状语从句总结(初二).doc

初二状语从句状语从句 （Adverbial Clause） 状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。状语从句的种类1.时间状语从句 2.地点状语从句 3.原因状语从句 4.条件状语从句5.目的状语从句6.让步状语从句 7.比较状语从句 8.方式状语从句 9.结果状语从句状语从句讲解状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如： 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语) 3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词) 5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句） 状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。 1.时间状语从句概念：在复合句中，由时间连接词引导的状语从句叫做时间状语从句。(在复合句中，要注意主句和从句的时态大多都要保持一致。） 要点:要点：由以下连词引导： when while as after before as soon as since till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenE.G.：I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园), the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home ,then it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.1.when在.的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.(在)莫扎特4岁的时候，开始写音乐作品。 2.while在.期间He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅行期间参观了许多地方。 3.as在.的同时；一边.一边.We always sing as we walk.我们总是一边走一边唱。 4.after在.之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework .他做完作业之后就离开教室。 5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here. 布朗先生来这里之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。 6.as soon as 一。就。We began to work as soon as we got there.我们一到那就开始工作。 I will write to you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你写信。 7.since 自。以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起始时间点到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(从三年前至今)表示。 Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。 8 till /until直到。都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。（强调将一般用until） They walked till /until it was dark.他们一直走到天黑。 Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。 9. by the time 到。为止(所在句子的主句应用完成时) By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。 By the time I got to school, the class had already began.我到校时，已经开始上课了。when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬间动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。 例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我停止吃饭。(瞬间动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当我住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。(瞬间动词) While引导的从句的谓语动词必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter. 他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police. 外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间) Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away. 妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2地点状语从句概念：地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导，已经形成了固定的句型， 要点:由连词where和复合关系词wherever (=no matter where )引导. E.G.：Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 句型1：Where地点从句，（there）主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里哪里就”；主句在从句后面时，there可用可不用；如果主句在从句的前面时，一般都不用there。例如： Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方，耕作是困难的，或根本不可能的。 You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 句型2：Anywhere/ wherever地点从句，主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词，但是，常可以引导从句，相当于连词，意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前，也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词，表示“在何处，无论何处”。例如： Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。知识扩展1.Where there is a will , there is a way. 有志者事竟成。(谚语) 2.Wherever you go , I go too. 无论你到什么地方，我都去。(wherever=no matter where)无论何处，多用于句首。 3.Wherever there is smoke , there is fire. 无风不起浪。(谚语) 4. While she was wondering where to go , she met a policeman. 疑问副词where后跟不定式,构成不定式短语.3.条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, (=if not) 引导特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that E.G.:Well start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying. Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足. 2.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.) 难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时. lHe will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow. 一般将来时， 一般现在时 lThey are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week. 一般将来时, 一般现在时4. 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, for也可由for, now that 等词引导特殊引导词：seeing that, in that, considering that, given that. 1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill. 我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。 2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. 既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧. 3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late. 既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜. 4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her. 我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她. 5Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. 6The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.难点because , since , as , for,辨析 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today. 3) as和for的区别： 通常情况下，as引导的从句在主句前，for引导的从句在主句后。例： As the weather is cold, I stay at home.（同义句） I stay at home, for the weather is cold.5.目的状语从句要点： 目的状语从句由连词that, so that, sothat , in order that 引导。特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that e.g.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 1.so that 以至, 以便 Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) 我将慢慢跑以至你能赶上我。 I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的) 我把窗户打开以使新鲜空气可以进来。 2.in order that=so that:为了 We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements. 不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的) 3.despite= in spite of6.结果状语从句要点：结果状语从句由连词( so )that, sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。 1.sothat 如此以至于 He always studied so hard that he made great progress. 他总是那么努力，结果他取得了很大的进步。 2. suchthat 如此。以至 Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park. 天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。 3.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little(这四个形容词表多或表少时)连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowerssuch nice flowers so much / little money. such rapid progress so many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 难点 +形容词或副词 +形+a(an)+单数可数名词 so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that +much或 little+不可数名词 so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数,单数,则必须在名词前加冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over. 我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块. 2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any. 笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你. 3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步. 4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. 麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以至于大家都相信他 (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 天气是如此只好,以至于我想去散散步.7.让步状语从句要点: 表示让步的状语从句由连词though, although, even if, even though引导. 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。 The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He wont listen whatever you may say.难点： lthough, although当虽然讲, 都不能和but连用. Although,(though)but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以though (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的. Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy. 虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐. Wrong: Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children. Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩. although, though 辨析 although 不能though 那样用作副词, 放在句末表示强调时要用even though. 1。He is looking fit, though.但是,他看上去很健康. 考点 2。Even though I didnt understand a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。 3。He is quite experienced, he is young, though.尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。9.比较状语从句要点：比较状语从句主要运用于形容词和副词的原级，比较级及最高级的句子之中。 原级: 常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BThe house is three times as big as ours. The more you exercise, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。1. asas 和。一样 Jack is as tall as Bob. 捷克和汤姆一样高。 2. not so(as)as 和不一样 She is not so(as)outgoing as her sister. 她不如她姐姐外向。 比较级morethan (更) This book is more instructive than that one. 这本书比那本书由教育意义。 最高级1.The mostin/of This book is the most interesting of the three. 这本书是三本中最有趣的。 2. the + 形容词+estof/in This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。 知识扩展no more than只不过(嫌少的意思) 1。I have no more than two pens. 我只有两支笔。 2。Its no more than a mile to the shops. 去商店不过一英里。 not more than不如。；(前者不如后者) 1。Jack is not more diligent than John. 捷克不如约翰勤奋。 2。one of the + 名词(复数).之一(用于最高级) Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。10.方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though, how引导。 特殊引导词：the way Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.1） as, (just) asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如： 1。Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。 2。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。 3.When in Rome, do as the Roman do. 2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的，好像似的，例如： 1。They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed. 他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 2。He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting. 他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。） 3。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。） 说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如： 1。He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。 2。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。 3。The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。