语阅读理解解题技巧及训练.doc

中学英语阅读理解解题技巧及训练一、 学法指导 阅读理解（comprehension）是中考英语考试的重要题型之一，它具有题量大、题材广泛、体裁多样以及考查方式灵活、注重现实生活等特点。阅读理解有以下几种类型： 1.主旨题（又称中心思想题） 这类题基本上是问main idea，或best title是什么；也可以问作者写此文章的purpose何在；或问此文的conclusion可总结为什么。碰到这类题最简单的方法是把文中每段的首句串起来考虑。若是仅问其中某一段的中心思想为何，则可将该段的首、尾句加起来考虑。2.猜词题（又称词语释义题）这类题常问考生一些不认识、从未见过的一些生词或词组的意思是什么。解题技巧为参考上、下文，尤其是下文。因为下文常常是对该词的解释、说明、举例等等。3.作者态度题常问作者对某事是什么态度：主观（subjective）还是客观（objective）；肯定（positive）还是否定（negative）；赞成（approval）还是反对（opposition）等等。解题的关键是要看作者在文中用了什么样的口气。4.推理性问题其典型词有两个：infer和imply.如：What can you infer from the story？或What is the implied meaning of this sentence？切记，推理性问题原文中没有现成的答案。答案是你自己推想出来的，但不能凭空瞎想，必须以原文中某句话或某个词语为依据去合理推测才能找到合适的答案。5.细节性问题 这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。下面介绍几种提高阅读理解能力的方法： 1、不断扩大词汇量。利用构词法猜测生词意义。常见的词缀有im-, un-, dis-等前缀及-or, -ist,-tion等后缀；同时，也可利用转化法及合成法。这是扩大词汇量，提高阅读理解能力的好方法。利用语境，分析句子结构的关系，结合常识来推测词的意义，如同位语关系、反义关系、因果关系等，对文章句子理解的基础上猜测词义，加强阅读理解的能力。运用归纳法，即把同一类词归纳在一起，如把有关货币与金融的词汇、文艺与体育的词汇归纳在一起记忆。 2、巩固掌握所学语法知识。语法是语言的组织规律，是关于词形变化和组词成句的规则。熟练掌握和运用语法知识，如时态、语态、语气，从句等。 3、拓宽知识面，增加背景知识。4、熟练掌握阅读技巧。 先读问题后看文章。不仅少看一遍文章，节约了时间，有目的性，阅读效率更高。 .泛读（浏览阅读方式）：通过略看文章的总体结构安排或文章的标题来预测文章是说人说事还是说物，抓住文章大意和主题句，明确作者的态度和意图（多看首段和结尾段）。.寻读（扫描型阅读方式）：在确定了文章主要的讨论内容之后，建议把所设置的问题进行阅读，然后在文章中寻找到与其相关的句子或段落，并标注其题号，对不相关的内容一带而过。而不需逐词逐句地进行阅读。细读方式(read in detail)。这种方式要求读者仔细地、深入地对文章中的字、词句进行分析、研究。不仅要了解字面意思，而且要求读者把握文章细节，了解到文章所隐含的意思。 但是，我们发现有些学生在做题过程中有一些不良的阅读习惯及阅读方法。具体表现在： 1、慢读：许多学生误认为读得越慢，理解程度越高。事实上阅读速度与理解率之间并无多少联系。而且实验表明，阅读速度快的人把握文章大意优于阅读速度慢的人。因此要迫使自己经常进行限时阅读。 2、指读 ：这是在阅读过程中常见的一种现象。学生为了使自己集中注意力，常用手指、笔、尺等工具指着单词逐个地读。这种习惯把学生的注意力集中到了书页的字行上，使学生读完文章还不知主题内容。学生应把注意力集中在文章思想内容上，而非每个字的位置上。3、声读 ：声读是部分学生在阅读时读出声来的一种不良习惯。它约束了学生的阅读速度。而实践证明，读者正常的默读速度是他们说话速度的两倍。4、眼睛的运动 5、回视 ：这是学生在阅读过程中，对已经阅读过的内容不放心，而倒过去复视的现象。6、过多地依赖工具书 ：阅读中，学生遇到不懂的单词或短语就频繁地使用工具书。克服这一习惯的方法是让学生学会猜测，掌握猜词的技巧，利用上下文意思、构词法、同义、反义、定义、解释等技巧得到词的意思。 7、心读 ：这种读法使文字首先转化为声音记号进入大脑，然后再转化为文字思维，延缓了阅读速度。克服心读的有效方法就是有意识地让学生将阅读速度加快到超过最快的讲话速度，使学生没有时间去念每个单词的音。 8、心译 ：心译就是学生在阅读文章时，用非英语思维模式理解阅读材料，即英语母语英语。要矫正这种毛病，就要让学生认识到阅读英语时用英语思维模式（英语英语）。 二、典型例题：I was in line waiting to pay. In line there were two people before me. A little boy was buying some rather strange clothes. He chatted with anyone who was interested in the clothes and soon we learnt that he was going to a kindergarten(幼儿园) party. He had done a great job of putting together interesting costumes.I noticed that the little boy was paying mostly with change(零钱). It seemed that he had robbed his pig bank(猪形储蓄罐) to do this shopping. However, the cashier told him he was short after counting all the money. The boy thought for a moment and said, “Please keep the shirt and I will come back with more money. “ It was clear that he had already used all the money he had and he was $ 8.00 short. The lady in front of me said, “Well, I could pay half of that. “I told the boy that I could pay the other half. We dug into our handbags. However, both of us only had ten-dollar bills(纸币) and we needed the cashier to get the change for us. Other shoppers began digging into their pockets to find some change. It was amazing and touching as all these strangers seemed to react(反应) with the same mind. All wanted to be of help. Within minutes the cashier said, “I have too much money.” The cashier didnt need our ten-dollar bills. Then the lady in front of me, who had been the first to offer help, said, “Wait! I didnt even get a chance to give anything!” I smiled at her and said, “You did your share, because it was your idea and you started all this. “ The little boy smiled and thanked us. We wished him the best and he left. I was left with a good feeling. I had seen the love and goodness of others all around me. The woman in front of me smiled and said, “It sure feels good to give, doesnt it?” I smiled back and said, “Yes !” 1. What is this passage mainly about?A. Love and goodness. B. Culture and tradition.C. Friendship and honesty. D. Communication and understanding. 题目分析: 这是主旨题，碰到这种题目时，文章的首尾段很重要，根据本篇最后一段中“I had seen the love and goodness of others all around me.”这句话可见，本题的正确答案是选项A。2. Why did the writer and the woman both feel glad? A. Because the boy had saved some money. B. Because they both didnt need to give anything. C. Because the cashier didnt look down on the boy.D. Because all the shoppers around were willing to help the boy. 题目分析：这是细节题。答案还是在最后一段，是第四、五句话，因此本题正确答案是选项D.3. What does the underlined word “touching” most probably mean? A.令人感动的 B.令人难过的 C.令人失望的 D.令人害怕的 题目分析：这是词汇题。首先应该在原文找出这个词，再参照上下文来推测词汇的意思。尤其是下文，通常有对此词的解释说明。本题的关键就是下文“as all these strangers seemed to react(反应) with the same mind. All wanted to be of help.”好像所有的人都有同样的人都有相同的反应，所有的人都想帮助那个男孩。此情此情当然是令人感动的，因此本题正确答案是选项A.4. Whats the correct order of the following events?a. The cashier got enough money for the boys shirt.b. The cashier counted the boys money. c. The shoppers looked for some change in their pockets. d. The boy went to the line to pay. A. b, a, c, d B. b, c, a, d C. d, b, c, a D. d, c, a, b 题目分析：这是一个排序题，事实上也是一个细节题。此类题目可以先看选项，确定第一个，再确定第二个或最后一个即可。b和d比较起来，明显是d在前，所有排除A和B选项，比较C和D选项最后一个是a, 因此此题正确选项是C。巩固练习 A When we talk about intelligence(智力）， we do not mean the ability to get good scores on certain kinds of tests or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a way of living and behaving ( 表现），especially in new situation. If we want to test intelligence, we need to find out how a person acts instead of how much he knows what to do.For example, when in a new situation, an intelligent person thinks about the situation, not about himself or what might happen to him. He tries to find out all he can, and then he acts immediately and tries to to something about it. He probably isnt sure how it will all work out, but at least he tries. And if he cannot make things work out right, he doesnt feel ashamed(羞愧）that he failed, he just tries to learn from his mistakes. An intelligent person, even if he is very young, has a special outlook on life, a special feeling about life, and he fits into it.If you look at children, youll see great difference between what we call bright children and non-bright children. They are actually two different kinds of people, not just the same kind with different amount of intelligence. For example, the bright child really wants to find out about life-he tries to get in touch with everything around him. But the unintelligent child keeps more to himself and his own dream-world; he seems to have a wall between him and life in general.( ) 1. According to the passage, intelligence is the ability to _. A. get some high scores on some tests B. do well in school C. deal with life D. have a lot of book knowledge( ) 2. In a new situation, an intelligent person _. A. knows more about what might happen to him B. is sure of the result he will get C. cares more about himself D. keeps his mind on what to do about the situation( ) 3. If an intelligent person failed, he would_. A. try not to feel ashamed B. learn from his mistakes C. try to find all he could D. make sure what result he would get( ) 4. Bright children and non-bright children _. A. are two different types of children B. are different mainly in their degree of cleverness C. have difference only in their way of thinking D. have different knowledge about the worldBMary picked up a pencil and a piece of paper, saying, Now, you want to earn money for the autumn camping trip, right? Tom, her brother, nodded. He wasnt able to go last year because he hadnt earned enough money during the summer. This year he came up with a plan.He made a necklace for his mother that everyone admired. They were surprised to learn that Tom had made it for her. Why not make more necklaces and sell them?“OK，”said Mary，“The first thing you need to do is to figure out(计算)how much you have now.I have $ 20. 00 in the bank, and $ 7. 25 in my room, explained Tom.That gives you a total of $ 27. 25, said Mary, “That is called your capital.The next thing you need to know is how much it will cost you to make each necklace.Well, the pet shop will give me all the feathers the birds lose. Ill have to buy the beads(小珠子)and string, ” said Tom.Mary wrote on the piece of paper:How much do you think you can sell such a necklace for? asked Mary.”Hmm, Tom looked thoughtful and said, Theres a shop in town that sells almost the same kind of necklace for $7.50. If I charge(要价)$6. 00, people will think thats a bargain.OK. 11 you sell each necklace for $ 6. 00, youll make a good profit(利润) on each then, said Mary.”Hurray! Tom cried, If I sell 2 0 necklaces, Ill have enough from the profit for the camping trip and $ 10. 00 left over.( )5. Which word best describes Mary?A. Confident. B. Generous. C. Helpful. D. Outgoing.( ) 6. The underlined word bargain” in this story means “_”.A. something sold cheap B. something sold expensiveC. something made at home D. something made by children( ) 7. How much would Tom have to spend on the camping trip?A. $47.45. B. $75. C. $85. D. $ 102. 25.( ) 8. How did Tom know how much he would have left over after paying for the camping trip?A. He took the cost of the trip from the profit he would make on 20 necklaces.B. He added the cost of the trip to the profit he would make on 20 necklaces.C. He asked Mary for the answer.D. He took the cost of each necklace from the amount of money he had to begin with.( ) 9. Whats the best title for this story?A. How to Make Necklaces B. How to Sell NecklacesC. How to Make a Plan D. How to Earn Money for a TripCThursday, April 24thWe got to the clean,lovely city of Yangzhou early in the morning.This is our first trip to China.All the different smells attract our attention to the local food.We are going to try something special for dinner tonight.The hotel we are going staying in is not expensive but very clean.We plan to stay here for a few days,visit some places in the city,and then travel to the Great Wall in the north.Sunday,April 27thWe visited the famous Slender West Lake which was crowded with visitors from all over the world,and bought a lot of toys for our friends outside the gate of the park,Everything is so colourful,and we have taken hundreds of photos already!Later today we will do the famous foot massage and then leave for the Great Wall.We will take the night train north,stay in Beijing for two days,and then catch a bus to the Great Wall.Wednesday,April 30thOur trip to the Great Wall was long and boring.We visited a small village besides mountains.The village people here love the quiet life.They are the kindest people we ever met.They always smile and say Hello,Ralph and I can only speak a little Chinese,so smiling is the best way to show our kindness.( ) 10.From the passage we can see that the the writer had a _stay in Yangzhou. A.four-day B.five days C.six-day D.seven-day( ) 11.The writer didnt_in Yangzhiou. A.taste delicious food B.visit places of interest C.do food massage D.climb mountains( )12.Which of the following is NOT true? A.It took them a long time to get to the Great Wll from Beijing. B.The writer left Yangzhou for Beijing by train at night. C.People in the village live a quiet but happy life. D.The writer was travelling alone but happily.( )13.What is the best title for the passage? A.My First Visit to Yangzhou. B.My Travelling in China. C.Delicious Food and Beautiful Places. D.A Trip to the Great Wall.DSpending two or three hours playing outdoors each day can reduce a childs chance of becoming short-sighted, a research shows. It challenges (挑战) the belief that short- sightedness is caused by computer use, watching TV or reading in weak light.The Australian government researchers believe that sunlight is good for peoples eyes. They compared the vision(视力) and habits of 100 seven-year-old children in Singapore and Australia. In all, 30% of the Singaporean children were short-sighted-this rate(比率) was ten times higher than Australian children.Both groups spent a similar amount of time reading, watching television and playing computer games. However, the Australian children spent an average(平均) of two hours a day outdoors90 minutes more than the Singaporean children.Professor(教授) Ian Morgan, from the Australian Research Councils Vision Centre, said, “Humans are naturally long-sighted, but when people begin to go to school and spend little or no time outdoors, the number of short-sighted people gets larger. Were also seeing more and more short-sighted children in cities all around the worldand the main reason may be that city children spend less time outdoors. “ Daylight can be hundreds of times brighter than indoor light. But why does playing outside prevent us from becoming short-sighted? Scientists believe that natural light has a special chemical(化学物质) which stops the eyeball from growing out of shape and prevents people becoming short-sighted. So be outdoors. It doesnt matter if that time is spent having a picnic or playing sports. （ ）14. How much time did the Singaporean children spend outdoors on average every day in the research? A. 2 hours. B. 90 minutes. C. 1 hour. D. 30 minutes. （ ）15. What is the fifth paragraph mainly about? A. Why people become short-sighted. B. Why natural light has a special chemical. C. Why playing outside is good for ones eyesight. D. Why daylight is much brighter than indoor light. （ ）16. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A. People will all become short-sighted after they begin to go to school. B. Playing outdoors for 2 or 3 hours every day can help protect your eyesight. C. Children in Australia are more likely to get short-sighted than those in Singapore. D. If you spend two or three hours playing outside each day, you wont get short- sighted.答案及解析1. C. 从第一段第二句话可知，看一个人的智力水平是看他在新环境中的生活和行为方式。2. D. 从第二段第一句话可知，聪明的人总是考虑他所处的新环境，而不是其他的。3. B. 从第二段可知，当聪明的人失败时，他会从自己的失误中学习。4. A. 从文章最后一段第二句话可知，聪明的孩子和不聪明的孩子是两种截然不同的类型。5. C. 文章全文讲的是Mary帮Tom挣钱的事，所以她乐于帮助别人。6. A. 商店售价是7.50元，他想卖6.00元，肯定是卖得便宜。7. B. 从文章最后两段可知，20条项链可赚85元，旅游后还剩10元，说明旅游需要75元。8. A. 他知道20条项链可以赚85元，旅游需要75元，所以他说可以剩10元。9. D. 全文讲述的是Mary如何帮助Tom 为旅游准备钱的故事。10.A. 由日期显示可知，作者4月24日在扬州。而4月27日又到了西湖，可知在扬州呆了4天。11.D. 由第一段可知，作者品尝了当地美食，游览了许多名胜，而且还做了有名的足底按摩，唯独没有提到爬山。12.D. 文中多次提到了主语we,可见不只是作者一个人。13.B. 三段文字都在讲作者在中国旅游的一些见闻，可知B项更适合做文章标题。14. D 从第三段的最后一句话可知：澳大利亚的儿童平均每天花两个小时在户外，而这比新加坡的儿童多90分钟，因此新加坡儿童平均每日呆在户外的时间为30分钟。15. C 这一段的主旨句是第二句话，因此答案是选项C。16. B 本段第三段讲到澳大利亚的儿童平均每日在户外的时间为两小时，而他们与平均每天在户外呆30分钟的新加坡儿童比，近视的可能性要低十倍。由此可见，每日在户外呆2到3小时是有利于保护视力的。