初中英语句式类型.doc

英语句式类型一、分类 1）按照句式结构分为三种：简单句、并列句、复合句 2）按照句子功能分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句第一节 简单句一、定义：简单句只包含一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成的句子，且句子的各个成分都是由单词或短语来组成的。二、分类：类型1：S + V。 该句型中谓语动词为不及物动词，后面不可接宾语，但可接状语或其他成分 例： Nobody went out. The children are playing. We study hard.类型2：S + V + O. 该句型中的谓语为及物动词，后面必须接宾语，且只能接一个宾语。例：We love our country. The old woman looks after the baby carefully. He dreamed a terrible dream last night.类型3：S + V + O(人) + O(物) 该句型中的动词为双宾语动词，后面必须接两个宾语。该类动词主要有：give, show, send, pass, lend, return, promise, owe; make, buy, do, fetch, paint, save, spare, find等例：He gave his sister the piano. He gave the piano to his sister. He bought his wife a coat. He bought a coat for his wife.类型4：S + V + O + C 该句型中的谓语动词后面必须接宾语，且还要用一个补足语来补充说明宾语的状态。例：I found the book easy. The teacher told us to study hard. We heard him singing.类型5：S + L + P该句型中的L为系动词，后常接表语。注意：1）该句型无被动；2）无进行；3）作非谓语时常用V-ing形式。 例：The flower is beautiful. He is a teacher.系动词分类：1）变化系动词：turn, become, grow, fall, get, go, come, run等 例：She becomes a lawyer. She turns lawyer.2）状态系动词：be, seem, remain, stay, stand, keep等 例：He always kept silent at meeting.3）感官系动词：feel, smell, sound, taste, look, appear等 例：The milk tastes sour. The cloth feels soft.4）终止性系动词：prove, turn out等 例：His plan turned out a success.第二节句子成分 在句子中起着不同语法作用的部分，叫做句子成分。句子成分有9种：主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、补语、状语、同位语、插入语。1、主语（subject）：表示句子描述的是“谁”或“什么”，通常是谓语动词的动作执行者。通常有名词、代词、数词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。 The students worked very hard. They are from America. 80% of the students in our class are girls. To learn English is very difficult for us. =It is difficult for us to learn English. Swimming in the lake is dangerous. What he said is true. 2、谓语动词：什么主语的动作或具有的状态与特征。 构成形式如下： 1）简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 She practices speaking English every day. The woman takes good care of the baby. I have got rid of smoking. 2）复合谓语形式1：由情态动词或助动词+动词构成。 You may go now. He has caught a bad cold. We are going to visit the old town tomorrow. 3）复合谓语形式2：由系动词+表语构成。 We are students. She becomes famous. The little girl is afraid of the snake. 4）复合谓语形式3：情态动词+系动词+表语 It will be wasted. He must be wrong. We will be free tomorrow. 5）复合谓语形式4：被动句的谓语动词。 Mary was seen to swim across the river.They were expected to finish the work as soon as possible.3、表语：用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的成分。一般在系动词之后。 表语可由下列结构充当：名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语及表语从句。 The young man has turned thief. All of these are yours. The flower is beautiful. The film is moving. We are moved by the film. Her job is to look after the baby.My job is teaching English.Tom was out then.The fact is that he passed the exam successfully.4、宾语：表示动作承受的对象。可由下列结构充当：名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。 He bought a new car. The heavy snow prevented her from going to school. She enjoys listening to music. I dont know how to get there. I think that he is old enough to join the army.5、宾补：英语中有少数及物动词后除了接一个宾语外，还必须有一个宾语补足语对宾语进行补充说明，这样才能使句子的意义完整，这类动词被称为“复合及物动词”，常见的动词有：make, consider, find, get, have, let等。 The boss made us work 14 hours every day. We found the dog lying on the ground. We painted our house white. We found him killed the next morning. 6、定语：用来修饰限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句。通常由下列结构充当：形容词、分词、名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语等。 She is a beautiful girl. My book is old. More than 30 students in our class are from abroad. He is the first to come and the last to leave. The teaching building is under construction. The girl in white is my sister.7、状语：用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。通常由副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、名词、形容词或状语从句等充当。 She used to sit for hours quietly. He has lived in the countryside for 20 years. The tree is too tall for the boy to climb up. Encouraged by the teacher, she made up her mind to learn English well. Wherever you go, whatever you do, I will wait for you.8、同位语（appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句来充当。 This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster. The question who should do the work is still in discussion.9、插入语（parenthesis）：对一句话作一些附加的解释；通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词或从句来充当。 To be frank, I dont quite agree with you.第三节并列句一、概念：有两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起，构成的句子叫做并列句。 例：He made a promise, but he didnt keep it. *： 1、并列句中两个简单句相互之间没有结构的所属关系，只是在语意上存在一定的联系。 2、并列连词的确定取决于分句之间的语意关系二、类型：1）顺承并列句；2）转折并列句；3）选择并列句；4）因果并列句；5）条件或结果并列句1、顺承并列句：表示两个同等的概念，常由：and, not onlybut also等连接例：They talked happily, and they forgot to cook supper. Not only did the students sing, but also the teacher sings.2、转折并列句：表示两个分句在语意上转折。常由：but, while, yet, nevertheless等连接 例：He worked hard, yet he failed. Some problems are easy while others are difficult.3、选择并列句：常由or，eitheror, otherwise等连接 例：Either you leave this house or I will call the police.I must work much harder, otherwise I cant catch up with the other classmates.4、因果并列句：常由for, so, therefore 等连接 例：It was late, so we went home. Its going to rain, for the sky is dark. It rained, therefore the football match was put off.5、条件或结果并列句 例：Hurry up, or well miss the train. Work hard and youll succeed in time.第四节复合句一、概念：用一个句子作另一个句子的某个成分（主、表、宾、同、定、状），两个句子有所属关系，含有这种结构的句子被称为复合句。例：When we shall hold a meeting is still a question. The question is when we shall hold a meeting. We are discussing when we shall hold a meeting.The question when we shall hold a meeting is not decided.The question we are discussing is when we shall hold a meeting.The question will be discussed when we shall hold a meeting. *：1）所有的从句必须有相应的从句引导词，有些从句引导词可以省略； 2）所有的从句语序要顺承，不能倒装。二、分类：1、定语从句；2、名词性从句；3、状语从句1、定语从句：限定性定语从句，非限定性定语从句 例：This is the man whom we have talked about. The note was left by John, who was here a moment ago.2、名词性从句：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句 What he said was not true. China is not what it used to be. I dont know why she refused my invitation. The news that they won the match is true.3、主语从句：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较 例：I will tell him when he comes back. There are plenty of sheep where I live. I do it because I like it. I got up early in order that I could catch the first bus. It was very cold so that the river froze. Ill come over to see you if I have time. He speaks English as if he were a native speaker. He is not so clever as his father.