资源描述
(Units 16)学习过程：（略）（依据个人学习实际选填）学习内容：1、Units 16 中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？ 1）动词及时态 一般现在时、现在进行时、一般过去时、过去进行时、一般过去时被动语态、过去完成时 2） 描述发展趋势的词 ；短语动词 ；used to do sth. always/forever/keep doing sth. 3）连接词 but/so; 用代词、and、but和with连接句子 4）定语从句 2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是： （略）（依据个人学习实际在1、3中选填或学习中的疑难） 3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：（可从以下几项中选填） 1） 描述自己及他人、家庭及家庭关系 2） 谈论家庭与社会的变化 3） 谈论成就及对未来职业的理想 4） 谈论过去、将来 印象最深的Cultural Notes：（可从以下几项中选填） 1）皇家邮政 The Poyal 2）家庭模式的变化The Change of Family Patterns 3）赡养老人Care for the Elderly 阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写） 作业1 第一部分：交际用语 一、15 DACBB 第二部分：英语知识运用 二、选择填空 610 DBDAB 1115 CDBAB 三、完型填空 1620 CBADB 2125 CDDAB 第三部分：阅读理解 四、2630 BACCA 3135 ACDCD 五、3640 T T NG F F 第四部分：书面表达 评分原则 (1) 本题总分为20分, 按5个档次给分。 (2) 评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量确定或调整档次, 最后给分。 (3) 字数少于80的(不包括所给句子和标点符号)从总分中减去1分。 (4) 评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点句型变化运用词汇和语法结构的准确性。 (5) 评分时, 如拼写错误较多, 书写较差, 以至影响交际, 将分数降低一个档次。 附范文(本篇仅供参考，请勿全篇抄袭，切记) Changes in Life Great changes have happened in my hometown. Ten years ago there were only ten homes, however there are hundred new homes. In the enter of the town, there is one very wonderful statue, many tourists often take photos there. A lot of old blocks of flats have been demolished. Many families have bought new cars, so the local government has to issue new parking regulations. At present one new school is being built. It will be finished next month. People in my hometown are leading one happy life there.学习记录卡2 （Units 712）学习过程：（略）（依据个人学习实际选填） 1、Units 712 中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？ 1）动词及时态 学习现在完成进行时、一般过去时被动语态、现在进行时与过去进行时被动语态； 动名词；用should提出忠告; spend time doing sth./ need to do sth./need doing sth. have /get sth. done 2）形容词与介词搭配 3）构词法（后缀） 4）祈使句；真实条件句；虚拟条件句 5）间接引语 6）书信的写作与连接词的使用 2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是：（略） （依据个人学习实际在1、3中选填或学习中的疑难） 3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：（可从以下几项中选填） 1）描述方位、位置、感觉、外观 2）表示抱怨和抱歉 3）表示发展趋势和数量相关语言 4）谈论国际赛事 5）表达指令与忠告 印象最深的Cultural Notes：（可从以下几项中选填） 1）自己动手做DIY 2）志愿工作者Voluntary Work 3）关于肥胖 Overweight and Obese 4）国民保健制度 About NHS 阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写） 作业2 一、交际用语 第一部分：交际用语 一、15 CADDD 第二部分：英语知识运用 二、选择填空 610 DBBCD 1115 ABBAD 三、完型填空 1620 CADDB 2125 BACAC 第三部分：阅读理解 四、2630 BCDBC 3135 ADCDC 五、3640 F F T T NG 第四部分：书面表达 评分原则 (1) 本题总分为20分, 按5个档次给分。 (2) 评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次, 最后给分。 (3) 字数少于80的(不包括所给句子和标点符号)从总分中减去1分。 (4) 评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、句型变化、运用词汇和语法结构的准确性。 (5) 评分时, 如拼写错误较多, 书写较差, 以至影响交际, 将分数降低一个档次。 附范文(本篇仅供参考，请勿全篇抄袭，切记) How to keep healthy Everyone wish to be healthy.Well, how to keep healthy is cared by most people nowdays. First,we should do some physical exercises. Life is based on move.It means that we should do some phcial exercises everyday to keep every organ of our body healthy. Second ,food is another factor to keep us healthy. We need to get nutrition and varyty elements as well from food. In addition,having good habbits are very important for a man. Such as dont smoke ,dont drink and so on is good habbits. So for our health wed better do some physical exercises often, pay attention to rational food and drink and cultivate good habbits.学习记录卡3 （Units 1318）学习过程：（略）（依据个人学习实际选填） 1、Units 1318中主要学习了哪些重要的语法项目？ 1）动词及时态 情态动词表示义务以及表示劝告、动名词和动词不定式、将来完成时、现在进行时和现在完成时的被动语态 2）非限定性定语从句 3）反意疑问句 4）利用主题句扩展段落 5）间接引语和间接疑问句 2、这六个单元中我感觉最难或还没有完全掌握的语言点是：（略） （依据个人学习实际在1、3中选填或学习中的疑难） 3、这六个单元中我最喜欢的话题是：（可从以下几项中选填） 1）描述教育体制及学生生活 2）继续教育和学习方式相关内容 3）城镇及其发展相关内容 4）表达因果关系 5）表达数量 印象最深的Cultural Notes：（可从以下几项中选填） 1）英国的学士学位 Degrees in the UK 2）工学交替制课程 Sandwich Courses 3）伦敦城 The City 4）陪审团制度 the Jury System 5) 手势 Gestures 阶段性学习体会：（略）（一定要自己写） 作业3 一、交际用语 第一部分：交际用语 一、15 ACABA 第二部分：英语知识运用 二、选择填空 610 DABBB 1115 ABCBB 三、完型填空 1620 BD（将D选项中的on改为in）CCC 2125 DADCB 第三部分：阅读理解 四、2630 ACBBC 3135 DDBDC 五、3640 F T NG F T 第四部分：书面表达 评分原则 (1) 本题总分为20分, 按5个档次给分。 (2) 评分时,先根据文章的内容和语言初步确定其档次,然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次, 最后给分。 (3) 字数少于80的(不包括所给句子和标点符号)从总分中减去1分。 (4) 评分时应注意的主要内容为:内容要点、句型变化、运用词汇和语法结构的准确性。 (5) 评分时, 如拼写错误较多, 书写较差, 以至影响交际, 将分数降低一个档次。 附范文(本篇仅供参考，请勿全篇抄袭，切记) My TV University Life I am studying at Jingchang Radio and TV University. This university offers variety of open and distance courses for adult learners. The students can use computers to learn the courses at home or in the offices. However, they also can go to the classroom buildings to have face-to-face lessons. I come here to study once a week. In fact , the knowledge in every subject is hard for me, because I dont have so much time in teaching myself in the spare time . I have to work on the weekdays. Thanks to the teaching methods of the TVU, it makes a little easier for me to understand the contents of the subjects. The coaching teachers are always caring for us in studying here. It is really good for busy adults. It will be a very interesting and exciting learning experience to study at this university. 请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！2016年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly called a circular region. The radius of a circle is any line segment connecting the center and a point on the curve; the term is also used for the length r of this segment, i.e., the common distance of all points on the curve from the center. Similarly, the circumference of a circle is either the curve itself or its length of arc. A line segment whose two ends lie on the circumference is a chord; a chord through the center is the diameter. A secant is a line of indefinite length intersecting the circle at two points, the segment of it within the circle being a chord. A tangent to a circle is a straight line touching the circle at only one point, the point of contact, or tangency, and is always perpendicular to the radius drawn to this point. A circle is inscribed in a polygon if each side of the polygon is tangent to the circle; a circle is circumscribed about a polygon if all the vertices of the polygon lie on the circumference. The length of the circumference C of a circle is equal to (see pi) times twice the radius distance r, or C=2r. The area A bounded by a circle is given by A=r2. Greek geometry left many unsolved problems about circles, including the problem of squaring the circle, i.e., constructing a square with an area equal to that of a given circle, using only a straight edge and compass; it was finally proved impossible in the late 19th cent. (see geometric problems of antiquity). In modern mathematics the circle is the basis for such theories as inversive geometry and certain non-Euclidean geometries. The circle figures significantly in many cultures. In religion and art it frequently symbolizes heaven, eternity, or the universe.
展开阅读全文