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apology n. 道歉；歉意 He made an apology for breaking the glass. 他因打破玻璃而道歉。 I must make an apology to her. 我必须向她道歉。 I give you my apologies. 我向你道歉。,知识拓展 (1)make an apology to sb. for sth. 因某事而向某人道歉 (2)express ones apologies 表示歉意 (3)apologize to sb. for(doing)sth. 为(做)某事向某人道歉,知识运用 (1)He made a/an_and did not come to the party this evening. Areason Bexcuse Ccause Dapology 答案：B 本题题意：他推托有事， 没有参加今天的晚会。excuse表示“借口， 托辞， 理由”。,(2)At last he rose to depart, with an_for the length of his call. Areason Bexcuse Ccause Dapology 答案：D 本题题意：他最后他起身告别，并为这次造访占用了这么多的时间表示歉意。apology表示“道歉；歉意”。,1非限制性定语从句的用法 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较疏散，从句中是对先行词作附加补充说明，若去掉它，句子的意思仍然完整。从句和主句之间常用逗号隔开，译成汉语时，从句常单独译成一句话。引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有as, which, whom, who, whose等，关系副词有when, where等。关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中一般不能省略。 Mr Brown, who just came back from Britain yesterday, will teach us biology. 布朗先生将要教我们生物，他昨天刚从英国回来。,All of us went to the Palace Museum, where we visited the clock section. 我们所有人都去了故宫博物馆，在那儿我们参观了钟表馆。 The room, whose windows face east, is our dormitory. 那个房间是我们的宿舍，房间的窗户朝东。 She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. 她说她已经做完了工作，对此我非常怀疑。,2非限制性定语从句的使用场合 (1)先行词为独一无二的物体时。 The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light. 太阳从东边升起，给我们光和热。 (2)先行词是指物的专有名词时。 The Great Wall, which is called in Chinese“The Ten Thousand Li Great Wall”，is actually more than 6,000 kilometers long. 长城，中国人称作“万里长城”，实际上有6000多公里。,(3)定语从句修饰整个主句时。 He is from America, which I know from his accent. 他是美国人，这一点我是从他的口音得知的。,3使用非限制性定语从句应注意的问题 (1)非限制性定语从句不用that引导。 I am fond of the novel, which you bought for me. 我非常喜欢那本小说，就是你给我买的那本。 (2)在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用whom，不能用who替换，也不能省略。 Lily, whom you met at the party, is my best friend. 莉莉是我最好的朋友，你在宴会上见过她。,(3)非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which代替why。 I have told him the reason, for which I missed the early bus. 我没能赶上早班车，我已经告诉了他原因。,4as, which引导非限制性定语从句时的区别 (1)两者都可引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句或主句的一部分内容，但as引导的从句位置较灵活，能置于主句之后、之前或插在主句中间，且有“正如的”之意；而which引导的从句只能置于主句之后。例如： As we know, light travels faster than sound. 正如我们所知，光的传播速度比声音的传播速度快。 Shakespeare, as everybody knows, is a famous writer. 众所周知，莎士比亚是一位著名的作家。,Taiwan is part of China, as is known to all. 众所周知，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。 My parents often treat me as a baby, which I cant bear. 父母常常把我当小孩子看待，这是我难以忍受的。 (2)as常用于as is well known, as often happens, as may be imagined, as we know, as we can see, as we expect等结构中，而which不能。 Smoking is harmful to ones health, as is known to all. 吸烟有害健康，这一点是众所周知的。,(3)当从句的谓语动词是否定形式时，一般用which，而不用as。 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesnt like at all. 汤姆每天都喝很多酒，他妻子一点也不喜欢这一点。 (4)定语从句的谓语部分采用“复合结构”时。 On top of it being dark it rained, which made the going even tougher. 天很黑，又下着雨，路更难走了。,4“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句 (1)“介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。该结构中关系代词指人时用whom，指物时用which，不可用that；关系代词在从句中作定语时用whose。 I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我没有去开会，我已经把理由告诉他们了。 He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was very angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对此很生气,I finished the work ahead of time, after which I sat reading the newspaper. 我提前完成了工作，随后我坐下来看报纸。 The family, at whose house I stayed, were friends of my fathers. 那家的人是我父亲的朋友，我在他们家住过。 (2)from where也可以引导定语从句。 We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the whole town. 我们站在山顶上，从那里可以看到整个城镇。,(3)listen to, look for, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。 She likes the boy very much, whom she is taking care of. 她非常喜欢那个男孩，正在照顾着他。,.单项填空 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出一个可以填入空白处的最佳答案。 1(2010全国124) As a child, Jack studied in a village school，_is named after his grandfather. Awhich Bwhere Cwhat Dthat 答案：A 本题题意：在孩提时代，杰克在一所以他祖父的名字命名的乡村学校里学习。本题考查非限制性定语从句的用法。定语从句缺少主语，且先行词为school，因此采用关系代词which引导。注意，关系代词that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句。,2(2010江苏32) The newly built caf， the walls of_are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. Athat Bit Cwhat Dwhich 答案：D 本题题意：新建的咖啡馆墙壁被漆成了浅绿色。对我们来说这儿实在是一个安静的地方，尤其是劳累了一天之后的时候。本题考查“介词关系代词which/whose”引导定语从句的用法。先行词caf与名词walls之间存在“所属”关系，采用of which引导定语从句。,3(2010四川10) After graduating from college，I took some time off to go travelling，_turned out to be a wise decision. Athat Bwhich Cwhen Dwhere 答案：B 本题题意：大学毕业后，我花费了一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。,4(2010浙江3)The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of_left their village homes for a better life in the city. Awhom Bwhich Cthem Dthose 答案：A 本题题意：这里居住着将近1000人，他们中的许多人来到城市中是为了追求更好的生活而离开了自己的山村。本题考查“all, both, few, most, several, some，many等whom”引导定语从句的用法。,5(2009安徽 27)A good friend of mine from_I was born showed up at my home right before I left for Beijing. Ahow Bwhom Cwhen Dwhich 答案：C 本题题意：就在我动身前往北京之前，一位打我出生起就是好朋友的家伙来到了我家。from when为固定搭配，引导定语从句，相当于from the time when.；注意：在英语中，类似的结构还有from where, since when等。,6(2009全国)She brought with her three friends, none of_I had ever met before. Athem Bwho Cwhom Dthese 答案：C 本题题意：她带来了三个朋友，之前我一个都没有见过。“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句。由句子结构判断，逗号后面是非限制性定语从句；先行词是指人的名词her three friends，关系词在介词of后作宾语，故用whom。,7(2009全国)My friend showed me round the town，_was very kind of him. Awhich Bthat Cwhere Dit 答案：A 本题题意：我朋友领我参观了这个城镇，他真好。非限制性定语从句缺少主语，所以用which引导，先行词是前面的整个句子。that不能引导非限制性定语从句；where引导定语从句时，在从句中作状语； it不能引导从句。,8(2009安徽)Many children，_parents are away working in big cities，are taken good care of in the village. Atheir Bwhose Cof them Dwith whom 答案：B 本题题意：许多孩子的父母外出在大城市打工，这些孩子在乡村都得到了很好的照顾。根据句子结构判断，逗号后面是定语从句，从句主语parents前缺少定语，故用关系代词whose引导。their和of them不能引导定语从句；with whom不能作定语。,9(2009辽宁)Theyve won their last three matches，_I find a bit surprising. Athat Bwhen Cwhat Dwhich 答案：D 本题题意：他们赢了最后的三场比赛，事实上我觉得有点意外。which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作find的宾语，先行词是前面的整个句子。that不引导非限制性定语从句；when引导定语从句时在从句中作状语；what不引导定语从句。,10(2009山东)Whenever I met her，_was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. Awho Bwhich Cwhen Dthat 答案：B 本题题意：无论我什么时候遇见她，她总是微笑着跟我打招呼。which引导定语从句，指代整个主句的内容。,11We came a week ago，_the weather has been bad. Awhen Bduring which Csince then Dsince when 答案：D 本题题意：我们一星期前来到这里， 从那时起天气一直不好。本题考查定语从句的用法，since when相当于since which time.,12The number of the students in senior high school，_is mentioned above, is increasing. Aas Bwhich Cwhat Dthat 答案：A as is mentioned above表示“如上所述”，常用于非限制性定语从句。,13My pen friend sent me a little gift on my birthday, _really gave me a surprise. Athat Bwhich Cwhat Dwho 答案：B which引导非限制性定语从句，指代主句的内容。,14The little girl，_parents died because of the earthquake, was adopted by an old couple. Awho Bwhom Cwhen Dwhose 答案：D whose引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作parents的定语。其他三项不能作定语。,15He will never forget the days_he taught in the poor village，_has a great effect on his life. Awhen; which Bthat; which Cwhich; that Dwhen; who 答案：A days是表示时间的名词，故第一个空用when引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语；第二个空选用which，引导一个非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语，指代前面的整件事。,16She refused to give me the reason，_she didnt accept my invitation. Awhy Bwhen Cfor which Dthat 答案：C for which引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作原因状语，不可用why代替。,17They went to another city，_they met many new friends and had a good time. Awhen Bwhere Cwhich Dthat 答案：B 先行词为表地点的another city，且定语从句基本成分完整，故用where引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作状语，表地点。,18We saw several natives advancing towards our party, and one of them came up to us，_we gave some bells and glasses. Ato which Bto whom Cwith whom Dwith which 答案：B 定语从句的先行词为one of them又因定语从句中缺少介词及其宾语，故选B。定语从句中含有give sth. to sb.的结构。,19I have many friends，_some are teachers. Aof them Bfrom which Cwho of Dof whom 答案：D A不能引导定语从句；C项语序不对，B项中的which不能用于指人，所以只能选D，意思是“其中”，从句可改写为and some of them are teachers。,20Ill spend my summer vacation in Beijing with my cousins，_live my uncle and aunt. Awho Bwhich Cwhere Dthat 答案：C 定语从句是一个倒装句，正常语序为“my uncle and aunt live.”可以看出live后缺少地点状语，所以只能用where，选C。,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,同学们,来学校和回家的路上要注意安全,
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