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定语从句定语从句的相关概念1.定义：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句2.先行词：被修饰的名词,代词。一般情况下，定语从句紧跟先行词。但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。3.引导定语从句的词关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that ，另外，as也可充当关系代词（关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。）关系副词：when, where, why（在定语从句中充当状语。）结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money（二）定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句：限定性定语从句：从句对先行词进行必要的描述或说明，缺少它，则句义显得不完整，从句与先行词紧密相连。非限定性定语从句：对先行词进行补充说明，解释，它与先行词之间有逗号隔开。1. Before she could move, she heard a loud noise, which grew to a terrible roar.2. Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.3. Flora, whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.找正确的关系词的方法：瞻前顾后瞻前：先看先行词是人还是物。顾后：看关系词在后面的定语从句中所做的成分。关系代词&关系副词的选择 如果充当是名词性成分，使用关系代词； 如果充当是状语成分，使用关系副词。关系代词的用法关系代词在从句中可以：That: 指人 / 指物 / 主语 / 宾语Which: 指物 / 主语 / 宾语Who：指人/ 主语 / 宾语Whom：指人/ 宾语Whose: 指人 / 指物 / 定语As:指人、指物、主语、宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.练习：1.The man _came to our school is Mr. Wang. 2.The girl _ I met is Lucy. 3.A child _parents are dead is called Tom. 4.I like the book _ you bought yesterday. 5. We shall never forget the days _we spent together. 6.I like the person _you just talked.7. I have a room _window faces south.注意1）关系词whom/which/that作宾语时，一般可以省略。2）关系词前有介词而且关系词在定语从句中做宾语（表语）时，指人时用whom，指物时用which,而且不能省略。一、that和which用法的区别1、只能用that不用which的情况(1) 先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much 等不定代词时。I am sure she has something _that_ you can borrowDo you have anything _that_ you dont understand?(2)先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时。Ive read all the books _ that_ you lend me. Please send us any information _ that_ you have about the subject.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。This is the first book _ that _ he has read.It is the most beautiful city _ that _ Ive ever seen.(4)先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。This is the very book _ that _ belongs to him.He is the only person _ that _ was present at the time.补充：the same as/that对比用as：相似，同类事物; 用that：同一个，同一事物.This is the same pen as/that I lost yesterday.I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. (5)先行词既有人又有物时。The famous writer and his works _ that _ the radio broadcast are popular to the students.(6) 先行词是who或which引导的主句。 Who is the girl _ that _ drove the car? (7) 主句以there be 引导时。 There are more than 400,000 people _ that _ died or were injured in the earthquake.补充：the same as/that对比用as：相似，同类事物; 用that：同一个，同一事物.This is the same pen _I lost yesterday.I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing. 2、只用which不用that的情况(1) 关系代词在限制性定语从句中紧跟介词作宾语（介词提前）。 There are many trees _under which_ they can have a rest. This is the ring _on which_ she spent 1000 dollars.(2) 在非限制性定语从句中。 Football, _which_ is a very popular game, is played all over the world.二、只用who的情况先行词是one, ones, anyone, those时用who.One _who_ has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.The ones who_ laugh at the disabled are not good students.Anyone _who_ fails to finish the task should be punished.Those _who_ want to go to The Great Wall sigh up here.3. 表所有关系及整体中的一部分或全部时，用介词of, 有时可用whose转换。1) Im painting a house, the roof _of which_ is round. Im painting a house _whose_ roof is round.2) They live in a house, _whose_ windows face south.They live in a house, the windows_ of which _face south. 【典型例题】例1 Friendship is needed by all, _ plays an important role in peoples lives.A. whichB. thatC. whoD. it例2 Uncle Li _ I worked three years ago has retired now.A. whoB. whom C. with whomD. to whom例3 Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work ?A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explainedD. why he explained例4 Teachers, _ work is rather hard, are being better paid than before.A. who B. that C. whichD. whose例5 She has three children, _ is working in Australia.A. whoB. one of whom C. one of them D. none of them【模拟试题】1. Susan is the very girl _ the good deed.A. whom I think didB. whom I think she didC. who I think didD. I think who did2. Luckily, the poor boy had enough money _ he could buy a train ticket.A. by whichB. on whichC. with whichD. for which3. The book _ he devoted much time is to come out next month.A. whereB. whichC. to whichD. on which4. The day came finally _ I was given an opportunity to act in the play.A. whenB. in that C. whichD. in which5.Thereisnosuchplace_youdreamofinallthisworld.A. that B. what C. which D. as 课后练习：1. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 2. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 3. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 4. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what 5. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 6. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 7. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 8. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 9. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about 10. Is there anything _ to you? A. that is belonged B. that belongs C. that belong D. which belongs 11. - “How do you like the book?” - “Its quite different from _ I read last month.” A. that B. which C. the one D. the one what 12. The train _ she was travelling was late. A. which B. where C. on which D. in that13. May the fourth is the day _ we Chinese people will never forget. A. which B. when C. on which D. about which 14. He has two sons, _ work as chemists. A. two of whom B. both of whom C. both of which D. all of whom 15. He is a man of great experience, _ much can be learned. A. who B. that C. from which D. from whom 16. I dont like _ you speak to her. A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which 17. There is only one thing _ I can do. A. what B. that C. all D. which 18. I have many books, some of _ are on chemistry. A. them B. that C. which D. those 19. I like the second football match _ was held last week. A. which B. who C. that D. / 20.The place _interested me most was the Childrens Palace. A. Which B. where C. what D. in which状语从句状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如：1.Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词)2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式)4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference.The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees.You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother.The house is three times as big as ours.The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.She behaved as if she were the boss.Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10. 状语从句的简化状语从句的省略状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ). 就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行简化。状语从句的简化现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。状语从句的简化现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:a.连词+形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。b.连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。c.连词+现在分词As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。d.连词+过去分词He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。e.连词+不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldnt solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。f. 连词+介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over, 状语从句练习题1.Ill let you know _ he comes back.A. before B. because C. as soon as D. although2. She will sing a song _ she is asked.A. if B. unless C. for D. since3. We will work _ we are needed.A. whenever B. because C. since D. wherever4. Read it aloud _ the class can hear you.A. so that B. if C. when D. although5._ you go, dont forget your people.A. Whenever B. However C. Wherever D. Whichever6. It is about ten years _ I met you last.A. since B. for C. when D. as7. They will never succeed, _ hard they try.A. because B. however C. when D. since8. _ still half drunk, he made his way home.A. When B. Because C. Though D. As9. _ she was very tired, she went on working.A. As B. Although C. Even D. In spite of10. Busy _ he was, he tried his best to help you.A. as B. when C. since D. for11. I learned a little Russian _ I was at middle school.A. though B. although C. as if D. when12. _ we got to the station, the train had left already.A. If B. Unless C. Since D. When13. _ the rain stops, we 11 set off for the station.A. Before B. Unless C. As soon as D. Though14. She was _ tired _ she could not move an inch.A. so, that B. such, that C. very, that D. so, as15. We didnt go home _ we finished the work.A. since B. until C. because D. though16. Ill stay here _ everyone else comes back.A. even if B. as though C. because D. until17. Although its raining, _ are still working in the field.A. they B. but they C. and they D. so they18. Speak to him slowly _ he may understand you better.A. since B. so that C. for D. because19. Youll miss the train _ you hurry up.A. unless B. as C. if D. until20. When you read the book, you d better make a mark _ you have any questions.A. at which B. at where C. the place D. where21. Wed better hurry _ it is getting dark.A. and B. but C. as D. unless22. I didn t manage to do it _ you had explained how.A. until B. unless C. when D. before23._ he comes, we wont be able to go.A. Without B. Unless C. Except D. Even24. I hurried _ I wouldnt be late for class.A. since B. so that C. as if D. unless25. _ I catch a cold, I have pain in my back.A. Every time B. Though C. Even D. Where26. Whats the matter _ they still havent answered the telegram?A. when B. that C. though D. however27. Bring it nearer _ I may see it better.A. although B. even though C. so that D. since28. You may arrive in Beijing early _ you mind taking the night train.A. that B. though C. unless D. if29. Helen listened carefully _ she might discover exactly what she needed.A. in that B. in order that C. in case D. even though30. More people will eat out in restaurants _ they do today.A. than B. when C. while D. as31._ hard she tries, she can hardly avoid making mistakes in her homework.A. Much B. However C. As D. Although32. Poor _ it may be, there is no place like home, _ you may go.A. as; wherever B. though; whenever C. in spite of; when D. that; wherever33. The child was _ immediately after supper.A. enough tired to go to bed B. too tired to go to bedC. so tired that he went to bed D. very tired, he went to bed34. The history of nursing _ the history of man.A. as old as B. is old than C. that is as old as D. is as old as35. _ born in Chicago, the author was famous for his stories about New York.A. Since B. Once C. When D. Although36._ we stood at the top of the building, the people below were hardly visible.A. As B. Although C. Unless D. In spite of37. Scarcely was George Washington in his teens _ his father died.A. than B. as C. while D. when38. _ David goes, he is welcome.A. Whichever B. However C. Wherever D. Whatever39. The house stood _ there had been a rock.A. which B. at which C. when D. where40. Small _ it is, the pen is a most useful tool.A. because B. so C. if D. as41. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before.A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as42. The piano in the other shop will be _, but _.A. cheaper; not as better B. more cheap; not as betterC. cheaper; not as good D. more cheap; not as good43. John plays football _, if not better than, David.A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as44. Although he is considered a great writer,A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely readC. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read45. _ the day went on, the weather got worse.A. With B. Since C. While D. As46.What was the party like? Wonderful. It s years _ I enjoyed myself so much.A. after B. when C. before D. since47. It was not _ she took off her dark glasses _ I realized she was a famous film star.A. when; that B. until; that C. until; when D. when; then 48. If we work with a strong will, we can overcome any difficulty, _ great it is.A. what B. how C. however D. whatever49. After the war, a new school building was put up _ there had once been a theatre.A. that B. where C. which D. when50._, Mother will wait for him to have dinner together.A. However late is he B. However he is lateC. However is he late D. However late he is 51. He will come to call on you the moment he _ his painting.A. will finish B. finished C. has finished D. had finished52. _ difficult the task may be, we will try our best to complete it in time.A. No matter B. No wonder C. Though D. However53. It was _ that she couldnt finish it by herself.A. so difficult a work B. such a difficult work C. so difficult work D. such difficult work12
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