “functional” is to “artistic”. D. “humble” is to “noble”Part AText 1 In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. There is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption” launched by the 19th-century department stores that offered “vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.” these were stores “anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.” The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization. Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that todays immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In 1998 immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent .In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation language, home ownership and intermarriage. The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English well or very well after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a “graveyard” for languages. By 1996 foreignborn immigrants who had arrived before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans. Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of AsianAmerican women are married to non-Asians. Rodriguez note that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nations assimilative power.” Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against Americas turbulent past, todays social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment. 21.The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means A identifying B associating C assimilating D monopolizing 22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century A played a role in the spread of popular culture. B became intimate shops for common consumers. C satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite. D owed its emergence to the culture of consumption 23.The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S. A are resistant to homogenization. B exert a great influence on American culture. C are hardly a threat to the common culture. D constitute the majority of the population. 24. Why are Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5? A To prove their popularity around the world. B To reveal the publics fear of immigrants. C To give examples of successful immigrants. D To show the powerful influence of American culture. 25.In the authors opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is A rewarding. B successful. C fruitless. D harmful. Text 2 Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights. The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSCs actors, them with their long hair and beards and sandals and noisiness. Its all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself an actor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making. The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle and Blenheim Palace on the side dont usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight - seeing along with their playgoing. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the towns revenue because they spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall. The townsfolk dont see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be very expensive. Anyway, the townsfolk cant understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year theyll do better.) The reason, of course, is that costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low. It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratfords most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over) lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeans and sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside the theatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m. 26. From the first two paras , we learn that A. the townsfolk deny the RSC s contribution to the towns revenue B. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stage C. the two branches of the RSC are not on good terms D. the townsfolk earn little from tourism 27. It can be inferred from Para 3 that A. the sightseers cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separately B. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseers C. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoers D. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater 28. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the author implies that A. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projects B. Stratford has long been in financial difficulties C. the town is not really short of money D. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid 29. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy because A. ticket prices can be raised to cover the spending B. the company is financially ill-managed C. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptable D. the theatre attendance is on the rise 30. From the text we can conclude that the author A. is supportive of both sides B. favors the townsfolks view C. takes a detached attitude D. is sympatheticText 3 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strong happened to the large animals; they suddenly became extinct. Smaller species survived, the large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans that the seas are being over-fished has been known for years what researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods de not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in p
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