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【考点直击】1.短语动词的辨析；2.英语句子的基本句型结构；3.初中阶段主要句型的用法。【名师点睛】短语动词是中考的重要内容之一。在初中阶段，我们已经学习了不少短语动词，把他们加以归纳总结，进行重点复习是十分必要的。英语中有许多短语动词在意义上是一个整体，其用法有的相当于及物动词，有的相当于不及物动词，有的兼有及物动词和不及物动词的特征。1.短语动词的分类(1)动词介词常见的有look for, look after, ask for, laugh at, hear of等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后。如：Dont laugh at thers.Tom asked his parents for a bike.(2)动词副词常见的有give up,pick up,think over,find out,hand in,等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，既可放在副词前边，又可放在副词后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则要放在副词前边。如：Youll hand in your home work tomorrow.Please dont forget to hand it in.(3)动词副词介词常见的有go on with,catch up with等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：Go on andI ll catch up with you in five minutes.After a short rest, he went on with his research work.(4)动词名词介词常见的有take careo f, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of等。这类短语动词的宾语只能放在介词后边。如：You should pay attention to your hand writing.We should make full use of our time.(5)动词形容词常见的有leave open,set free,cut open等。这类短语动词的宾语如果是名词，则宾语可放在形容词的前边，也可放在后边；宾语如果是人称代词或反身代词，则必须放在形容词前边。如：The prisoners were set free.He cut it open.(6)动词名词常见的有take place, make friends等。这类短语动词用作不及物动词。如：This story took place three years ago.I make friends with a lot of people.2.短语动词的辨析(1)be made in（在生产或制造），be made of(由组成或构成)(2)come down(下来;落)，come along(来；随同)，come to oneself(苏醒)，come true(实现)，come out(花开；发芽；出现；出来)，come over（过来；顺便来访），come in(进来)，come on(来吧；跟着来；赶快),come up with(找到；提出)(3)do ones best(尽最大努力),do well in(在干得好),do ones homework(做作业)，do some reading(阅读)(4)fall asleep(入睡)，fall behind(落在.后面)，fall off(从掉下)，fall down(到下；跌倒)(5)get down(下来；落下)，get on(上车)，get to(到达)，get up(起床)，get back(回来；取回)，get off(下来)，get on well with(与相处融洽)，get married(结婚)，get together(相聚)(6)give up(放弃)，givea hand(给与帮助)，give a concert(开音乐会)(7)go back(回去)，go on(继续)，go home(回家)，go to bed(睡觉)，go over(过一遍；仔细检查)，go out(外出；到外面)，go wrong(走错路)，go on doing(继续做某事)，go shopping(买东西)，go boating(去划船),go fishing(去钓鱼)，go hiking(去徒步旅行)，go skating(去滑冰)，go straight along(沿着一直往前走)(8)have a look(看一看),have a seat（坐下）,have supper（吃晚餐）,have a rest（休息）,have sports（进行体育活动）,have a cold（感冒）,have a cough（咳嗽）,have a good time（过得愉快）,have a headache（头痛），have a try(尝试；努力)(9)look for(寻找)，look out(留神;注意)，look over(仔细检查)，look up(向上看；抬头看)，look after(照顾;照看)，look at(看；观看)，look like(看起来像)，look the same(看起来像)，(10)make friends(交朋友)，make phone calls(打电话)，make money(赚钱)，make the bed(整理床铺)，make a noise(吵闹)，make a faces(做鬼脸)，make ones way to(往走去)，make room for(给腾出地方)，make a decision(做出决定)，make a mistake(犯错误)，make up ones mind(下决心)(11)put on(上演；穿上；戴上)，pu tup(挂起；举起)，put down(把某物放下来)，put away(把某物收起来),put off(推迟)(12)take off(脱掉衣服)，take photos(照相)，take time(花费时间)，take out(取出)，take a seat(坐下)，take an active part in(积极参加)，take care of(照顾；照料；注意)，take exercise(做运动)，take onesp lace(坐某人的位置；代替某人的职务)，take turn(轮流)(13)talk about(谈话；交谈)，talk with(和交谈)(14)turn on(打开电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn off(关上电灯，收音机，煤气，自来水等)，turn down(关小；调低)，turnover(把.翻过来)(15)think of(认为；想起)，think about(考虑)3.句子的基本句型结构根据句子所用动词的不同，句子可归纳为五个基本句型。(1)主语+连系动词+表语。例如：My mother is a doctor.Her voice sounds nice.(2)主语+不及物动词。例如：He runs fast.We study hard.(3)主语+及物动词+宾语。例如：Children of ten sing this song.He studies nglish.1)常用-ing形式,而不用不定式作宾语的动词有：enjoy, finish, feel like, consider, practise,keep, suggest, mind等。例如：She enjoys reading novels and swimming. 2)常用不定式，而不用-ing形式作宾语的动词有：wish, hope,agree, plan, decide, refuse等。例如：Where do you wish to sit?Tom agreed to lend me some money.3)有些及物动词既可用不定式，由可用-ing形式作宾语，但意义不同。这类动词常见的有：remember,forget等。例如：Please remember to post the letter for me.请记住替我发了这封信。I remember posting the letter.我记得那封信寄过了。Stop的用法同上面的词相仿，不过stop后面跟不定式不是作宾语，而是作状语。试比较下列句子：He stopped to smoke.他停下来吸烟。He stopped smoking.他停止吸烟了。4)有些及物动词的宾语，既可用不定式，又可用-ing形式，意义基本相同。这类动词常见的有：like,love,hate,begin,start,continue等。例如：I like to swim insummer.Ilikeswimminginsummer.(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。例如：My father bought me a new bike.He gave me an apple.1)及物动词之后跟有双宾语，往往一个指人，一个指物。指人的为间接宾语，指物的为直接宾语。一般情况下，间接宾语在前，直接宾语在后。如果要把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾语前需加介词。例如：Please pass me a cup of tea.=Please pass a cup of tea to me.Show me your newbook, please.=Please show your newbook to me.2)把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，间接宾前有时加介词to,有时加介词for,这主要取决于谓语动词。一般在动词give,tell,sell,lend,show之后加to。在动词buy,make,get等之后加for。例如：Would you lend me your dictionary, please?=Would you youre your dictionary to me, please?Tomsmother bought him a pair of new shoes.=Tomsmother bought a pair of news hoes for him.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语。例如：We keep our classroom clean and tidy.I hear someone singing in the next room.1)及物动词指后跟有复合宾语，一个是宾语，一个是宾语补足语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。例如：We call him Jack.Dont get your hands dirty.2)在及物动词之后，用不定式作宾语补足语和用-ing形式作宾语补足语表示的意思往往不同。用不定式作宾语补足语指事情的全过程；用-ing形式作宾语补足语指正在进行的动作的一部分。例如：I heard him sing that song.(我听他唱过那首歌。)When I came back, I heard him singing in the room.(我回来时，听见他正在房间里唱歌。)3)在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, listento, look at使役动词let, make, have等的复合宾语种，不定式须省去to。但变为被动句时，省去的to要加上。例如：I saw him going to the room.He was seen to going to the room.
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