小学英语语法大全.doc

小学语法大全巧记lie和lay躺 lie,lay,lain,lie in bed again;撒谎 lie,lied,lied,dont be a liar;产蛋 lay,laid,laid,a hen laid an egg;放置 A loy picked it up,and laid it in the bag.时态一般过去时一般过去时主要用于：1 、表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况(包括习惯性的动作或状态)e.g. When did you read the novel?She often came to help us in those days.2 、谈到过去的情况时e.g. I didnt know you were so busy.3 、谈到已死人的情况时e.g. Lei Feng was a great communist fighter.与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：yesterday, last night, the other day, two months ago, in 1985, then, just now,when, after, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作开始的时间。现在完成时现在完成时主要用于：1 、表示到现在为止这一时期中发生的动作或情况，即多次动作的总和。e.g. We have learnt four English songs this month.How many times have you read the novel?For many days we havent seen each other.2 、表示对现在有影响的某一已发生的动作。e.g. The delegation has left 代表团已经走了(说明现在不在这里)Look, what you have done. 看你干的事。与这一时态连用的时间状语有：already, yet, just, ever, never, by now, so far, recently, by the end of this month, since, for 短语，连词 since 引导的时间状语从句。一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：一般过去时：重在说明动作在过去发生时的具体情况(时间、地点、方式、对象、细节等)。现在完成时：只提起已发生的动作(事实)及其影响，不说明动作发生时的具体情况。cf. Have you had your lunch?What did you have for lunch?I have ever been to the Great Wall,_and_I went there last summer with my father.注：现在完成时表达的动作常具有反复性，故下面一句是错的：Have you seen the six thirtys news program?应改为：Did you see the six thirtys news program?过去完成时1 、过去完成时是一个相对时态，表示过去的过去，只有在两个过去发生的动作相比较时才可显示出来。e.g. As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.注：主从句表达的动作紧接时，即两动作发生的时间没有明显时间上的悬殊或空档时，主从句都可用一般过去时。e.g. Where did your brother study before he joined the army?2 、过去完成时可表示截止过去某一时间动作的总或动作的结束。e.g. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four booksBy eight oclock, he had finished his homework.与这个时态连用的时间状语常有：by 1985, by eight oclock, by then, by the end of last month, by the time when, when, as soon as, before 等连词引导的时间状语从句，表示主句动作结束的时间。过去进行时过去进行时主要用于：表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在进行的动作。e.g. At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那时她在解放军某部工作。What were you doing this time yesterday?与这个时态连用的时间状语常用：at nine oclock, this time last night, these days, at that time 等。用 when 引导的时间状语从句表示主句的动作正在进行的时间。e.g. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.注：1 、 while 引导时间状语从句叙述过去的动作时，从句常用过去进行时。e.g. I read a magazine while I was waiting for the bus.2 、 when 用作并列连词，意为这时，连接两分句时，第一句多用过去进行时。e.g. I was reading a newspaper when he came in.一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：一般过去时：强调过去某一时间开始或完成的动作。过去进行时：强调过去某一时间正在进行的动作。试区别下面两句： We were building a reservoir last winter.去年冬天我们在修建一座水库。(可能尚未建成) We built a reservoir last winter.去年冬天我们修建了一座水库。(已经建成)倒装倒装句之全部倒装全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有：1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。There goes the bell.Then came the chairman.Here is your letter.2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.Ahead sat an old woman.注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。Here he comes. Away they went.倒装句之部分倒装部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。1)句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until 等。Never have I seen such a performance.Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。I have never seen such a performance.The mother didnt leave the room until the child fell asleep.典型例题1)Why cant I smoke here?At no time_ in the meeting-roomA. is smoking permittedB.smoking is permittedC. smoking is it permittedD.does smoking permit答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.2) Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know答案D. 看到Not until的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。以否定词开头作部分倒装如 Not onlybut also, Hardly/Scarcelywhen, No sooner thanNot only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.典型例题No sooner_ than it began to rain heavily.A. the game began B.has the game begunC. did the game begin D.had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not onlybut (also), no soonerthan, hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music.so, neither, nor作部分倒装表示也、也不 的句子要部分倒装。Tom can speak French. So can Jack.If you wont go, neither will I.典型例题-Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?-I dont know, _.A. nor dont I careB. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont care also答案：B. nor为增补意思也不关心，因此句子应倒装。A错在用 dont 再次否定， C neither 用法不对且缺乏连词。 D缺乏连词。注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为的确如此。Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.-Its raining hard.-So it is.only在句首要倒装的情况Only in this way, can you learn English well.Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.as, though 引导的倒装句as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 (形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前)。注意：1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.注意:让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。其他部分倒装1) so that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.2)在某些表示祝愿的句型中：May you all be happy.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。Were I you, I would try it again.典型例题：1) Not until the early years of the 19th century_ what heat isA. man did know B. man knew C. didnt man know D. did man know答案为D.否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。2) Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted.A. didnt I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didnt realizeD. I realize答案为B。3)Do you know Tom bought a new car?I dont know, _.A. nor dont I care B. nor do I careC. I dont care neitherD. I dont care also解析：答案为B.句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示也不。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。并列结构作主语时谓语用复数Reading and writing are very important.注意： 当主语由and连结时，如果它表示一个单一的概念，即指同一人或同一物时，谓语动词用单数，and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例题The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B. 注： 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时，先排除A.，C.。本题易误选D，因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人，但仔细辨别， monitor 前没有the，在英语中，当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人，所以应选B。介词小学英语介词at，in与on在时间方面的用法at表示时间的一点;in表示一个时期;on表示特殊日子。如：He goes to school at seven oclock in the morning. 他早晨七点上学。Can you finish the work in two days. 你能在两天内完成这个工作吗?Linda was born on the second of May. 琳达五月二日出生。1. at后常接几点几分，天明，中午，日出，日落，开始等。如：at five oclock (五点)，at down (黎明)，at daybreak (天亮)，at sunrise (日出)，at noon (中午)，at sunset (日落)，at midnight (半夜)，at the beginning of the month (月初)， at that time (那时)，at that moment (那会儿)，at this time of day (在一天的这个时候)。2. in后常接年，月，日期，上午，下午，晚上，白天，季节，世纪等。如：in 2006(2006年)，in May，2004 (2004年五月)，in the morning (早晨/上午)，in the afternoon (下午)，in the evening (晚上)，in the night (夜晚)，in the daytime (白天)，in the 21st century (21世纪)，in three days (weeks/month)三天(周/个月)，in a week (一周)，in spring (春季)。3. on后常接某日，星期几，某日或某周日的朝夕，节日等。如：on Sunday (星期日)，on a warm morning in April (四月的一个温暖的上午)，on a December night (12月的一个夜晚)，on that afternoon (那天下午)，on the following night (下一个晚上)，on Christmas afternoon (圣诞节下午)，on October 1，1949 (1949年10月1日)，on New Years Day (新年)，on New Years Eve (除夕)，on the morning of the 15th (15日的早上)等。祈使句结构祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。1) 祈使句有两种类型，一种是以动词原形开头，在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。Take this seat.Do be careful.否定结构：Dont move.Dont be late.2) 第二种祈使句以let开头。Let 的反意疑问句a. Lets 包括说话者Lets have another try，shall we / shant we?= Shall we have another try?b.Let us 不包括说话者Let us have another try，will you / wont you?= Will you please let us have another try?否定结构：Lets not talk of that matter.Let us not talk of that matter.感叹句结构感叹句通常有what, how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦、等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How +形容词+ a +名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序What +名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+ 形容词+复数名词+ 陈述语序What+ 形容词+不可数名词+ 陈述语序How clever a boy he is!How lovely the baby is!What noise they are making!What a clever boy he is!What wonderful ideas (we have)!What cold weather it is!感叹句的省略形式为：What a clever boy (he is)!典型例题1)_ food youve cooked!A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How nice D. What nice答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2)_terrible weather weve been having these days!A. What B. What aC. How D. How a答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a timeB. What time C. How a time D. how time答案A.感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。强调句结构常考的强调句结构是it 引导的句子。It is (was) 被强调部分+ that (who) + 句子其他部分。此结构强调的成分仅限于主语，宾语和状语。It is from the sun that we get light and heat.It was not until I had read your letter that I understood the true state of affairs.典型例题1) It was last night _ I see the comet.A.the timeB.when C.thatD.which答案C. 强调句的结构是： It +be +强调部分 + that (who) + 主谓句。强调句的连词只有两个，that和who。当强调的部分是人，且为句子的主语时，才用 who，其余用that。原句：My father did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调主语： It was my father who did the experiment in the lab yesterday evening.强调宾语： It was the experiment that my father did in the lab yesterday evening.强调时间： It was yesterday evening that my father did the experiment in the lab. (注意不用when)强调地点： It was in the lab that my father did the experiment yesterday evening.2)It is ten years _ Miss Green returned to Canada.A. thatB. when C. since D. as答案C. 考点是连词用法。 本题易误选为A. that. 其实本句不是强调句。若是，去掉It be that还应是一个完整的句子。而本句去掉 It isthat，只剩下ten years Miss Green returned to Canada. 不成句。因此本句不是强调句。It is /was +时间+ since其中is has been was had been.用助动词进行强调强调句还有一种类型，就是用助动词do (did，does) 强调谓语。She does like this horse.她的确喜欢这匹马。Please do take care of yourself. 千万保重。反意疑问句1)陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 arent I.Im as tall as your sister，arent I?2)陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。I wish to have a word with you, may I?3)陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。The Swede made no answer, did he / she?Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?4)含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldnt / oughtnt +主语。He ought to know what to do, oughtnt he? / shouldnt he?5)陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用dont +主语(didnt +主语)。We have to get there at eight tomorrow, dont we?6)陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didnt +主语或 usednt +主语。He used to take pictures there, didnt he? / usednt he?7)陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadnt you?Youd better read it by yourself, hadnt you?8)陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldnt +主语。He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldnt he?9)陈述部分有Youd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldnt +主语。Youd like to go with me, wouldnt you?10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。He must be a doctor, isnt he?You must have studied English for three years, havent you? / didnt you?He must have finished it yesterday, didnt he?11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。What colours, arent they?What a smell, isnt it?12)陈述部分由neither nor, either or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?13)陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。Everything is ready, isnt it?14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldnt he?b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?He said he wanted to visit Japan, didnt he?c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。I dont think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, cant she?15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。Everyone knows the answer, dont they?(does he?)Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。We need not do it again, need we ?He dare not say so, dare you?当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。She doesnt dare to go home alone, does she?17)省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。Dont do that again, will you?Go with me, will you / wont you ?注意： Lets 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?Lets go and listen to the music, shall we?Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?18)陈述部分是there be结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。There is something wrong with your watch, isnt there?There will not be any trouble, will there?19)否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。It is impossible, isnt it?He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?20)must在表推测时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。He must be there now, isnt he?It must be going to rain tomorrow, wont it?快速记忆表陈述部分的谓语 疑问部分 -I arent IWishmay +主语no,nothing,nobody,never,few, seldom, hardly, 肯定含义rarely, little等否定含义的词ought to(肯定的) shouldnt/ oughtnt +主语have to+v.(had to+v.)dont +主语(didnt +主语)used to didnt +主语或 usednt +主语had better + v.hadnt youwould rather + v.wouldnt +主语youd like to + v. wouldnt +主语must 根据实际情况而定感叹句中 be +主语Neithernor,eitheror 连接的根 据其实际逻辑意义而定并列主语指示代词或不定代词everything,that,主语用itnothing,this并列复合句谓语根据邻近从句的谓语而定定语从句,宾语从句的主从复合句根据主句的谓语而定think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导 与宾语从句相对应的从句everybody,anyone,somebody,nobody,no one复数they, 单数he情态动词dare或need need (dare ) +主语dare, need 为实义动词 do +主语省去主语的祈使句 will you?Lets 开头的祈使句 Shall we?Let us 开头的祈使句Will you?there be相应的谓语动词+there(省略主语代词)否定前缀不能视为否定词 仍用否定形式must表推测根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句need/want/require/worth注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。Your hair wants cutting.你的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。典型例题The library needs_, but itll have to wait until Sunday.A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned答案A. need (实意) +n /to do，need (情态)+ do，当为被动语态时，还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法，选A。如有to be clean 则也为正确答案。典：done，不可能已经。must not do 不可以(用于一般现在时)。