高中英语分词作状语.doc

明仁教育一对一个性化教案学生姓名学生年级高一教师姓名授课日期月 日授课时段课题必修四:Unit4 V-ing做状语重点难点1. 掌握V-ing做状语的用法2. 现在分词作状语的类型及现在分词作状语的注意事项教学步骤及教学内容教学步骤及教学内容教学过程：（一）上次课作业检查与分析。（二）课前热身，检查学生对上堂课的掌握情况。（三）本次课教学内容：分词作状语的用法 -ing形式作状语，可表示时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件等。如：1. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. (伴随)2. Hang Wei went to school, taking a train. (方式)3. While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. (时间)4. Not having received a reply, we wrote again. (原因)5. Heating water，we can change it into vapor (条件)注意：-ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。-ing形式前可有while, when, unless, though, if等连词。一、用作时间状语1. 典型例句Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。The work finished, he went home. 工作做完后，他就回家了。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作时间状语通常可转换成时间状语从句(引导时间状语的从属连词需根据句意来确定)，如上面两句也可转换成：When As soon as the mouse saw the cat, it ran off. After the work was finished, he went home. 3. 高考实例When _different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities. A. comparedB. being compared C. comparingD. having compared【分析】此题答案选C，分词短语when comparing different cultures相当于时间状语从句when we compare different cultures。二、用作原因状语1. 典型例句Being very weak, she couldnt move. 她由于身体虚弱而不能行动。His car broken down, he had to walk. 他的车坏了，所以只好走路。Much discouraged, she moved on to Beijing. 她很沮丧，搬到了伦敦。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作原因状语通常可转换成由as, because, since, now that 等引导的原因状语从句，如上面三句也可转换成：As she was very weak, she couldnt move. Because his car was broken down, he had to walk. Because she was much discouraged, she moved on to Beijing. 3. 高考实例(1) _with so much trouble, we failed to complete the task on time. A. Faced B. Face C. Facing D. To face【分析】答案选A。现在分词短语faced with so much trouble可转换成原因状语从句because we were faced with so much trouble。(2) _for the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirits. A. BlamingB. BlamedC. To blameD. To be blamed【分析】答案选B。现在分词短语blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network 可转换成原因状语从句because she was blamed for the breakdown of the school computer network。三、用作条件状语1. 典型例句Working hard, you will succeed. 如果努力工作，你就可以成功。Adding them all up, we can find the answer. 如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作条件状语通常可转换成由从属连词if引导的条件状语从句，如上面几句也可转换成：If you work hard, you will succeed. If we add them all up, we can find the answer. If we are united, we stand; if we are divided, we fall. If we had been given more time, we could have done it better.3. 高考实例_ time, hell make a first-class tennis player. A. Having givenB. To giveC. GivingD. Given【分析】答案选D。give 与其逻辑主语 he 是动宾关系，用过去分词，故选 D。分词短语 Given time 可转换成条件状语从顺 If he is given time。四、用作让步状语1. 典型例句Although living miles away, he attended the course. 虽然住在几英里以外，他仍去上课。Defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 虽然被击败了，他仍是一个受欢迎的拳击手。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作让步状语通常可转换成由从属连词though, although, no matter等引导的让步状语从句，如上面两句也可转换成：Although he lived miles away, he attended the course. Thought he was defeated, he remained a popular boxer. 3. 高考实例No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performingC. to be performedD. being performed【分析】答案选A。现在分词短语performed在此相当于they are performed。 No matter how frequently they are performed的意思是“无论它们（指贝多芬的作品）被演奏多少次”。五、用作伴随状语1. 典型例句He sat in the chair reading a newspaper. 他坐在椅子上看报。Dont you sit there doing nothing. 别什么也不干坐在那里。He came in, followed by his wife. 他走了进来，后面跟着他的妻子。2. 理解技巧理解“伴随状语”的关键是要理解“伴随”二字。分词(短语)用作伴随状语时，它表示的动作伴随句子谓语动作同时发生，即句子谓语所表示的动作为主要动作，分词短语所表示的动作伴随性的次要动作。3. 高考实例(1) Dont sit there _ nothing. Come and help me with this table. A. do B. to do C. doing D. and doing(2) My cousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits. A. broughtB. bringingC. to bringD. had brought(3) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing.A. sayingB. saidC. to sayD. having said(4) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things. A. thinkingB. thinkC. to thinkD. thought六、用作方式状语1. 典型例句He earns a living driving a truck. 他靠开卡车谋取生。Im returning you letter as requested. 我按要求给你退信。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作方式状语与用作伴随状语的情形比较接近。有时用作方式状语的现在分词可以转换成by doing sth的结构，如上面第一句也可换成：He earns a living by driving a truck. 注：近几年高考对分词用作方式状语的情形考得较少。七、用作结果状语1. 典型例句He fired, killing one of the passers-by. 他开枪了，打死了一个过路人。He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个儿子。It rained and rained, vehicles bogged and bridges washed out. 雨不停地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲去。2. 理解技巧分词(短语)用作结果状语时，通常可转换成并列句，如上面两句也可转换成：He fired and killed one of the passers-by. He died and left his wife with five children. It rained and rained, and vehicles were bogged and bridges were washed out.3. 高考实例(1) He glanced over at her, _ that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together. A. notingB. notedC. to noteD. having noted【分析】答案选A，此句也可换成：He glanced over at her and noted that though she was tiny, she seemed very well put together.(2) Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reachedB. reachingC. to reachD. to be reaching【分析】答案选B此句也可换成：Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year and reached a record US$ 57.65 a barrel on April 4. 鉴于以上分词的用法，我们一定要弄清分词的方方面面：一、弄清什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，即不用作谓语的动词，所以它没有真正的主语。但是，分词作为动词的一种形式，它应有自己理论上或逻辑上的主语，即逻辑主语。如：I often hear him singing this song. 我经常听他唱这首歌。(him 是singing的逻辑语)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying. 听到这消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的逻辑主语)若用的是过去分词或现在分词的被动式，则上面提到的逻辑主语实为“逻辑宾语”。如：I often hear this song sung. 我经常听到有人唱这首歌。(this song是sung的逻辑主语，但是sing 的逻辑宾语)I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看见她被送到手术室。(her是being taken 的逻辑主语，但是take 的逻辑宾语)二、弄清分词逻辑主语的易错点分词作状语，它的逻辑主语通常应是句子的主语，否则会出错。请看下题：1. Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help此题答案应选D，因为句首用作状语的现在分词短语finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语应是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分词的逻辑主语时还要注意根据句意判断是主动还是被动。如：2. _ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though to be toldC. Having told D. He was told根据句意，he 与 tell 应是被动关系。从时间上看，应该是“被告诉”在先，“没有理解”在后，故选A。比较下题由于句中用了并列连词but，情况有所不同：3. _ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was toldC. To have been told D. He was told此题答案选D，句中的并列连词 but 表明整个句子为并列句，同时表明 but 前应是一个独立的句子，而不能是一个非谓语动词短语(所以不能选A或C)。三、弄清分词逻辑主语的特例一般说来，分词作状语，它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，但事实上有少数例外的特殊情况：1. 某些表示说话人态度的一些惯用分词表达，它们在用作状语时其逻辑主语可以与句子主语不一致。如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般说来，女人比男人活得长。Judging from what you say, he ought to succeed. 从你的话看，他应当能成功。Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达得很快。Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考虑到各种因素，你最好离开。2. 当句子含有先行主语it或there时，有时用作状语的分词短语可以与先行主语不一致。如：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于时间很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法国人，但她做饭做得那么糟真是令人感到惊奇。3. 当分词已转化为介词或连词，此时也无需考虑主语一致问题。如：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 要是她不来我们怎么办?(supposing为连词，意为“假若”)Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考虑到他们没有经验，这工作已做得很不错了。(given为介词，意为“考虑到”)4. 当分词暗含的逻辑主语为表示泛指意义的one或you时，也无需考虑主语的一致性问题。如：In doing such work, patience is needed. 做这种工作需要耐心(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)四、弄清分词的独立主格结构在通常情况下，分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，若不一致，则应改用其他句型。如：误：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题，也可在分词前加一个名词或代词，使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式，故称分词的独立主格结构。如：The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好，我们就去游泳了。He being absent, nothing couldnt be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。下面这道题是考查非谓语动词、状语从句还是祈使句？_ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided. A. Having checkedB. CheckC. If you checkD. To check【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选，尤其可能误选A。【分析】最佳答案选 C。前面一个分句为条件状语从句，后面一个分句为主语。现分析几个干扰项：选项 A 和 D 均为非谓语动词，根据英语语法习惯，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，而此句的 some spelling mistakes 显然不能用作 having 【重点归纳】现在分词作状语时，分词动作与主语之间常构成主谓关系，说明谓语动作发生的原因、方式、时间、条件、结果、伴随等方面的情况。如：In April, 2009, President Hu inspected the warships in Qingdao, A the 60th anniversary of the founding of the PLA Navy. (2009福建)A. marking B. marked C. having marked D. being markedA small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _B_ all four people on board. (2009上海)A. killed B. killing C. kills D. to kill【重点归纳】现在分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语一致。如：Opening the window, a butterfly flew into my study. (误)Opening the window, I saw a butterfly flying into my study. (正)1. 现在分词的时态现在分词有一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)之分；现在分词的完成式表示分词动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：_C_ in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car. (2008福建)A. Waiting B. To wait C. Having waited D. To have waited2. 现在分词的语态现在分词一般式的被动语态(being done)表示某被动动作正在进行；现在分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)表示某被动动作发生在谓语动作之前。如：_D_ many times, he finally understood it. （2009四川）A. Told B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told3. 现在分词的否定式现在分词的否定形式是由not 加现在分词构成的。如：_C_ that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper into the forest. (2008浙江)A. Not realized B. Not to realize C. Not realizing D. Not to have realized4. v-ing形式与状语从句的转换v-ing形式作状语在句法功能上相当于一个状语从句。如：Having lived in Britain for years, he acted as our guide during our stay in London. = Since he had lived in Britain for years, he acted as our guide during our stay in London. Working hard with a strong will, you can also make a difference.= If you work hard with a strong will, you can also make a difference.(1)“连词 + v-ing形式”作状语while, when, before, although, unless等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，在简化为v-ing形式作状语时，通常要保留原连词，形成“连词 + 现在分词”结构。如：Although we have nothing to do here, we cant leave here.= Although having nothing to do here, we cant leave here.(2) 若作状语的现在分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，分词就要带上自己的逻辑主语构成独立主格结构。如：The meeting being over (= When the meeting was over), we all drove home.Time permitting (= If time permits), I will attend the meeting to be held tomorrow.注意：状语从句的主语与主句的主语不一致，在简化为v-ing形式作状语时，要去掉原连词。如：When his homework had been finished, he went home.= When his homework having been finished, he went home. ()= His homework having been finished, he went home. ()(3)“on / upon + v-ing形式”作状语。如：On arriving at the party, she found all the people gone.= When she arrived at the party, she found all the people gone.(4)“副词 + v-ing形式”作状语。如：My car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay.【难点点拨】1. 过去分词和现在分词作状语的区别现在分词在句中也可以作时间、条件、原因、让步、方式或伴随状语，但所不同的是现在分词与句子的主语在逻辑上是主谓关系。也可以用现在分词的完成式，则表示动作的完成。过去分词作状语时，它表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间是被动关系。现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的被动动作，过去分词表示被动完成的动作。如：_D_ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars. (2009江西)A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given_A_ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if shed like that little doll on her bed. (2008北京)A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen2. v-ing形式与不定式作结果状语的区别v-ing形式作结果状语表示意料之中的结果，而不定式作结果状语表示意料之外的情况。比较：The child fell, striking his head against the door.She went home only to find her house broken into.He hurried to the booking office only _B_ that all the tickets had been sold out. (2006陕西)A. to tell B. to be told C. telling D. told3. 悬垂分词状语分词短语一般要与句子主语保持一致，但有一些固定的分词短语却不必与其逻辑主语保持一致。常见的此类短语有：generally speaking一般地说；strictly speaking严格地说；frankly speaking坦率地说；judging from / by由判断出。如：Generally speaking, women live longer than men.Judging from the look of the sky, well have a rain this evening.教务处检查签字： 日期： 年 月 日课后评价一、学生对于本次课的评价 特别满意 满意 一般 差二、教师评定1、学生上次作业评价： 好 较好 一般 差2、 学生本次上课情况评价： 好 较好 一般 差作业布置教师留言教师签字：家长意见家长签字：日 期： 年 月 日