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UNIT 3TEXT杰斐逊的遗训 布鲁斯.布利文也许美国第三任总统托马斯. 杰斐逊不如乔治.华盛顿和亚伯拉罕.林肯那样著名，但大部分人至少能记住一件有关他的事实，即他写了独立宣言。 尽管杰斐逊生活的时代距今已经二百多年了，但我们今天仍能从他那里学到很多东西。他的很多思想对今天的青年一代尤其具有吸引力。以下是他曾说过和写过的言论： 亲自观察。杰斐逊认为，一个自由的人不仅能从书本上获得知识，还能从很多其他源泉获得知识，并且，个人亲自进行调查非常重要。在他年青的时候，他被任命为一个委员会的成员，负责调查詹姆斯河南端支流的水深是否可以通行大型船只，在其它委员会成员坐在州议会大厦研究有关文献的时候，杰斐逊却乘上一只独木舟到现场实地观测去了。 您能从每个人身上学到知识。论出身及所受的教育，杰斐逊均属于社会的最高阶层。那个时代，出身高贵的人除了向穷人发号施令外，很少与其说话。然而杰斐逊却想方设法找园艺工人，佣人及仆人交谈。杰斐逊有一次跟法国贵族拉斐特说：“您应象我那样到老百姓家里去，看看他们的锅里有什么，亲口尝一尝他们吃的面包。只要你这样做了，你就会明白老百姓为什么不满意，并且理解那声威协法国的革命。” 自己作出判断。杰斐逊绝不在未经认真思考的情况下授受别人的意见。“不能因为别人曾经或者相信过某件事情，你就去拒绝或者相信此事”，他在给侄儿的信中写道，“上帝赐给你一个判别正误的大脑，您应该利用它。” 杰斐逊感到人民“是完全可以信赖的，任何事情-无论真假都应该让他们听到。让他们作出正确判断。如果由我来决定，我们是应该有一个政府而不要报纸还是应该有报纸而不要政府，我将毫不犹豫地选择后者。” 做你认为对的事情。自由国家里总是会存在对立的思想，这就是力量的源泉。正是这种对立，而不是绝对的统一才使得自由得以存在。尽管杰斐逊很多年来一直是被猛烈抨击的对象，他却从未予以反击。他在给一位朋友的信中这样解释他的哲学思想：“任何问题都有两个方面。如果你选择了一面并卓有成效地干下去，那么，选择另一方面的那些人当然会怨恨你的举动。” 相信未来，相信青年。杰斐逊觉得，当今之事不应被那些毫无用处的旧习惯束缚住。“没有一种社会，”他说，“能创造出一种永恒的宪法，甚至是一项永恒的法律。这个地球属于活着的一代。”他不怕新思想，也不怕未来。“多少痛苦，”他评论道，“是由于并未发生的不幸带来的呀。我期待着最好的事物，而不是最坏的事情。我带着希望引航扬帆，把恐惧抛在身后。” 杰斐逊的勇气和理想主义是基于知识之上的。也许他的学问在他那个时代无人可以比拟。他是农学，建筑学和医学方面的专家。他在庄稼轮作和土壤保持被人们广泛认可前一世纪就已实行该技术了。他发明的一种耕犁比现存的任何一种都好。他影响了整个的美国的建筑业，并且，他还不断地制造出各种器械装置，使得日常生活里的许多工作变得更加容易操作。 杰斐逊的诸种才能中，有一种是最突出的，那就是，他首先是一位优秀的，不知疲倦的作家。目前正在首次出版的他的作品全集将超过五十集。他的写作天才很早就被人发现。当1776年在费城撰写独立宣言的时刻到来之时，执笔的任务便落在了他肩上。千百万人激动地读着以下豪言：“我们认为这是不言而喻的真理，即人生来平等”。 1826年7月4日，即美国独立50周年纪念日，杰斐逊与世长辞了。他为国人留下了丰富的思想遗产及行为典范。美国的教育从托马斯. 杰斐逊那里得益甚多。在他看来，只有国民受过教育的国家才能永远自由。Jefferson died long ago, but many of his ideas are still of great interest to us.Lessons from JeffersonThomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at least one fact about his: he wrote the Declaration of Independence.Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote.Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot observations.You can learn from everyone. By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, You must go into the peoples homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France.Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other peoples opinions without careful thought. Neither believe nor reject anything, he wrote to his nephew, because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it. Jefferson felt that the people may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false ,and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions.Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. No society, he said, can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation. He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. How much pain, he remarked, has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind.Jeffersons courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more that any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.Of all Jeffersons many talents, one is central, He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his, Millions have thrilled to his words: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal . When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.NEW WORDSDeclaration n. document containing an open public announcement宣言n.CU1. 宣布,宣告;宣言,声明a declaration of war宣战2. 【律】(原告的)申诉;(证人的)陈诉,证言3. (纳税品等的)申报a declaration at the customs house报关independence n. freedom from the control of others 独立n.1. 独立;自主;自立U(+from)India gained independence from Britain in 1947.印度于一九四七年脱离英国获得独立。obtain vt. get through effort获得vt.1. 得到,获得He failed to obtain a scholarship.他没有获得奖学金。They obtained a loan from the government.他们从政府那里得到一笔贷款。source n. place from which sth, comes; place where a river starts(来源)；源头n.C1. (河的)源头;水源Do you know the source of Amazon River?你知道亚马逊河的源头吗?2. 根源;来源(+of)They are required to publish the sources of their campaign funds.他们必须公布自己竞选经费的来源。3. 提供消息(或证据)者;消息(或证据)来源P1The news comes from a reliable source.这消息来自一位可靠人士。4. 出处;原始资料P1The library has quantities of reference sources.该图书馆藏有大量可供参考的原始资料。personal a. done in person; belonging to a person 亲自的；个人的a.1. 个人的,私人的ZIts all a matter of personal taste.这纯粹是个人的兴趣问题。2. 本人的,亲自的ZThe plan was drawn up under the chief engineers personal guidance.这一方案是在总工程师的亲自指导下制定的。3. 涉及私事的;攻击个人的Frank is always making personal remarks about his cousin.弗兰克老是对他表兄弟进行人身攻击。4. 身体的;容貌的ZOur parents teach us personal tidiness.我们的父母教育我们注意打扮整洁。investigation n. detailed or careful examination调查n.1. 研究;调查CU(+on/of/into)The investigation into the accident was carried out by two policemen.两名警察对这一事故展开调查。investigate vt. vt.1. 调查,研究The detective was sent to investigate the crime.那位侦探被派去调查该罪行。appoint vt. put in a position任命vt.1. 任命,指派O9O2(+as/to)They appointed him (to be) manager.他们任命他为经理。He appointed Williams as his deputy in the city of York.他任命威廉斯作为他在约克市的代理人。2. 约定,指定;安排Our visitors arrived at the appointed time.我们的来宾在约定的时间到达了。appointment n.n.1. (尤指正式的)约会C(+with)+to-vI have an appointment with them in the evening.今晚我与他们有个约会。2. (会面的)约定U3. 任命,委派U(+as/of)The appointment of a new judge was reported in the newspaper.报上报导了任命一位新法官的消息。4. 职位,官职CI accepted the appointment as chairman.我同意担任主席一职。committee n. a group of people chosen for special duties委员会n.C1. 委员会GHe is on the finance committee.他是财政委员会的委员。capitol n. (美国)州议会大厦n.1. 美国州议会大厦canoe n. light boat moved by a paddle独木舟n.C1. 独木舟;皮划;划子vi.1. 划独木舟They canoed across the river.他们划着小舟过河。2. 乘独木舟vt.1. 用独木舟载运Grain used to be canoed up the river.过去粮食由小划子运送到河的上游。on-the-spot a. at the place of the action现场的a.1. 现场的;当场的;立刻的humble a. low in position地位低下的a.1. 谦逊的;谦恭的Many famous people are surprisingly humble.许多知名人士都出奇地谦恭。2. (身份,地位等)低下的,卑微的He is of humble birth.他出身卑微。3. (东西)粗糙的,简陋的The family lived in a humble cottage.这户人家住在一所简陋的农舍里。origin n. parentage; birth; beginning血统,出身,起源n.1. 起源;由来;起因CUWhat was the origin of the quarrel?这场争吵的起因是什么?2. 出身;门第;血统UP1His origins were humble.他出身低微。gardener n. person who works in a garden either for pay or as a hobby 园丁n.1. 园丁;花匠Cwaiter n. person who serves food to the tables in a restaurant男(侍)者n.C1. (男)侍者,服务生The waiter came to take their order.男侍来请他们点菜。nobleman n. 贵族n.1. 贵族dissatisfy vt. fail to satisfy; displease使不满vt.1. 使感觉不满threaten vt. hang over dangerously; utter a threat against 威胁vt.1. 威胁,恐吓;扬言要(+with)+to-v+thatHe threatened to call the police.他威胁着要叫警察。2. 预示,是.的征兆;有.的危险+to-vDark skies threatened rain.天空发黑预示要下雨。threat n.n.1. 威胁,恐吓CU+to-v2. 构成威胁的人(或事物)S(+to)Some people think that machinery is a threat to their jobs.一些人认为机器是对他们工作的一种威胁。3. 凶兆;征兆S(+of)The clouds brought a threat of rain.阴云带来要下雨的征兆。reject vt. refuse to take, believe, use or consider 拒绝vt.1. 拒绝,抵制The plan was rejected.该计划遭拒绝。The board rejected all our ideas.董事会拒绝了我们的所有想法。2. 去除,丢弃All apples with soft spots were rejected.所有带软斑点的苹果都被剔除。3. 驳回;否决The prisoners plea for pardon was rejected.该犯的赦免请求被驳回了。4. 吐出;排斥The patients body rejected the heart transplant.病人的身体排斥移植的心脏。rejection n. n.1. 拒绝;退回;剔除UCHe decided not to approach her for fear of rejection.他因怕遭拒绝决定不再去找她。nephew n. the son of ones brother or sistern.1. 侄儿;外甥;先生或太太的外甥和侄儿Cerror n. mistake; sth. done wronglyn.1. 错误,失误,差错CTheres an error in your calculation.你计算中有个错误。2. 犯错误,出错UAre all men liable to error?人人都可能犯错误吗?false a. not true or correcta.1. 不正确的,谬误的;不真实的What youre saying is false.你所说的是假的。I dont want to give you a false impression.我不想给你一个虚假的印象。2. 不诚实的;虚妄的He was accused of giving false witness.他被指控作伪证。3. 不忠实的,无信义的(+to)Better an open enemy than a false friend.明枪易躲,暗箭难防。4. 假的;伪造的;人造的She wore false hair to the dance.她戴着假发去参加舞会。judgment n. opinion判断,看法n.1. 审判;裁判;判决UC(+on/upon)sit in judgment on a case开庭审案2. 判断;鉴定;评价UC(+on/upon)I acted on my own judgment.我按自己的判断行事。3. 判断力,辨别力UHe showed good judgment in deciding not to invest in the project.他决定不对那项工程投资,这说明他的判断力很强。4. 意见,看法CMy judgment is that you should not resign.我的看法是你不应辞职。5. 批评,指责UC6. 神的审判,天谴CThe neighbors considered his broken leg a judgment on him for staying away from church.他的邻居认为,他摔断大腿是对他不去做礼拜的报应。hesitate vi. feel doubtful; be undecided 犹豫,迟颖不决vi.1. 踌躇;犹豫Dont hesitate about that. Do it at once.对于那件事不要再犹豫了。马上去做吧。hesitation n. n.UC1. 踌躇,犹豫Without any hesitation, he jumped into the river to save the drowning child.他毫不犹豫地跳下河去救溺水的孩子。prefer vt. like better; choose (one thing) rather than (another)更喜欢,宁愿vt.W1. 宁可,宁愿(选择);更喜欢+v-ing+to-vO2+(that)I prefer the quiet countryside to the noisy cities.我喜欢安静的乡村胜过喧闹的城市。So you prefer living abroad?那么你是宁愿旅居海外啦?At the moment, he preferred not to think about the future.此时此刻,他宁愿不去想未来的事情。I preferred the title of reporter.我更喜欢记者这个头衔。2. 【律】提出(控告等)Police preferred charges against him for theft.警方指控他有偷窃行为。He preferred a charge against the robber.他控告那名盗贼。preference n.n.1. 更加的喜爱,偏爱UC(+for)A window seat is my preference.我喜欢靠窗的座位。We dress simply by preference.我们仅凭个人偏爱选择穿着。2. 偏爱的事物(或人)CWhich is your preference, tea or coffee?你喜欢喝哪一样,茶还是咖啡?3. 偏袒U(+for)Parents should not show preference for any one of their children.父母不应流露出对任何一个孩子的偏心。4. 优先(权);优惠权UCWe give preference to applicants with some experience.我们优先录用有经验的申请人。latter a. nearer to the end 后面的,后半的n. the second of two persons or things just spoken of 后者a.B1. 后面的;后半的;末了的This latter point was of great importance.后面这点极为重要。2. (两者中)后者的Here are Tom and David; the latter is my brother.这是汤姆和戴维;后者是我的兄弟。3. 最近的;现今的His health has been deteriorating in these latter years.最近几年他的健康越来越差。conflict vi. be opposed; clash 冲突n. disagreement; clash; fightvi.1. 矛盾,冲突(+with)The hours of the two meetings conflict.这两个会议时间冲突。2. 斗争,战斗;倾轧(+with)conflictn.CU1. 冲突,抵触,不一致,分歧(+between)This is an irreconcilable conflict.这是一个不可调和的矛盾。2. 斗争,争执,战斗(+between)Armed conflict is likely to break out between the two countries.这两国间有可能发生武装冲突。unquestioning a. given or done without question or doubt a.1. 不提出疑问的;不问是非的;不犹豫的agreement n. having the same opinion(s); thinking in the same way同意,一致 n.1. 同意,一致UMy parents are in agreement on what color to paint the house.我父母亲对于用什么颜色漆房子意见一致。2. 协定,协议CThe three sides reached an agreement to stop the war.三方达成协议停止战争。3. 【语】(人称,性别,数,格的)一致U(+with)criticism n. unfavourable remarks or judgments 批评n.UC1. 批评;评论I accepted his criticism of my behavior.我接受了他对我行为的批评。2. 苛求,挑剔,指责Her conduct was beyond criticism.她的品行无可指责。critic n. person who makes judgments about the good and bad qualities of sth.; person who points out mistakes评论家;批评者n.C1. 批评家,评论家He is a very famous film critic.他是一个很有名气的电影评论家。criticize vt.vt.1. 批评;批判;苛求;非难(+for)He criticized her in a very unfair way.他极不公平地指谪她。2. 评论;评价Its hard to criticize ones own work.评价自己的工作并非易事philosophy n. 哲学n.1. 哲学UHe majors in philosophy.他主修哲学。2. 哲学体系CHe is looking for a philosophy he can believe in.他在寻求一种他可以相信的哲学。3. 哲理;原理UCHe knew very little about the philosophy of aircraft designing.他对飞机设计原理知之甚少。4. 人生哲学;宗旨;见解UCEat, drink, and be merry - thats his philosophy.吃喝玩乐,那就是他的人生哲学。5. 哲人态度;达观;镇静UAccept bad news with philosophy.以豁达的态度来接受坏消息。resent vt. feel angry or bitter at 对.仇恨;对.不满vt.1. 愤慨;怨恨+v-ingHe did not appear to resent it.他好像对此并不生气。action n. the process of doing things; sth. done 行动过程;行动n.1. 行动;行为;活动UCThe quick action of the firemen saved the building from being burned down.消防队员行动及时,该建筑物方免遭焚毁。2. 作用UThe action of water on rock should be taken into account.应考虑到水对岩石的作用。3. 情节the SAll the action in the play takes place at one railroad station.该剧的整个情节均发生在一座火车站里。4. 战斗CU5. 诉讼CFinally she had to file an action for divorce.最后她只好提出离婚诉讼。custom n. 习惯;风俗n.1. (社会,团体的)习俗,惯例CUThe celebration of Christmas is a custom.庆祝圣诞节是一种风俗。2. (个人的)习惯C3. (顾客对商店等的)惠顾U;顾客U4. (常大写)海关the PDid you have any trouble with the Customs?你通过海关有麻烦吗?5. 关税Pperpetual a. never-ending; going on for a long time or without stopping永恒的;连续不断的a.1. 永久的;长期的They hoped to live in perpetual happiness.他们希望生活在永久幸福之中。2. 【口】无休止的;连续不断的Im tired of your perpetual nagging.我对你无休止的唠叨厌烦了。3. 无限期的;终身的He was perpetual president of the country.他是该国的终身总统。4. 四季开花的That is a hybrid perpetual rose.那是一株杂交的四季开花的蔷薇。n.constitution n. 宪法;章程n.1. 宪法;章程,法规CThe written constitution of the United States was adopted in 1787.美国的成文宪法于一七八七年通过。2. 体质,体格CUThe young man has a strong constitution.这位年轻人身强力壮。3. (事物的)构造,组成(方式)CU4. (规章等的)制定;(团体等的)设立Uliving a. alive now 活(着)的a.1. 活的;活着的All the living presidents attended Nixons funeral.所有活着的总统参加了尼克松的葬礼。2. 现存的3. 在活动中的;在使用着的a living language仍在使用的语言4. 充满生气的;活跃的;生动的The wilderness is a living museum of natural history.这片荒野是一座活生生的自然历史博物馆。5. 逼真的6. 生活的;维持生活的Living conditions have improved here.这里的生活条件已得到改善。7. 适于居住的remark vt. say; comment 说;评论说;n. 话语;评论vt.1. 谈到;评论;说Y+(that)A local newspaper remarked that crime was on the decrease.一家地方报纸评论说犯罪案件在减少。2. 注意,看到;觉察I remarked the tense atmosphere as soon as I entered the room.我一走进房间,就觉察到了紧张的气氛。vi.1. 谈论,议论;评论(+on/upon)Prof. Smith remarked on the difference between the two dictionaries.史密斯教授谈到了这两本词典的不同之处。n.1. 言辞;谈论,评论C(+on/upon/about/at)He had a habit of making humorous remarks.他有说幽默话的习惯。2. 注意;察觉UHe saw nothing worthy of remark at the exhibition.他在展览会上没有看到值得注目的东西。evil n. sth. bad; sin 邪恶;罪恶a. very bad 邪恶的;坏的a.1. 邪恶的;罪恶的The man was punished for his evil acts.此人因其恶行受到惩罚。2. 【口】讨厌的,令人不舒服的3. 有害的,恶毒的4. 不幸的,倒霉的n.1. 邪恶,罪恶USome people return good for evil.有些人以德报怨。2. 坏事;谗言CU3. 祸害,不幸CUMoney is thought to be the root cause of all evils.金钱被认为是万恶之源。idealism n.理想主义;唯心主义n.U1. 理想主义2. 【哲】唯心论;观念论,理念论3. 唯心主义arch(a)eology n. study of ancient things, esp. remains of prehistoric times考古学n.1. 考古学rotation n. 轮作;旋转n.UC1. 旋转;【天】自转The sun appears to rise and set because of the earths rotation.因为地球在自转,看上去就有了日出和日落。2. 循环;轮流,交替;(农作物的)轮作the rotation of kitchen chores轮流做厨房里的杂务rotate v. vi.1. 旋转,转动(+around)The earth rotates from west to east.地球从西向东旋转。2. 循环,轮流The seasons rotate.四季循环。3. 【军】轮换调防vt.1. 使旋转,使转动2. 使轮流;轮换Farmers rotate crops in the fields.农民在耕地上轮栽农作物。conservation n. protecting from loss or from being used up保护;保存n.U(+of)1. 保存2. (对自然资源的)保护,管理Conservation is one way to make sure we have enough energy in the future.对自然资源的保护是保证我们将来有足够的能源的一种办法。3. 【物】守恒,不灭conservation of mass质量守恒conserve vt.vt.1. 保存;保护;节省Such laws exist only to conserve the privilege of this selfish minority.这种法律的存在只会保护这一小部分自私自利者的特权。We turned the bicycle lights off to conserve the batteries.我们把自行车的灯关了,以节省电池的用电。2. 用糖保存,将.做成蜜饯conserve fruit将水果做成蜜饯3. 【物】使守恒conserve momentum使动量守恒superior a. good or better in quality or value较好的;估的a.1. (在职位,地位等方面)较高的,上级的(+to/in)2. (在数量等方面)较大的,较多的(+to/in)3. (在品质等方面)较好的,优秀的,上等的(+to/in)This handbag is made of superior leather.这只手提包由上等皮革制成。4. 位于高处的,较高的,上方的B5. 有优越感的;高傲的,傲慢的Dont take a superior attitude toward the younger students.不要对比自己年轻的同学采取傲慢的态度。6. 不为.所惑的,不屈服于.的F(+to)He is superior to bribery.他不会受贿赂。superiority n.n.1. 优越,优势;上等;优等;上级US1(+to/over/in)I do not doubt the superiority of the new method over the old one.我不怀疑这个新方法较旧方法为优。existence n. the state of existing存在n.1. 存在,实在UWe do not believe in the existence of ghosts.我们不相信真有鬼。2. 生存U
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