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一、)名词解析。1.软件工程:指采用工程的概念、原理、技术、和方法来开发和维护软件。其核心内容是以工程化的方式组织软件的开发，它借鉴了传统工程的原则和方法，以求高效地开发高质量的软件。2.数据库：存放在计算机存储设备中的一种合理的方法组织起来的，与公司或组织的业务活动和组织结构相对应的各种相关数据的集合，该集合中的数据可以为公司或组织的各级经过授权的人员或应用程序以不同的权限所共享。3.物流信息：指反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、数据、文件的总称。4.物流标准化：按物流合理化的目的和要求，制定各类技术标准、工作标准，并形成全国乃至国际物流系统标准化体系的活动过程。5.条码.是由一组按一定编码规则排列的条、空符号组成的编码符号，用以表示一定的字符、数字及符号组成的信息。6.射频识别.是种非接触式的自动识别技术，是一项利用射频信号通过空间耦合实现无接触信息传递并通过所传递的信息达到识别目的的技术。7.应用型地理信息系统:根据用户的需求和应用目的而设计的除了具有地理信息系统基本功能外.应用模型和方法。8.工具型地理信息系统.具有地理信息系统基本功能,供其他系统调用或用户进行二次开发的操作平台.9.车辆线路模型:用于解决一个起始点、多个重点的货物运输中，如何降低物流作业费用，并保证服务质量的问题。10.GPS.即全球定位系统，利用导航卫星口称的全球卫星定位系统，进行测时和测距。11.电子数据交换.是一种在公司之间传输订单它通过计算机通信网络.实现各有关部门之间数据交换与处理结合的产物.12.仓储管理系统.使用来管理仓库内部的人员、库存、工作时间、订单和设备的软件实施工具。13.运输管理系统.主要利用计算机网络等现代信息技术，对运输的计划、工具、人员和过程的跟踪、调度指挥等管理业务进行有效管理的人机系统。14.配送：指物流企业或部门采用网络化的计算机技术和现代化的硬件设备、软件系统及先进的管理手段，针对社会需求，严格地、守信用地按用户的订货要求，进行一系列分类、编配、整理、分工、配货等理货工作，定时、定点、定量地交给没有范围限度的各类用户，满足其对商品的需求。15.共用物流信息平台.也称为区域物流为企业信息系统提供满足需求,支撑企业信息功能的实现。18.定性预测方法：是指主要依据调查研究，采用少量数据和直观材料，预测人员再利用自己的知识和经验，从而对预测对象作出预测。19.定量预测方法:依据必要的统计资料,借用一定的数学模型,对预测对象的未来状态和性质进行定量测算等方法的总称.20.决策支持系统:是一种以计算机为工具,应用决策科学及有关学科的理论与方法,以人机交互方法辅助决策者解决半结构化合非结构化决策问题的信息系统.21.系统设计:是信息系统开发过程中的一个重要阶段,是在系统规划“做什么”.“怎么做”的物理设计问题。22.系统实施:是指将系统设计阶段的结果在计算机上实现,将原来纸面上的、类似于设计图纸的系统设计方案转换为可执行的系统。(二)问答题:1.。常用的数据模型有哪些?1.概念数据模型。概念数据模型只描述信息的特性和强调语义，而不涉及信息在计算机中的表示，是实现世界到信息世界的第一层抽象。2.结构数据模型。结构数据模型直接描述数据库中数据的逻辑结构，这类模型涉及到计算机系统，又称为基本数据模型。2.。什么事数据库系统？它是由哪些部分组成？1.）数据库系统是采用数据库技术的计算机系统，是可运行的以数据库方式存储、维护和向应用系统提供数据或信息支持的系统。2.）它由计算机计算机硬件、软件、数据库管理人员及其他人员所组成。3.。什么是物流信息？物流信息的特点有哪些？1.物流信息指反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称。它是物流活动过程中各个环节生成的信息，一般是随着从生产到消费的物流活动的产生而产生的信息流，与物流过程中的运输、保管、装卸、包装等各种职能有机结合在一起，是整个物流活动顺利进行所不可缺少的。2.物流信息除具有信息一般特点外，还具有分布性、动态性、复杂性的特点。5.。物流信息技术主要包括哪些？1.EDI技术；2.GPS/GIS技术；3.条形码/射频技术;4通信技术;5数据库/数据仓库技术;6网络安全技术。6.。什么是自动识别技术?自动识别技术包括哪几种类型?答: 1.自动识别技术就是应用一定的识别装置,通过被识别物品和识读装置之间的接近活动,自动地获取被识别物品的相关信息,并提供给后台的计算机处理系统来完成相关后续处理的一种技术。2.种类:1条码技术2光学字符识别3生物识别技术4磁条技术5.IC卡6射频识别技术。7.。条码技术按码制分为几类?:条码按码制分为九类.：UPC码、EAN码、交叉25码、39码、库德巴码、128码、93码、49码、其他码制。8.。简述RFID技术的主要特点。答：RFID是一项易于操控，简单实用且特别适合于自动化控制的灵活性应用技术，其所具备的独特优越性是其他识别技术无法企及的。它既可支持只读工作模式也可支持读写工作模式，且无需接触或瞄准；可自由工作在各种恶劣环境下；可进行高度的数据集成。另外，由于该技术很难被模仿、侵入、使RFID具备了极高的安全防护能力。9.地理信息系统由哪些部分组成？1计算机硬件系统2-软件系统3地理空间数据4人员。10.应用型地理信息系统设计的主要内容是什么？1系统总体设计2数据库详细设计3系统功能设计4应用模型和方法设计5输入、输出设计。11、GIS物流分析软件集成了哪些模型？1车辆路线模型2网络物流3分配集成4设施定位- 。12、网络GPS的特点是什么？1成本较低2功能多、精度高、覆盖面广3定位速度快，有力地保障了物流运输企业能够在业务运作上提高反应速度，降低车辆空驶率、降低运作成本，满足客户需要4.信息传输采用了GSM/GPRS公用数字移动通信网，具有保密性高、系统容量大、抗干扰能力强、漫游性能好、移动业务数据可靠等优点；同时容易实现有权限的信息透明化。5.构筑在国际互联网这一最大的网上公共平台上，具有开放度高、资源共享程度高等优点。13、3G物流背诵监护的功能有哪些？1.车辆跟踪2路线的规划和导航3指挥调度4信息查询5紧急救援14.试述仓储管理信息系统的作用。1为仓库作业全过程提供自动化的全面记录的途径2改变传统上的固定货位，实现全库随机储存，从而最大限度利用仓容；3提高发货的质量和正确性，减少断档和退货，提高顾客的满意度4为仓库的所有活动、资源和库存水平提供即时的正确信息。15.。试述运输管理信息系统的功能。1.配载调度： 1)线路选择 2)配载规划 3)车辆调度。2.运输过程控制管理。3.运输资源管理。4.跟踪调度：1)应用MCA的车辆运行管理系统2)应用GPS等技术的车辆运行管理系统。16.试述信息系统在供应链管理中的作用。1.消除“牛鞭效应”2可以使企业保持现有的客户关系3促进企业管理技术的推广和管理思想的更新4使企业提高业务量5.可使企业吸引新客户，拓展新业务。17.什么是物流信息网络化？物流信息网络化有什么特点？特点：1网络专业性强2信息来源的广泛性3地域的广泛性4网上信息实时性、动态性强。18.。试述电子自动订货系统的流程。1.在零售店的终端利用条码阅读器获取准备采购的商品条码，并在终端机上输入订货种类；利用电话线通过调制调解器传到批发商的计算机中。2.批发商开出提货传票,并根据传票,同时开出拣货单,实施拣货,然后根据送货传票进行商品发货。3.送货传票上的资料便称为零售商的应付账款资料及批发商的应收账款资料。4.将送货传票上的资料并接到应收账款的系统中去。5.零售商对送到的货物进行检验后，便可以陈列与销售了。19.。简述POS的系统构成。1.POS系统的硬件结构主要依赖于计算机处理信息的体系结构。目前大多采用由收款机、微机与网络构成的POS系统，该系统的硬件主要包括收款机、扫描器、显示器、打印机、网络、微机与硬件平台等。2.POS的软件系统组成包括前台POS销售系统和后台MIS信息管理系统两大部分。其中前台POS销售软件具有的功能有：日常销售、交班结算、退货、支持各种付款方式及即时纠错等。后台MIS软件则具有以下功能：商品入库管理、商品调价管理。商品销售管理、单据票证管理、报表打印管理、完善的分析功能、数据维护管理及销售预测等。20.。常用的定性预测方法有哪些？1一般预测2市场调查3小组共识4德尔菲法5情景分析法。22.。试述决策支持系统的各个组成部分及其功能。1.人机对话子系统2.数据库子系统3.模型库子系统4.方法库子系统。23.。物流信息系统的开发方法有哪些？1.结构化生命周期法2.原型开发法3.面对对象的开发法4.计算机辅助系统开发方法。24.。试述物流信息系统的开发过程。1.系统开发准备2.系统调查3.系统分析4.系统设计5.系统实施与转换 6.系统维护和评价。25.。物流信息系统运行管理包括哪些内容？1.日常管理与维护2.系统文档规范管理3.系统安全与保密管理。请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time.The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.
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