呼吸式幕墙资料.doc

呼吸式幕墙资料呼吸式幕墙，又称双层幕墙、双层通风幕墙、热通道幕墙等90 年代在欧洲出现，它由内、外两道幕墙组成，内外幕墙之间形成一个相对封闭的空间，空气可以从下部进风口进入，又从上部排风口离开这一空间，这一空间经常处于空气流动状态，热量在这一空间流动。呼吸式幕墙的原理与分类呼吸式幕墙由内外两层玻璃幕墙组成，与传统幕墙相比，它的最大特点是由内外两层幕墙之间形成一个通风换气层，由于此换气层中空气的流通或循环的作用，使内层幕墙的温度接近室内温度，减小温差因而它比传统的幕墙采暖时节约能源42%-52%；制冷时节约能源38%-60%.另外由于双层幕墙的使用，整个幕墙的隔音效果得到了很大的提高。呼吸式幕墙根据通风层的结构的不同可分为“封闭式内循环体系”和“敞开式外循环体系”两种。1.封闭式内循环体系呼吸式幕墙封闭式内循环体系呼吸式幕墙，一般在冬季较为寒冷的地区使用，其外层原则上是完全封闭的，一般由断热型材与中空玻璃组成外层玻璃幕墙，其内层一般为单层玻璃组成的玻璃幕墙或可开启窗，以便对外层幕墙进行清洗。两层幕墙之间的通风换气层一般为100-200毫米。通风换气层与吊顶部位设置的暖通系统抽风管相连，形成自下而上的强制性空气循环，室内空气通过内层玻璃下部的通风口进入换气层，使内侧幕墙玻璃温度达到或接近室内温度，从而形成优越的温度条件，达到节能效果。在通道内设置可调控的百页窗或垂帘，可有效地调节日照遮阳，为室内创造更加舒适的环境。根据英国劳氏船社总部大厦及美国西方化学中心大厦的使用来看，其节能效果较传统单层幕墙相比达50%以上。2.敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙  敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙与“封闭式呼吸式幕墙”相反，其外层是单层玻璃与非断热型材组成的玻璃幕墙，内层是由中空玻璃与断热型材组成的幕墙。内外两层幕墙形成的通风换气层的两端装有进风和排风装置，通道内也可设置百页等遮阳装置。冬季时，关闭通风层两端的进排风口，换气层中的空气在阳光的照射下温度升高，形成一个温室，有效地提高了内层玻璃的温度，减少建筑物的采暖费用。夏季时，打开换气层的进排风口，在阳光的照射下换气层空气温度升高自然上浮，形成自下而上的空气流，由于烟囱效应带走通道内的热量，降低内层玻璃表面的温度，减少制冷费用。另外，通过对进排风口的控制以及对内层幕墙结构的设计，达到由通风层向室内输送新鲜空气的目的，从而优化建筑通风质量。可见“敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙”不仅具有“封闭内循环式体系”呼吸式幕墙在遮阳、隔音等方面的优点，在舒适节能方面更为突出，提供了高层超高层建筑自然通风的可能，从而最大限度地满足了使用者生理与心理上的要求。敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙，在德国法兰克福的德国商业银行总行大厦、德国北莱因威斯特法伦州鲁尔河畔埃森市的“RWE”工业集团总部大楼采用。呼吸式幕墙的优点呼吸式幕墙与传统的单层幕墙相比有如下突出的优点：从原理上，呼吸式幕墙采用“烟囱效应”与“温室效应”的原理，是从幕墙的功能上解决节能问题；单层幕墙则只是从材料的选用上，通过材料本身的特性来达到一定的节能效果。从环保上，呼吸式幕墙由于其功能解决节能，外层玻璃选用无色透明玻璃或低反射玻璃，可最大限度地减少玻璃反射带来的不良影响（“光污染”）；单层玻璃幕墙为保证室内外效果与节能的考虑，玻璃一般选用有一定反射功能的镀膜玻璃。从节能上，呼吸式幕墙由于换气层的作用，比单层幕墙节能约50%.是解决建筑节能的一个新的方向。从使用上，换气层的出现，使呼吸式幕墙夏季节省制冷费用，冬季可节省取暖费用。同时遮阳百叶置于换气层，能有效地防止日晒又不影响立面效果。从舒适度方面，呼吸式幕墙的隔音性能可达到55dB，让室内生活与工作的人们有一个清静的环境；另一方面，无论天气好坏，勿须开窗换气层都可直接将自然空气传至室内，为室内提供新鲜空气，从而提高室内的舒适度。并有效地降低高层建筑单纯依赖暖通设备机械通风带来的弊病。呼吸式幕墙的上述优点，使之在国际上众多发达国家得到了很大的发展，在我国已开始得到重视，并进入使用阶段。呼吸式幕墙的应用由于“封闭式内循环体系呼吸式幕墙”与大厦的通风系统相连接，它的运行会增大通风系统的功率，从而需增大投入与消耗，因而其应用不多。“敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙”作为一种更新形式的呼吸式幕墙得到了广泛采用。下面将以“敞开式外循环体系呼吸式幕墙”为例，对呼吸式幕墙系统的应用作介绍。1. 结构型式呼吸式幕墙由于是双层体系，在目前幕墙结构型式多样化的今天，两层幕墙可以根据建筑效果的需要有很多种组合，但是为了最大限度地突出呼吸式幕墙的通风、节能、环保的特点，一般采用如下几种结构型式：内外层结构一体式，即内外层幕墙做成一体或一个单元。构成通风层的内外两层幕墙共用一根竖骨料，外层可做成明框或隐框形式，内层则做成可开启窗或固定窗。当两层幕墙一体地做成单元式，则每个单元犹如一个个玻璃箱子，因此也被称为“箱体式幕墙”。 内外层结构分体式，即内外两层幕墙各成体系，为形成通气层通过其它方式进行隔断。由于此种型式的两层幕墙分别独立，外层结构可选用明框、隐框或点式玻璃幕墙结构。内层结构可选用各种幕墙型式或推拉、平开窗的型式。外层幕墙作为建筑物的外表，一方面直接反映的是建筑物的造型，另一方面作为外围护结构，它还承受风荷载、防雨水等作用，因而其结构在强度与水密性方面应作为重点考虑。内层幕墙由于其主要是与外层结合形成换气层，所以更应注意其与室内功能的配合，对其密封性能要求可适当降低。2. 换气层与材料呼吸式幕墙换气层是关键，其进出风口的设置、换气层的宽度大小、材料的选用等直接影响到其性能的发挥。一般来讲，北方寒冷地区因采暖时间长，选用呼吸式幕墙时，主要是利用换气层的“温室效应”来减少室内热量的散失。内层采用中空LOW-E玻璃、断热铝型材，以及相对较大的换气层宽度将会达到较好的节能效果。南方温暖地区，因冷气使用时间较长，利用呼吸式幕墙换气层的“烟囱效应”来降低内层玻璃表面的温度可达到节能目的。因此外层采用热反射玻璃，以及相对较小的换气层宽度，将会增强烟囱效应的效果，来达到最佳的节能状态。重点与难点问题1呼吸式幕墙在我国刚刚起步，还会有很多具体问题需要解决，如：换气层的宽度（体积）确定。如何才能使其保温节能与隔音降噪达到最佳，目前缺乏理论依据，只能依赖实验，需从设计计算上找到理论依据。进出风口的设计也是呼吸式幕墙的一个重点，选用不当时一方面会造成换气层循环气流的短路，降低节能效果；另一方面进风口会带入大量的灰尘而影响建筑的外观效果，尤其是西北风沙较大的地区更应慎重。由于换气层的烟囱效应会造成消防上的隐患，所以在通风换气层的设计时应与大厦防火分区设计相结合。成本问题，也是呼吸式幕墙的推广使用的一大障碍。呼吸式幕墙由于结构双层、技术含量高，较单层幕墙价格高，如果采用呼吸式幕墙，一次性投资会增加。呼吸式幕墙的发展智能幕墙当呼吸式幕墙在国内刚刚起步的时侯，在德国、美国等发达国家已将呼吸式幕墙与电子计算机系统结合在一起，发展了智能幕墙。采用智能幕墙系统的建筑其能耗只相当于传统幕墙的30%，可见智能幕墙将是节能环保幕墙发展的又一新的目标。智能幕墙是呼吸式幕墙的延伸，是智能化建筑的基础上将建筑配套技术（暖、热、光、电）的适度控制，在幕墙材料、太阳能的有效利用，通过计算机网络进行有效的调节室内空气、温度和光线，从而节省了建筑物使用过程的能源，降低了生产和建筑物使用过程的费用。它包括以下几个部分：呼吸式幕墙、通风系统、遮阳系统、空调系统、环境监测系统、智能化控制系统等。智能幕墙的关键在智能控制系统，这种智能化控制系统是一套较为复杂的系统工程，是从功能要求到控制模式，从信息采集到执行指令传动机构的全过程控制系统。它涉及到气侯温度湿度空气新鲜度照度的测量，取暖、通风空调遮阳等机构运行状态信息采集及控制，电力系统的配置及控制，楼宇计算机控制等多方面因素。结束语和实例建筑的表皮在当前愈来愈受到关注，但一般只是作为设计手法的重要对象，忽视了建筑表皮是影响室内热舒适度和建筑能耗的重要因素和关键部位。夏热冬冷地区建筑同时面对冬、夏两种极端气候，单一的材料无法同时满足对冬季保温和夏季防热、隔热的要求。在极端气候共存的地区，“双层皮”玻璃幕墙更加需要适应性、复合性的概念。双层皮表皮在当前生态建筑技术领域成为重要的关注话题，并且在大多数欧洲国家得到了广泛的推广和运用。但针对性地从“双层皮玻璃幕墙的表皮气候适应性”角度进行研究或是节能设计在中国尚处在萌芽阶段。仅有的几座在国内建成的双层皮建筑只是走“双层皮”时髦概念的路线，缺乏对双层皮的生态层次的理解和掌握。但是随着我国国民经济的快速发展，建筑业的发展也突飞猛进，建筑节能也得到相关部门的高度重视，民用建筑节能管理规定的出台，对建筑节能提出了明确的要求。通风节能幕墙的应用，为建筑幕墙节能技术的发展翻开了暂新的一页。1.由中远房地产倾力打造的“长安街收官王座”世界顶级写字楼凯晨广场终于浮出水面，而由瑞士旭密林公司（SCHMIDLIN）担当技术总顾问，价值2亿人民币、中国最大的环楼双层呼吸式玻璃幕墙即将落户凯晨广场，人们将得以见识到由世界幕墙技术的绝对领先者瑞士旭密林公司带来的尖端科技。作为北京西区规模最大、西长安街最后一个可供大面积对外租售的顶级纯写字楼，凯晨广场位于国家领导人和国际友人往返于中南海和钓鱼台之间必经的国宾道旁，其建筑立面无疑将对长安街的景观产生重大影响。为赋予凯晨广场丰富的文化底蕴和高水准的完美品质，给国家第一街长安街留下一个顶级精品建筑，中远房地产不惜重金聘请世界最大的建筑设计事务所之一的SOM公司为凯晨广场精心设计。自立项以来，中远房地产与SOM公司就凯晨广场的立面方案最终决定采用超大型高科技环保玻璃幕墙，以映衬“中华第一街”的磅礴气势。2.北京新源大厦幕墙在保持了传统幕墙性能的基础上，更注重环保节能，其保温和隔声性能均达到二级，室内更加安静舒适。其双层幕墙采用了建筑幕墙节能技术中的动态节能技术，属于生态建筑幕墙中节能幕墙中的动态节能幕墙，在设计中采用了完善的斜对位模式箱体式双层幕墙系统，在系统选型、材质配置和遮阳技术方面均属于国内最高档次，是中国目前在建或建成的高层建筑幕墙中顶尖产品，它在中国的幕墙行业发展历程中具有特殊的、标志性的、里程碑式的重要地位。虽然，在中国广泛应用这一新技术的我们任重而道远，但我们坚信，作为建筑幕墙的“绿色”产品离我们不远了。/Porganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of municipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team building activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good group leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and collective conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in party. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secretary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually formed a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Development Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delivery of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalization, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 54, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accordance with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly under the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resource development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the tour and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Grassroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propaganda and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought and Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to promote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious society with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook on Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the backbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs, to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to achieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmonious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral construction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern technology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and opening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socialism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals, to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth service, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of youth 13 / 13organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth Leagu