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议论文的阅读方法和技巧议论文也就是说理性的文章，一般由论点，论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题，观点，提供充分的证据（evidence），使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。 阅读议论文我们要抓住题，抓住作者提出的观点，给出的例证及最后得出的结论。抓住了论题，抓住了观点，我们就把握住了文章的中心，再结合作为论据的诸多事例和理由之间以及他们和观点、结论之间的内在联系，我们就能理解文章的结构。因此，阅读议论文的关键是：抓论题，抓观点。 看看下面一篇例文 1)The twentieth century saw greater changes than any century before changes for the better, changes for the worse, changes that brought a lot of benefits to human beings, changes that put man in danger. Many things caused the changes, but, in my opinion, the most important was the progress in science. Scientific research in physics and biology has vastly broadened our views. It has given us a deeper knowledge of the structure of matter and of the universe, it has brought us a better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous development. Technology in the application of science has made big advances that have benefited us in nearly every part of life. The continuation of such activities in the twenty-first century will result in even greater advantages to human beings: in pure science a wider and deeper knowledge in all fields of learning; in applied science a more reasonable sharing of material benefits, and better protection of the environment. Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed in doing damage to mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and production of weapons of mass destruction has created a real danger to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use has so far occurred only in the Second World War, the number of nuclear weapons that were produced and made ready for use was so large that if the weapons had actually been used, the result could have been the ruin of the human race, as well as of many kinds of animals. William Shakespeare said. The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线), good and ill together. The above brief review of the application of only one part of human activitiesscience seems to prove what Shakespeare said. But does it have to be so? Must the ill always go together with the good? Are we biologically programmed for war?72. Which of the following best shows the structure of the passage?(=Paragraph 1, =Paragraph 2, =Paragraph 3, =Paragraph 4, =Paragraph 5)73. From the fourth paragraph, we can infer that_.A. a great many nuclear weapons were actually used for warB. a large number of nuclear weapons should have been used for warC. the author is doubtful about the ruin of human beings by nuclear weaponsD. the author is anxious about the huge number of nuclear weapons on the earth74. The underlined word mingled in the last paragraph most probably means_.A. simpleB. mixedC. sadD. happy75. What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?A. Further application of science to war.B. More reading of William Shakespeare.C. Proper use of science in the new century.D. Effective ways to separate the good from the ill. 2)Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable jobs. Personal advisors give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants. But in the executive（主管的） circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were considered having more honesty than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to lead to their success.Attractive female executives were considered to have less honesty than unattractive ones; their success was connected not with ability but with factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more honesty and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was connected more to personal relationships and less to ability than that of the attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is considered to be more feminine has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally manly position appears to lack the “manly”qualifies required.This is true even in politics, “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently, ” says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates（候选人）. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males completely defeated unattractive men, but the women who had ranked most attractive unchangeably received the fewest votes.60The word “liability” most probably means _.A. disadvantageB. advantageC. misfortune D. trouble69. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness . A. makes women look more honest and capable B. strengthens the feminine qualities required C. is of great importance to women D. often enables women to succeed quickly 61Bowmans experiment shows that when it comes to politics, attractiveness_A. turns out tobe a disadvantage to menB. is more of a disadvantage than an advantage to womenC. affects men and women alikeD. has as little effect on men as on women62It can be inferred from the passage that peoples views on beauty are often_.A. practicalB. supportive C. old ? fashionedD. one sided63The author writes this passage to _.A. give advice to job - seekers who are attractiveB. discuss the disadvantages of being attractiveC. demand equal rights for womenD. state the importance of appearance 3)It may help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speechAt some point in every speech, every speaker says something that is not understood exactly as he has plannedFortunately, the moments are usually not obvious to the listeners. Why ? Because the listeners do not know what the speaker plans to say. They hear only what the speaker does say. If you lose your place for a moment, wrongly change the order of a couple of sentences, or forget to pause at a certain point, no one will be any the wiserWhen such moments occur, dont worry about them, Just continue as if nothing happenedEven if you do make an obvious mistake during a speech, that dont really matter. If you have ever listened to Martin Luther Kings famous speech “ I have a dream”, you may notice that he stumble（结巴）his words twice during the speechMost likely, however, you dont rememberWhy? Because you were fixing your attention on is message rather than on his way of speech-making. People care a lot about making mistakes in a speech because they regard speech-making as a kind of performance rather than as an act of communication. They feel the listeners are like judges in an ice-skating competitionBut, in fact, the listeners are not looking for a perfect performer. They are looking for a well-thought-out speech that express the speakers ideas clearly and directlySometimes a mistake or two can actually increase a speakers attractiveness by making him more humanAs you work on your speech, dont worry about being imperfectOnce you free your mind of this, you will find it much easier to give your speech freely46The underlined part in the first paragraph means that no one will _ Abe smarter than you Bnotice your mistakes Cdo better than you Dknow what you are talking about47You dont remember obvious mistakes in a speech because _ Ayour attention is on the content Byou dont fully understand the speech Cyou dont know what the speaker plans to say Dyou find the way of speech-making more important48It can be inferred from the passage that _ Agiving a speech is like giving a performance Bone to two mistakes in a speech may not be bad Cthe listeners should pay more attention to how a speech is made Dthe more mistakes a speaker makes, the more attractive he will be49What would be the best title of the passage? AHow to Be a Perfect Speaker BHow to Make a Perfect Speech CDont Expect a Perfect Speech DDont Expect Mistakes in a Speech50Which of the following statements is true? AIf you are careful enough, you can make a perfect speech BSpeech-making is a kind of performance CMartin Luther King is not a good speaker DListeners are not judges and they pay more attention to the message4) the way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness, if fun and pleasure are equal to happiness then pain must be equal to unhappiness. but in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not things that lead to happiness involve some pain. as a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. they fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment（承担的义务）, self-improvement. ask a bachelor（单身汉）why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. if he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. for commitment is in fact quite painful. the single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or a three-day vacation. i dont know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. but couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. it liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. it liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. and it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. 31. according to the author, a bachelor resists marriage chiefly because _. a) he is reluctant to take on family responsibilities b) he believes that life will be more cheerful if he remains single c) he finds more fun in dating than in marriage d) he fears it will put an end to all his fun adventure and excitement 32. raising children, in the authors opinion, is _. a) a moral duty b) a thankless job c) a rewarding task d) a source of inevitable pain 33. from the last paragraph, we learn that envy sometimes stems from _. a) hatred b) miSUNderstanding c) prejudice d) ignorance 34. to understand what true happiness is one must _. a) have as much run as possible during ones lifetime b) make every effort to liberate oneself from pain c) put up with pain under all circumstances d) be able to distinguish happiness from fun 35. what is the author trying to tell us? a) happiness often goes hand in hand with pain. b) one must know how to attain happiness. c) it is important to make commitments. d) it is pain that leads to happiness. 5)We are all interested in equality, but while some people try to protect the school and examination system in the name of equality, other, still in the name of equality, want only to destroy it. Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils. The standards may be changedno examination is perfectbut to have to tests or examinations would mean the end of equality and of standards. There are groups of people who oppose this view and who do not believe either in examinations or in any controls in school or on teachers. This would mean that everything would depend on luck since every pupil would depend on the efficiency, the values and the purpose of each teacher. Without examinations, employers will look for employees from the highly respected schools and from families known to thema form of favouritism will replace equality. At the moment, the bright child from an illrespected school can show certificates to prove he or she is suitable for a job, while the lake of certificate indicates the unsuitability of a dull child attending a wellrespected school. This defend of excellence and opportunity would disappear if examinations were taken away, and the bright child form a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her schools reputation, unable to compete for employment with the child from the favoured school. The opponents of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils. According to these people, there must be no special, different, academic class. They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in sport or any other area: all jobs or posts should be filled by unsystematic selection. The selection would be made by people who themselves are probably selected by some computer.82The word “favouritism” in paragraph 3 is used to describe the phenomenon that_.Abright children also need certificates go get satisfying jobs.Bchildren from wellrespected schools tend to have good jobsCpoor children with certificates are favoured in job markets Dchildren attending ordinary schools achieve great success83What would happen if examinations were taken away according to the author?ASchools for bright children would lose their reputation.BThere would be more opportunities and excellence.CChildren from poor families would be able to change their schools.DChildrens job opportunity would be affected by their school reputation.84The opponents of the examination system will agree that _.Ajobs should not be assigned by systematic selectionBcomputers should be selected to take over many jobsCspecial classed are necessary to keep the school standardsDschools with academic subjects should be done away with 85The passage mainly focuses on _.Aschools and certificates Bexamination and equality Copportunity and employment Dstandards and reputation5. The underlined word “reputation” means_.A. successful achievement B. good title C. strict management D. fame 6)Can you imagine traveling to work in a one-man submarine(潜水艇)? Some scientists believe that some day one-man submarines will be as many as automobiles(汽车), “One day soon, men will walk on the ocean floor as they do on the street!” Perhaps during your lifetime people will travel, work and live in the sea. If human beings want to live in the ocean, many human problems will need to be studied first. Some of these problem, similar to those of living in outer space, are pressure, lack of oxygen(氧气) and weightlessness. Many questions are still unanswered. For example, can our blood make itself fit for underwater surroundings? What will happen to our muscle if we live in the water very long? Scientists are looking for answers. Perhaps in the future man will live in the sea, away from the crowded and noisy cities on land. Then sea has plenty of space, not only for floating living buildings and parks, but also for storing supplies and for underwater travel . Some scientists believe that ocean living will benefit man in more than physical ways. In the freedom and beauty of the deep sea, man may find new sources of joy.1. according to the passage, which of the following is true?A. human beings can now freely walk on the ocean floor just like walking on the street B. man will live in the sea just like living on the earth in timeC. there are as many submarines as automobiles in the ocean D. a famous French driver found a safe way to travel to the ocean floor2. if human being want to live in the ocean,_.A. problem such as pressure,lack of oxyen and weightlessness have to be solved.B. People have to answer many questions asked by scientistsC. Underwater surroundings must be improved to fit the human bodies D. Human muscle must be exposed in the water for a long time3. which of the following might not be the reason for the people who want to live in the ocean?A. the sea has plenty of spaceB. the cities on land are crowded, noisy and polluted C. ocean living will do good to them in physical ways and spiritual waysD. there are communities and parks on the ocean floor4. what does the word “adjust” in the second para mean?A. to get used to B. make it work better C. admit D. assist in 5. whats the best title of the passage?A. the use of one-man submarineB. living things in the ocean C. ocean living D. beauty of ocean floor 阅读中该解决的一些问题一、 长句、难句理解的突破 近年来，高考英语阅读材料的语言结构趋于复杂化，主要表现在长、难句的增加，各种复杂句式、特殊句式的综合使用（ 其中复合形式、同位形式、插入形式、并列转折形式、省略形式较为常见）。下面的方法能帮助同学们快捷准确地理解句子的中心意思：1 . 找句子的主干（ 主语 + 谓语 + - ）可通过分析句子成分、暂略修饰成分、 跳过插入语等方式直接找到句子主谓结构或主谓宾等结构，达成对句子主要意思的理解。 常见的修饰成分有介词短语、分词短语、动词不定式和从句等。另外，要特别注意的是一定要读完整句（到句号）。 例子：1. The Olympic Games to take place in Beijing next month is certain to be a great success.主干： The Olympic Games is certain to be a success.2. Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday. ( 09广东)主干: Nobel died yesterday. 3. She wished that he was as easy to please as her mother , who was always delighted with perfume.（09 广东）主干： She wished that he was easy to please.4. But Jane knew from her past experience that her choice of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(09 广东)主干: Jane knew that her choice hardly pleased her father.5. Several yards away, Frank, 43 , and his girlfriend, Jennifer, found a spot close to where the front of train would stop.( 09广东)主干: Frank and his girlfriend found a spot / close to where the front of train would stop.6. But when he heard the scream, followed by someone yelling, “ Oh my God, she fell in !” Frank didnt hesitate. ( 09 广东)主干： When he heard the scream , Frank didnt hesitate.7. It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you cant move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself.( 08 广东)主干： you are experiencing a negative self-image / because you cant move past one flaw or weakness. 8. Sometimes, when Mr. Ballmer and his 6-year-old daughter, Elizabeth, listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy, such as pop culture, he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenagers. （08广东） 主干： When/ Mr. Ballmer and his daughter listen to music and talk about interests, he remembers his relationship with his parents. 9. As a child visiting my fathers office, I was pleased to recognize, in little notes on the desks of his staff, the same handwriting I would see at home in the note he would l
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