初三英语讲座词汇和完形填空.doc

初三英语讲座词汇和完形填空一、词汇：根据教委日前公布的2005年中考改革方案，英语学科将充分贯彻“二期课改”的精神，实行“一纲多本”的考核原则，试卷不再出现分叉，目前使用三套不同教材的考生将使用完全相同的一张试卷。与此同时市教研室推出了最新修订的初中英语教学基本要求与训练（考纲），指导同学们的英语学习。其中修订的一个原则是提取常用、共有的单词，让使用不同教材的学生所增加的词汇数基本相同(各增加200个左右)。05年考纲词汇表中共有单词1678个,词组354个。如何掌握和会运用这些词语是总复习中一项重要的任务.上一讲中谈了如何扩大词汇量。这一讲中就考纲中新增的部分词组作用法示例。1. a couple of 两个；几个 two things related in some way; a few; several;I found a couple of socks in the bedroom but they dont make a pair.I have a couple of things to do. / I waited a couple of hours. 2. be fond of 爱好 like, be full of love for, take pleasure inI am very fond of ice cream.She likes all her children, but shes especially fond of Peter.3compare with 与比较 to exam or judge (one thing) against another If you compare British football with American football, you will find many differences.4. deal with 处理 to treat; take action aboutHow do you deal with this problem?5. except for 除以外 leaving out; not includingExcept for one old lady, the bus was empty. (= She was the only person in the bus.)His composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes.6. get rid of 摆脱-to free oneself from (something unwanted),How can we get rid of this unwelcome guest? How can we manage to make him leave?7. hold ones breath 屏住呼吸 - stop breathing for a moment When a whale under water, it closes its nose and holds its breath. 7. keep in touch 接触；联系-connection so as to receive informationI have kept in touch with my host family in Australia by sending emails since I came back home.9. show off 炫耀 to behave so as to try to get people to admire one, ones abilitiesDont look at him! Hes just showing off.10. turn out 结果是，证明是 to happen to be in the endHis statement turned out to be false.What he said turned out to be true later.以上选自新列入考纲的十个词组，同学们可通过句子准确理解、掌握、运用新增的词组。并以此方法学习考纲中354个词组。 二完形填空 完形填空是测试学生的语言知识、阅读理解能力和总体语言水平。在考卷中难点最集中、难度最高,是为了增加区分度而设计的试题。解这类题最能反映学生运用语言的能力。它要求学生熟练掌握词汇和语法知识，同时也要求学生具备较高的阅读理解能力。掌握语言知识和发展语言能力是相互促进、相辅相成的，因此只有增加了语言知识，才能为大量的阅读铺平道路；而在阅读实践中培养的语感和处理英语语句的技巧又可以增进阅读理解的准确性、提高英语语言水平。阅读水平高，完形一定好；阅读不好，完形就做不好。因此要用阅读引领完形。1、如何提高阅读能力？1）不断扩大词汇量a) 利用词缀来猜测词义，如：im-、dis-、un-、-er、-ist等b) 利用上下文的语义联系来推测词义，如反义关系、因果关系等。2）扩大知识面，增加背景知识。利用自己原有的知识，提高理解能力。背景知识材料多样，包括天文地理、风土人情、政治历史、人物传略、科学技术等等。3） 把握阅读技巧，阅读可分为下列几种：a) 略读(skimming)，主要目地是了解文章大意。b) 寻读(scanning)，主要目的是在文中查找所要信息。c) 细读(careful reading)，主要是把握文章细节。d) 评读 (critical reading)，主要是对所读文章进行评论。总之不断提高阅读理解能力是做好完形填空的关键。2、如何做好完形填空？完形填空是测试学生阅读理解能力和语言知识的综合性练习。由于初中生所学到的英语知识面还不够广，语言功底也比较浅，在做这类练习时往往没把握。其实只要懂得做这类题目的方法和技巧，并不断地在做这类练习时进行总结，充分发挥自己的潜力，经过不断的训练，是能把这类练习做好的。完形填空分选择填空和给首字母填空两部分（或首字母不给）。选择填空的每小题一般给四个选项，这四个选项通常属于一个范畴的词类，干扰项也可以和空格前或后的文字相匹配，具有一定的干扰作用。做四选一选择题时，可以从文章意思和语言结构两方面着手选择正确的答案。可以借助词汇、句法、以及上下文来判断什么是正确答案。如果四个选项具有不同的词义，则应该根据上下文来判断什么是正确答案。如果四个选项是近义词，应着重从词义辨别的角度选择答案；做给首字母填空题，打头字母能起到一定的提示作用，但因范围较广所以这是较难得分的题目。解这类题的基本功是对所缺的单词词性判断和大概意思的猜测。但仅仅判断所缺词在该句中的意思和语法特征，有时也未必能正确解题，有时需要通读全文才能解题。无论做选择填空还是给首字母填空都应做到：1) 通读全文，仔细阅读文章的第一句和最后一句，基本把握语篇的大意。有时候选择哪一个单词要看到文章的后段才能确定，如果不把全篇内容搞清楚，很可能会造成前后意思矛盾，甚至会使原文的意思面目全非。因此，做题要顾及文章的整体性和合理性。2）分析句子的成分，确定所缺的词在句中所充当的成分和该词的词性，把考虑选择单词的范围缩小到最低限度。如名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、连接词等，确保语法结构的正确性。再根据上下文的意思确定该填入的词。3）所选单词要根据篇章内容来定，不要不加思考照搬你所熟悉的句型和词组。因为有时从词组或单句来看好像是准确的，但从全句和全文来看却是不合逻辑的。要注意这类题中往往会故意穿插一些非词组的搭配，看学生能不能辨别，以此考查学生的阅读能力。（值得注意的是近年来单纯考核句型和词组搭配完形填空有走弱、甚至出局之势。）4）做完后一定要反复阅读短文，检验单词填入后的句意和全文的意思是否相符，是否符合逻辑；再检验空格内填入的名词的单复数，动词的时态或形式，形容词、副词的原级、比较级和最高级等等是填对了。检查所填单词有没有拼写错误、语法毛病、逻辑矛盾。完形填空要求学生根据短文内容和上下文的情景，作出符合情节和逻辑的正确判断。所以对全文的正确理解是做好完形填空的关键。3完形填空训练指导1) 选词填空：四选一的形式，其一所要填的词语均处于文章所提供的背景下，不仅要考虑一般语言规律，还必须考虑当时的特定条件。其二所需要的是最佳答案，因此解题时注重对文章的理解，加强选项之间的比较，做出最合适的选择。例1： English today is very different from the English spoken long long ago. _ the 12th century, the language had already changed a lot.A. From B. In C. Until D By 做这道题的关键在于看清时态，就可以毫不犹豫地选择D。 例2“Isnt it a nice day?” “Do you _1_ it will rain?” “I think its going to rain.” These are the common ways of _2_ conversation.1） A. think B. see C. say D. feel2) A. start B. begin C. talking D. starting1) 应选A。 从后面的句子I think 就能判断出A是准确答案。2) 当同学们看到conversation 会考虑到 start conversation, 但这时一定要注意介词 of 后应跟动名词 starting, 所以答案应是D。 例3Karl Landsteiner first thought of naming blood types in 1900. He _ four types.A. make blood into B. put blood intoC. keep blood into D. store blood as做这题时，好多同学吃不准应用哪一个搭配，但只要你仔细辨别，不难发现这四个选项看起来都是动词原形，但其中B项的动词put过去式、过去分词是同一单词，而这个选项的时态应该是过去时，所以B是正确答案。If the mother has another RH+ baby, the mothers blood will attack the babys blood. The baby may die or _.A. sickness B. illness C. ill D. become sick.这道题同学们会误选C ill, 但如果能仔细看清情态动词may, 就不难作出准确的选择 D become sick. 请看练习： The United States covers a large part of the North _1_ continent, when this land first became a nation. After _2_ its freedom from England, it has 13 states. Each of the states has a star on the American flag. As the nation _3_, new states were formed and there were new stars on the flag. _4_ a long time, there were 48 states. In 1959 two _5_ stars were added to the flag, standing for the new states of Alaska and Hawaii.Indians were the first of the land and a great number of people came from England. It is _6_ that reason that the language of the U.S. is from England and why its culture and customs are more _7_ those of England than any other country in the world.1. A) America B) Americas C) American D) Americans2. A) win B) won C) winning D) have won3. A) grew B) grows C) growing D) have grown4. A) In B) From C) For D) Though5. A) another B) many C) other D) more6. A) on B) in C) because D) because of7. A) as B) like C) as if D) because of(答案：CCACDDB) 注意：第1题 American 修饰continent 作定语；第2题介词after 后应跟动名词 winning; 第3题 掌握时态，不难作出选择grew;第4题一段时间用介词for; 第五题two more stars (注意搭配：another two stars)；第6题because of 后接名词 that reason (注意：because后接句子)；第7题 more like (更像)。2. 首字母填空完形填空的首句一般都是完整的，其目的是为了给我们一个整体思路。所以同学们应重视短文的首句。同学们应先通读一遍，得到一个整体概念。接下来边看边做，要考虑语义搭配、固定句式、时态、词组等各方面；有的单词还应从上下文的启示中找到答案。最后一定要通读全文，进行复查。例1 Today we can enjoy music from far away, music of long ago, and music of h_ and now.这句句子初一读很多同学都觉得无从入手，有的同学想到了history, 但我们从long ago 对应后面的now, 就应从 far away 来考虑与之相对应的单词，我们就不难想到应该是 here。We can hear great music from all over the world on recordings and at c_.这里同学们想到了concert, 但却很容易忽略它的复数形式concerts, 希望前面的recordings 能起到提示作用。Music is important to e_ of us.这一空格同学们应注意的是 of sb. 前是不能用every 和everyone，所以必须填 each。 例2Mr. Smith was a blacksmith in a small town. He was very absent-minded.One day he went to visit a friend w_ lived not far from the market. They had dinner t_ and talked and talked, for Jackson liked t_ very much. The clock s_ twelve then one, two and s_ Johnson kept on talking. But by this time the friend was f_ very tired and kept looking at the clock on the wall. At last he said, “ Jackson, my dear friend, I dont want to be impolite, but you see, I have to go to the market at six tomorrow morning and I must go to bed now.” Jackson said in s_ “ I thought you were in my house. 第一格 who ,引导定语从句； 第二格 together, have dinner together；第三格 talking； 这里要注意 ：like doing sth.； 第四格 .struck (strike struck struck) 这个空格要注意用过去式；第五格still, 仍然在讲；第六格 feeling, 要注意 动词was 后接现在分词feeling； 第七格in surprise 注意名词，很多同学会误用surprised。例三: ( 区模拟考题)We just wanted to say thank you for putting us up b_ we caught the plane last week.put up 接待；为提供食宿；供膳宿 thank sb. for doing sth. 为某事而感谢某人。所以这一格填 because 显然不对的。（because 引导的原因状语从句主句是过去时，从句还应是过去完成时）。这一格应该是 before.We m_ to get to the airport with plenty of time to spare. We even tried to get on an e_ flight, but it wasnt possible.第一格 managed 这里相当于succeeded in doing sth. 后一格错误率较高，很多同学想到early, 却没想到比较级，想要赶上前一航班（我们航班的前一班）。The weather was fantastic(好极了).The sun didnt stop s_ all the time we were there.这一个的错误在于单词拼写：shineshining,不少同学都双写词尾：shinning.(把现在分词的去e 加 ing 和重读闭音节双写词尾搞混在一起，所以掌握基本功是重要的。)Anyway were looking forward to _ from you, and hope to see you soon.look forward to 期待,盼望, 这里to 是介词，所以应填hearing. hear from sb.= receive a letter from sb.例四（2004年中考卷完形填空）： Christopher and Jeff had known each other since childhood. One day, Jeff told his friend that he had fallen in love and planned to get married the n_1_ months. He asked Christopher to lend him $ 1,000 for the wedding party, and promised to pay him back a month later when he started his new job. Christopher knew that Jeff was not very good with money, but he s_2_ agreed. As they were old friends, they didnt put anything in writing.A month later, Christopher hadnt heard from Jeff or received any money, s_3_ he phoned him. Jeff was very apologetic and said he would surely pay him back within a month. Six weeks later, Christopher tried to phone Jeff and f_4_ he had moved and left no link address. B_5_ this time, he was angry.Then one month later, to his surprise, Christopher received a cheque (支票) for $100 from Jeff and a letter giving his address. He explained that Hed been having the money p_6_, and wouldnt be able to pay back the remaining $900 for some time. Christopher wrote back telling Jeff to forget the r_7_ of the money and never to reach him again by message or telephone.答案：1. next (修饰month) 2.分析句子结构，在主语he 和谓语 agreed 之间只能是副词作状语，再根据连词but所表示的转折的含义“但他还是”, 应填 still。3. so, 本空没难度，后面句子表示结果。4. found 在and 后面是个宾语从句，应该是填及物动词，而且是过去式5. 本题是去年中考错误率作高的题之一。很多同学填了but, 此处不是要表达转折的意思，而表达的是“到这时”， 所以应该是介词By。6. 本题难度也较大，同样同学们应分析句子成分，才能得到准确的答案了。本空是跟在having 后面作宾语的名词，空格前面的money应是定语。根据意思应该是“钱的问题”应填入problem(s)。7. 本空没太高的难度，正确答案rest。 （注意不能加s）完形填空是中考题型中难度最高的一部分,是考核学生阅读理解能力和语言知识的综合性练习。要提高该题型的解题能力,平时要注意积累,善于分析自己所做过的这类练习,总结自己做错的原因,不断实践、不断积累。掌握一定的方法和技巧，充分发挥自己的潜力，是能够把这类题做好的。