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电大建筑结构学习参考资料一、单项选择题1.我国混凝土结构设计规模：对无明显流幅的钢筋，在构件承载力设计时，取极限抗拉强度的（C）作为条件屈服点。A.75% B.80% C.85% D.70%2.下列关于钢筋和混凝土之间粘结强度的说法正确的是（C）。A.当外荷大时，其粘结强度大 B.当钢筋埋入混凝土中长度时，其粘结强度大C.混凝土强度等级高时其粘结强度大D.钢筋级别低时，其粘结强度大3.结构的功能要求不包括（D）。A.安全性 B.适用性 C.耐久性 D.经济性4.下列各项中，（C）应按正常使用极限状态设计。A.结构作为刚体失去平衡 B.因过度的塑性变形而不适于继续承载C.影响耐久性能的局部损坏 D.构件丧失稳定5.梁内钢筋的混凝土保护层厚度是指（C）。A.纵向受力钢筋的形心到构件外表面的最小距离B.箍筋的外表面到构件外表面的最小距离C.纵向受力钢筋的外表面到构件外表面的最小距离D.纵向受力钢筋的合力作用点到构件外表面的最小距离6.受弯构件斜截面承载力计算公式是以（D）为依据的。A.斜拉破坏 B.斜弯破坏 C.斜压破坏 D.剪压破坏7.偏心受压构件界限破坏时，（D）。A.远离轴向力一侧的钢筋屈服比受压区混凝土压碎早发生B. 远离轴向力一侧的钢筋屈服比受压区混凝土压碎晚发生C. 远离轴向力一侧的钢筋屈服与另一侧钢筋屈服同时发生D. 远离轴向力一侧的钢筋屈服与受压区混凝土压碎同时发生8.大偏心受压构件的破坏特征是（B）A.靠近纵向力作用一侧的钢筋和砼应力不定，而另一侧受拉钢筋拉屈B. 远离纵向力作用一侧的钢筋首先被拉屈，随后另一侧钢筋压屈、砼亦被压碎C.远离纵向力作用一侧的钢筋应力不定，而另一侧钢筋压屈，砼亦压碎D. 靠近纵向力作用一侧的钢筋拉屈，随后另一侧钢筋压屈，混凝土亦压碎9.下列各项预应力损失类型中，不属于后张法预应力损失的是（C）。A.锚固回缩损失 B.摩擦损失C.温差损失 D.应力松驰损失10.屋盖结构分无檩屋盖和有檩屋盖两种，无檩屋盖由（C）组成。A.大型屋面板、檩条、屋架（包括屋盖支撑）B. 小型屋面板、檩条、屋架（包括屋盖支撑）C. 大型屋面板、屋面梁或屋架（包括屋盖支撑）D. 小型屋面板、屋面梁或屋架（包括屋盖支撑）11.作用在厂房结构上的大部分荷载都是通过（D）传给基础、再传到地基中去。A.屋面板 B.牛腿 C.托架 D.横向排架12.抗风柱的连接一般采用（C），有时根据具体情况也采用与屋架上、下弦同时铰接。A.与基础铰接，与屋架上弦铰接 B.与基础铰接，与屋架上弦刚接C.与基础刚接，与屋架上弦铰接 D.与基础刚接，与屋架上弦刚接13.下列关于多层与高层房屋结构荷载的说法，错误的是（C）。A.主要包括竖向荷载、水平荷载和温度作用B.对结构影响较大的是竖向荷载和水平荷载C.水平荷载不随房屋高度的增加而变化D.对于超高层房屋，水平荷载有可能对结构设计起绝对控制作用14.（D）既具有极大的抗侧移刚度，又能因剪力墙的集中而获得较大的空间，使建筑平面获得良好的灵活性，适用于3层以上的高层房屋。A.框架结构 B.剪力墙结构 C.砌体结构 D.筒体结构15.（C）是指梁柱楼板均为预制，然后通过焊接拼装连接成整体的框架结构。A.全现浇式框架 B. 半现浇式框架 C. 装配式框架 D.装配整体式框架16.我国混凝土结构设计规范规定：混凝土强度等级依据（D）确定。A.圆柱体抗压强度标准 B.轴心抗压强度标准值C.棱柱体抗压强度标准值 D.立方体抗压强度标准值17.下列关于混凝土收缩变形的说法，正确的是（C）。A.与混凝土所受的应力大小有关 B.随水泥用量的增加而减小C.随水灰比的增加而增大 D.与养护条件有关18.下列各项中，（C）应按正常使用极限状态设计。A.结构作为刚体失去平衡 B.因过度的塑性变形而不适于继续承载C.影响耐久性能的局部损坏 D.构件丧失稳定19.（A）是结构按极限状态设计时采用的荷载基本代表值，是现行国家标准建筑结构荷载规范（GB50009-2001）中对各类荷载规定的设计取值。A.荷载标准值 B.荷载组合值C.荷载频遇值 D.荷载准永久值20.双筋矩形截面梁正截面承载力计算基本公式的第二个适用条件2a的物理意义是（C）。A.防止出现超筋破坏 B.防止出现少筋破坏C.保证受压钢筋屈服 D.保证受拉钢筋屈服21.梁斜截面破坏有多种形态，均属脆性破坏，相比较之下脆性最严重的是（C）。A.斜压破坏 B.剪压破坏 C. 斜拉破坏 D.斜弯破坏22.螺旋箍筋柱较普通箍筋柱承载力提高的原因是（C）。A.螺旋筋使纵筋难以被压服 B.螺旋筋的存在增加了总的配筋率C.螺旋筋约束了混凝土的横向变形 D.螺旋筋的弹簧作用23.对于对称配筋的钢筋混凝土受压柱，大小偏心受压构件的判断条件是（B）。A. B.C. D.24.预应力混凝土构件，当采用钢绞丝、钢丝、热处理钢筋做预应力钢筋时，混凝土强度等级不宜低于（C）。A.C25 B.C30 C.C40 D.C4525.屋盖结构分无檩屋盖和有檩屋盖两种，有檩屋盖由（B）组成。A.大型屋面板、檩条、屋架（包括屋盖支撑）B. 小型屋面板、檩条、屋架（包括屋盖支撑）C. 大型屋面板、屋面梁或屋架（包括屋盖支撑）D. 小型屋面板、屋面梁或屋架（包括屋盖支撑）26.作用在厂房结构上的大部分荷载都是通过（D）传给基础、再传到地基中去。A.屋盖 B.纵向排架 C.地基 D.横向排架27.单层厂房结构中，（A）的作用是将墙体和柱、抗风柱等箍在一起，增加厂房的整体刚性，防止由于地基发生过大的不均匀沉降或较大振动荷载引起的不利影响。A.圈梁 B.连系梁 C.过梁 D.基础梁28.下列关于多层与高层房屋结构荷载的说法，错误的是（D）。A.主要包括竖向荷载、水平荷载和温度作用B.对结构影响较大的是竖向荷载和水平荷载C.水平荷载随房屋高度的增加而迅速增大D.对于超高层房屋，水平荷载不可能对结构设计起控制作用29.（A）在水平荷载下表现出抗侧刚度小、水平位移大的特点，故属于柔性结构，此类房屋一般不超过15层。A.框架结构 B.剪力墙结构 C.砌体结构 D.筒体结构30.（D）是将预制梁、柱和板在现场安装就位后，在梁的上部及梁、柱节点处再后浇混凝土使之形成整体。A.全现浇式框架 B. 半现浇式框架 C.装配式框架 D.装配整体式框架二判断题1.砖的厚度增加不能提高砌体的挤压强度。 （）2.普通砖砌体结构，采用水泥砂浆砌筑时，其强度设计值应乘以调整系数0.9。（）3.无筋砌体受压构件承载力计算公式中的是指轴向力的偏心距对受压构件承载力的影响系数。 （）4.无筋砌体构件的高厚比是指构件的计算高度与其相应的连长比值。 （）5.钢材发生脆性破坏时构件的计算应力不可能小于钢材的屈服点。 （）6.直接承受动力荷载或振动荷载且需要验算疲劳的焊接结构可以选用Q235沸腾钢。 （）7.对于承压型高强度螺栓连接，起初由摩擦力传力，后期依靠杆和螺孔之间的抗剪和承压来传力。 （）8.摩擦型高强度螺栓主要用于承受静力荷载的结构、构件的连接。 （）9.地震烈度是指某一地区的地面及建筑物遭受到一次地震影响的强弱程度。（）10.我国抗震规范提出的“三水准”抗震设防目标是小震不倒、中震可修、大震不坏。 （）11.砂浆强度等级提高，砌体抗压强度随之降低。 （）12.普通砖砌体结构，采用水泥砂浆砌筑时，其强度设计值应乘以调整系数0.89。（）13.无筋砌体构件的高厚比是指构件的计算高度与其相应的连长的比值。 （）14.砌体结构房屋设计时，除进行墙、柱的承载力计算和高厚比的验算外，尚应满足墙柱的一般构造要求，以保证结构的耐久性、整体性和空间刚度。 （）15.Q235中235表示钢材的极限强度为235N/mm2。 （）16.对于钢结构，应力集中是造成构件脆性破坏的主要原因之一。 （）17.对于承压型高强度螺栓连接，外力仅依靠杆和螺孔之间的抗剪和承压来传力。（）18.摩擦型高强度螺栓主要用于直接承受动力荷载的结构、构件的连接。 （）19.震级是指某一地区的地面及建筑物遭受到一次地震影响的强弱程度。 （）三、简答题1.根据纵筋配筋率不同，简述钢筋混凝土梁受弯破坏的三种形式及其破坏特点？答：（1）适筋破坏。适筋梁的破坏特点是：受拉钢筋首先达到屈服强度，经过一定的塑性变形，受压区混凝土被压碎，是延性破坏。（2）超筋破坏：超筋梁的破坏特点是：受拉钢筋屈服前，受压区混凝土已先被压导致使结构破坏，是脆性破坏。（3）少筋破坏：少筋梁的破坏特点是：一裂即坏，即混凝土一旦开裂受拉钢筋马上屈服，形成临界斜裂缝，是脆性破坏。2.钢筋混凝土偏心受压破坏通常分为哪两种情况？它们的发生条件和破坏特点是怎样的？答：钢筋混凝土偏心受压破坏通常分为大偏压破坏和小偏压破坏。当偏心距较大，且受拉钢筋配置得不太多时，发生的破坏属大偏压破坏。这种破坏特点是受拉区，受压区的钢筋都能达到屈服，受压区的混凝土也能达到极限压应变。当偏心距较小或很小时，或者虽然相对偏心距较大，但此时配置了很多的受拉钢筋时，发生的破坏属小偏压破坏。这种破坏特点是：靠近纵向力一端的钢筋能达到受压屈服混凝土被压碎，而远离纵向力那一端的钢筋不管是受拉还是受压，一般情况下达不到屈服。3.简述多层砌体房屋纵墙承重体系的特点？答：（1）纵墙是主要的承重墙，横墙虽然也承受荷载，但主要是满足房间的使用要求空间刚度和整体性布置。（2）由于纵墙上承受的荷载较大，所以设置在纵墙上的门窗大小和位置受到一定限制。（3）由于而死横墙较少房屋的横向刚度较差，而纵墙上开了很多洞口，因此纵墙承重房屋抵抗地基不均匀变形的能力较差。（4）对纵墙承重体系房屋、墙体材料用量减少，但屋（楼）盖材料用量增加，房屋层高也略有增加。4.有腹筋梁斜截面剪切破坏形态有哪几种？各在什么情况下产生以及破坏特点如何？答：有腹筋梁的斜截面破坏可分为斜拉破坏、剪压破坏和斜压破坏三种形态。（1）斜拉破坏：当剪跨比，斜裂缝一旦出现，原来由混凝土承受的拉力转由箍筋承受，如果箍筋配置数量过少，则箍筋很快会达到屈服强度不能抑制斜裂缝的发展，变形迅速增加。从而产生斜拉破坏，属于脆性破坏。（2）斜压破坏：如果梁内箍筋配置数量过多，即使剪跨比较大箍筋应力一直处于较低水平，而混凝土开裂后斜裂缝间的混凝土却因主压应力过大而发生压坏，箍筋强度得不到充分利用，此时梁的受剪承载力取决于构件的截面尺寸和混凝土强度，也属于脆性破坏。（3）剪压破坏：如果箍筋配置的数量适当，且，则在斜裂缝出现以后，箍筋应力会明显增长，在其屈服前，箍筋右有效限制斜裂缝的展开和延伸，荷载还可有较大增长。当箍筋屈服后，由于箍筋应力基本不变而应变迅速增加，斜裂缝迅速展开和延伸，最后斜裂缝上端剪压区的混凝土在剪压复合应力的作用下达到极限强度，发生剪压破坏。5.钢筋混凝土偏心受压破坏通常分为哪两种情况？它们的发生条件和破坏特点是怎样的？答：钢筋混凝土偏心受压破坏通常分为大偏压破坏和小偏压破坏。当偏心距较大，且受拉钢筋配置得不太多时，发生的破坏属大偏压破坏。这种破坏特点是受拉区、受压区的钢筋都能达到屈服，受压区的混凝土也能达到极限压应变。当偏心距较小或很小时，或者虽然相对偏心距较大，但此时配置了很多的受拉钢筋时，发生的破坏属小偏压破坏。这种破坏特点是，靠近纵向力一端的钢筋能达到受压屈服，混凝土被压碎，而远离纵向力那一端的钢筋不管是受拉还是受压，一般情况下达不到屈服。6.简述多层砌体房屋纵、横墙混合承重体系的特点？答：（1）横墙间距可以加大，房间的使用空间较横墙承重体系增加，但横墙间距受现浇板的跨度和墙体截面的限制不宜太大。（2）纵、横墙承受的荷载比较均匀，常常可以简化基础的类型，便于施工。（3）纵、横两个方向的空间风度均比较好。四、计算题1.单筋矩形截面简支梁，截面尺寸bh=200500mm,采用C25砼，HRB335级给向受力钢筋，承受弯距设计值M=200KNm的作用，已在受拉区配置有5根直径20mm的钢筋（As=1570mm2），试验算截面安全与否。已知： ， ， ， 解：（1）判断梁的条件是否满足要求满足要求。（2）求截面受弯承载力，并判断该梁是否安全Mu=fyAs(h0)=3001570(440197.9/2)=160.6106Nmm =160KNmN=2000KN故该柱截面安全请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄After earning his spurs in the kitchens of The Westin, The Sheraton, Sens on the Bund, and a sprinkling of other top-notch venues, Simpson Lu fi nally got the chance to become his own boss in November 2010. Sort of. The Shanghai-born chef might not actually own California Pizza Kitchen (CPK) but he is in sole charge of both kitchen and frontof- house at this Sinan Mansionsstalwart. Its certainly a responsibility to be the head chef, and then to have to manage the rest of the restaurant as well, the 31-year-old tells Enjoy Shanghai. In hotels, for example, these jobs are strictly demarcated, so its a great opportunity to learn how a business operates across the board. It was a task that management back in sunny California evidently felt he was ready for, and a vote of confi dence from a company that, to date, has opened 250 outlets in 11 countries. And for added pressure, the Shanghai branch was also CPKs China debut. For sure it was a big step, and unlike all their other Asia operations that are franchises, they decided to manage it directly to begin with, says Simpson. Two years ago a private franchisee took over the lease, but the links to CPK headquarters are still strong, with a mainland-based brand ambassador on hand to ensure the business adheres to its ethos of creating innovative, hearth-baked pizzas, a slice of PR blurb that Simpson insists lives up to the hype. They are very innovative, he says. The problem with most fast food places is that they use the same sauce on every pizza and just change the toppings. Every one of our 16 pizza sauces is a unique recipe that has been formulated to complement the toppings perfectly. The largely local customer base evidently agrees and on Saturday and Sunday, at least, the place is teeming. The kids-eat-for-free policy at weekends is undoubtedly a big draw, as well as is the spacious second-fl oor layout overlooked by a canopy of green from Fuxing Park over the road. The company is also focusing on increasing brand recognition and in recent years has taken part in outside events such as the regular California Week. Still, the sta are honest enough to admit that business could be better; as good, in fact, as in CPKs second outlet in the popular Kerry Parkside shopping mall in Pudong. Sinan Mansions has really struggled to get the number of visitors that were envisaged when it first opened, and it hasnt been easy for any of the tenants here, adds Simpson. Were planning a third outlet in the city in 2015, and we will probably choose a shopping mall again because of the better foot traffic. The tearooms once frequented by Coco Chanel and Marcel Proust are upping sticks and coming to Shanghai, Xu Junqian visits the Parisian outpost with sweet treats. One thing the century-old Parisian tearoom Angelina has shown is that legendary fashion designer Coco Chanel not only had style and glamor but also boasted great taste in food, pastries in particular. One of the most popular tearooms in Paris, Angelina is famous for having once been frequented by celebrities such as Chanel and writer Marcel Proust. Now Angelina has packed up its French ambience, efficient service, and beautiful, comforting desserts and flown them to Shanghai. At the flagship dine-in and take-out space in Shanghai, everything mimics the original tearoom designed from the beginning of the 20th century, in Paris, the height of Belle Epoque. The paintings on the wall, for example, are exactly the same as the one that depicts the landscape of southern France, the hometown of the owner; and the small tables are intentional imitations of the ones that Coco Chanel once sat at every afternoon for hot chocolate. The famous hot chocolate, known as LAfricain, is a luxurious mixture of four types of cocoa beans imported from Africa, blended in Paris and then shipped to Shanghai. Its sinfully sweet, rich and thick as if putting a bar of melting chocolate directly on the tongue and the fresh whipped cream on the side makes a light, but equally gratifying contrast. It is also sold in glass bottles as takeaway. The signature Mont-Blanc chestnut cake consists of three parts: the pureed chestnut on top, the vanilla cream like stuffing, and the meringue as base. Get all three layers in one scoop, not only for the different textures but also various flavors of sweetness. The dessert has maintained its popularity for a century, even in a country like France, perhaps the worlds most competitive place for desserts. A much overlooked pairing, is the Paris-New York choux pastry and N226 chocolate flavored tea. The choux pastry is a mouthful of airy pecan-flavored whipped cream, while the tea, a blend of black teas from China and Ceylon, cocoa and rose petals, offers a more subtle fragrance of flowers and chocolate. Ordering these two items, featuring a muted sweetness, makes it easier for you to fit into your little black dress. Breakfast, brunch, lunch and light supper are also served at the tearoom, a hub of many cultures and takes in a mix of different styles of French cuisines, according to the management team. The semi-cooked foie gras terrine, is seductive and deceptive. Its generously served at the size and shape of a toast, while the actual brioche toast is baked into a curved slice dipped with fig chutney. The flavor, however, is honest: strong, smooth and sublime. And you dont actually need the toast for crunchiness. This is the season for high teas, with dainty cups of fine china and little pastries that appeal to both visual and physical appetites. But there is one high tea with a difference, and Pauline D. Loh finds out just exactly why it is special. Earl Grey tea and macarons are all very well for the crucial recuperative break in-between intensive bouts of holiday season shopping. And for those who prefer savory to sweet, there is still the selection of classic Chinese snacks called dim sum to satisfy and satiate. High tea is a meal to eat with eye and mouth, an in-between indulgence that should be light enough not to spoil dinner, but sufficiently robust to take the edge off the hunger that strikes hours after lunch. The afternoon tea special at Shang-Xi at the Four Seasons Hotel Pudong has just the right elements. It is a pampering meal, with touches of luxury that make the high tea session a treat in itself. Whole baby abalones are braised and then topped on a shortcrust pastry shell, a sort of Chinese version of the Western vol-au-vent, but classier. Even classier is the dim sum staple shrimp dumpling or hargow, upgraded with the addition of slivers of midnight dark truffles. This is a master touch, and chef Simon Choi, who presides unchallenged at Shang-Xi, has scored a winner again. Sweet prawns and aromatic truffles whats not to love? His masterful craftsmanship is exhibited in yet another pastry a sweet pastry that is shaped to look like a walnut, but which you can put straight into the mouth. It crumbles immediately, and the slightly sweet, nutty morsel is so easy to eat youll probably reach straight for another. My favorite is the dessert that goes by the name yangzhi ganlu, or ambrosia from the gods. The hotel calls it chilled mango cream with sago, pomelo and birds nest made with ingredients that resonate with every female soul. It does taste like ambrosia, with the sweet-sour fragrance of the mango forming the first layer of taste and sensation, and the pomelo sacs and sago pearls providing the tactile contrast. The birds nest its the ingredient that gilds the lily, since it is supposed to nourish and nurture a perfect complexion. For those unfamiliar with this exotic ingredient, the birds nest is not a bundle of twigs, but is, instead, the dried secretion that cave swifts use to build their nest. Technically, its bird saliva, but the Chinese believe that it has collagen-boosting properties essential to beauty. To me, it just tastes good, adding a slight gelatinous crunch to the back of the teeth. There is also a baked mushroom puff pastry that includes the highly prized Matsutake or pine mushroom. You also get a choice of teas, but I strongly recommend the aged Puer from Yunnan province. It is a mellow tea that will go perfectly with the rich little nuggets, and will warm you up on a cold afternoon. Incidentally, the general guide is green tea such as Longjing or Dragonwell for the hot season, semi-fermented teas like Wu-long or Iron Buddha for autumn, and more warming teas like Puer for winter. The Shang-Xi afternoon tea costs 228 yuan ($37) per person, and 388 yuan for the more opule
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