英语语法之被动语态.doc

被动语态一、什么是被动语态？英语中时态很多，但语态不多，只有两种，即：主动语态和被动语态。所谓“被动语态”，相当于中文中常说的“被”、“由”的句式，如：“他的自行车被偷了。”，“这座楼房是由他们建造的。”二、动语态的运用（1） 不知道谁是动作的执行者或没有必要。例如：Paper is made from wood. （纸是由木材生产出来的。）The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （这座房子太旧了。它是1950年建成的。） He was wounded in the fight. （他在战斗在受伤了。）Electricity is used to run machines. （电是用来开动机器的。）（2） 需要强调动作的对象时。例如： Calculator cant be used in the maths exam. （计算器不能用于数学考试。） Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。） He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比赛中获得了第一。）（3）为了使语气婉转，避免提到是谁做的这件事。例如： The construction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month. （新实验室必须在下个月底前完工。）三、各种时态的被动语态举例一般地讲，被动语态可用于英语的各种时态。被动语态的结构为“助动词be及物动词的过去分词（pp）”。被动语态的不同时态是通过be的时态变化来表示的，其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。其具体变化为： 1、 一般现在时的被动语态. am / is / are + 动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned every day. This car is made in China.2、一般过去式的被动语态: was / were + 动词的过去分词 His desk was cleaned just now. The station was built in 1928.3、现在进行时的被动语态: am / is / are + being + 动词的过去分词 A new factory is being built in our city now. Some trees are being cut down in the park.4、过去进行时的被动语态: was / were + being + 动词的过去分词 A new factory was being built in our city at that time. Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.5、一般将来时的被动语态: (A) will / shall + be + 动词的过去分词 (B) am / is / are + going to be +动词的过去分词. Some new factories will be built in our city this year. Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.6、过去将来时的被动语态: (1).would / should + be + 动词的过去分词 2).was / were +going to be + 动词的过去分词. She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city. He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.7、现在完成时的被动语态:have / has + been + 动词的过去分词 Some new factories have been built in the city since last year. Your watch has been mended already.8、过去完成时的被动语态:had + been + 动词的过去分词 He said that some new factories had been built in the city. I didnt know that my watch had been mended.9、含情态动词的被动式：can/may/must + be + done 例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this. 记忆歌诀：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 Chinese _ by the largest number of people Aspeak Bis speaking Cspeaks Dis spoken （选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态） The boy _ to get supper ready after school Awere told Bis telling Cwas told Dtells （选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态） A lot of new roads _ built in the west of China Amust Bmust be Chas Dhave （选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态） 四、如何将主动语态变成被动语态 1、从句子意义上说，就是重新找出“什么事物”是“被完成”的。 例1. 主动语态：人们说英语。People speak English in many countries. 被动语态：英语被说。English is spoken in many countries. 例2. 主动语态：我们造这座桥。We built this bridge last year. 被动语态：这座桥被建造。This bridge was built last year.2、从语法的角度说，把原句的宾语改成主语。 例1.主动语态：小王邀请你(宾语) Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party. 被动语态：你(宾语)被邀请。 You has been invited to a lunch party by Xiao Wang. 例2.主动语态：你不准带走杂志(宾语) You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room. 被动语态：杂志(宾语)不准被带走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room. 例3.主动语态：他们授给他(宾语)一枚奖章(宾语).They gave him a medal for his wonderful work. 被动语态：他(宾语)被授予一枚奖章. He was given a medal for his wonderful work. 被动语态：一枚奖章(宾语)被授给了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。五、将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况： 1含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法： 将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变； 将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如： He told us a story（变被动语态） We were told a story（by him）或：A story was told to us by him Her mother gave her a new pen（变被动语态） A new pen _ _ _ her by her mother （填was given to） 2短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如： This dictionary mustnt _ from the library Atake away Btaken away Care taken away Dbe taken away D She will take good care of the children（变被动语态） The children will _ _ _ _ _ （by her） （填be taken good care of） 3含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如： Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（变被动语态）He _ _ _ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（填was seen to） 4不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be 过去分词”。例如： The radio says a wild animal zoo is to _ in our city Abe building Bbuild Cbe built Dbuilt C 5以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如： Who has broken the cup？（改为被动语态）By whom has the cup been broken？ 六、被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别： 1）含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成；而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较： The window is broken窗子破了。（系表结构） The window is broken by him窗子被他打破了。（被动语态） 2）用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较： He was very interested in science他对科学有极大兴趣。（系表结构） I was so much surprised at the scene that I didnt know what to do我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。（被动语态） Your coat looks niceIs it _ cotton？ YesIts Shanghai Amade of；made by Bmade of；made inCmade for；made by Dmade for；made in B This machine is used _ the room wet Afor keeping Bas keeping Ckeep Dto keeping A 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。 _ _ _ that _ _ is being _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing （填It is said；another bridge；built）七、主动结构表被动意义的情况(1)open,lock,write,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,drive等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可以用主动语态表被动意义。如:Mo Yans novels sell well. 莫言的小说很好卖(销路好)。(2)表示感觉的连系动词如feel,look,smell,sound,taste等后跟表语时,总是用其主动结构表达被动意义,它们不能用于被动语态。如:The table feels smooth.这张桌子摸起来很光滑。(3)在be worth doing中,doing表被动意义。 The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读。(4)want/need/require+doing相当于want/need/ require +to be done。如:The library needs cleaning.=The library needs to be cleaned. 图书馆需要打扫了。八、不用被动语态的情况(1)当谓语是表示状态或特征的及物动词时,不用被动语态。这样的及物动词有have,become,cost,reach,sell,arrive,fit,hold,own,suit等。如:We have a good teacher.我们有一位好老师。The classroom holds 80 students.这间教室容纳80个学生。(2)及物动词的宾语为反身代词、相互代词、非谓语动词、同源宾语时,都没有被动语态。如:The boy taught himself English. 这男孩自学英语。We help each other. 我们互相帮助。(3)当主动句的宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。如:She likes to swim. 她喜欢游泳。