新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元SectionB课件.ppt

SectionB 4 Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings Objectives Lifeandlogic B Section Warming up Lead in BackgroundInformation Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings VideoWatching Back Exampleone gotoastore closed 10blocks wasted Exampletwo career notfulfilling stickwithit don twantpasttenyears effects timeandmoney wasted SunkCosts Time money effectsorwhateveryou vespend 2 Accordingtothespeaker whataretheSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy Tips SunkCostsFallacy makechoice notbaseon best desire not pastinvestment wasted Acognitivebiasisapatternofdeviationinjudgmentthatoccursinparticularsituations leadingtoperceptualdistortion inaccuratejudgment illogicalinterpretation orwhatisbroadlycalledirrationality Manycognitivebiases 认知偏差 areoftenstudiedforhowtheyaffectbusinessandeconomicdecisionsandhowtheyaffectscientificandexperimentalresearches AFundamentalAttributionError 基本归因错误 isacognitivebiasinsocialpsychology Itreferstothetendencytojudgeapersoninanunpleasantsituationinabadlightandattributehisbehaviortointernalcausesandqualitiesratherthanconsiderthesituationorcircumstancesthatmayhavecausedthepersontobehaveinthatmanner But ifweourselvesmadethesameerrors wewouldeasilyattributethecausestoexternalfactors AConfirmationBias 确定性偏差 isacognitivebiaswherebyonetendstonoticeandlookforinformationthatconfirmsone sexistingbeliefs whilstignoringanythingthatcontradictsthosebeliefs Itisatypeofselectivethinking Forexample Afterhavingboughtapieceofclothing youwilllookforthesameclothinginamoreexpensivestoretoconfirmthatyouhaveboughtabargain B Section ReadingSkills PresentationoftheSkill ReadingSkillPractice Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings Skimmingisamethodofrapidlymovingtheeyesoveratextwiththepurposeofgettingthemainideaorageneraloverviewofitscontent Forexample manypeopleskimreadanewspaperarticlejusttogetaquickoverview oratexttoseewhetherit sworthreadingindetail Thekeywordforskimmingis general Skimming Somestepstohelpyoutoskimanarticle 1Readthetitle itistheshortestpossiblesummaryofthecontentofthearticle 2Readtheintroductionorlead inparagraph s 3Readanysub headings andidentifytherelationshipsbetweenthem 4Readthefirstsentenceofeachremainingparagraph themainideaofmostparagraphsappearsinthefirstsentence Skimming Tobecontinued 5Alternatelyreadand float overthebodyofthearticle lookingforthefollowing Cluesaboutwho what when where howmany howmuch Connectivewordsandphrasessuchasfurthermore also howeverandonthecontrary6Readtheconcludingparagraph s completely Skimming Somestepstohelpyoutoskimanarticle SkimTextBtofindanswerstothefollowingquestions 1Whatisthistextmainlyabout 2Whatcommoncognitivebiasescancausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions 3Howcanweavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision Practice Skimming B Section TextStudy TextComprehension LanguageFocus CriticalThinking Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1 Para 1 2 Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror Para 3 3 Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief Para 5 4 Whendoestheoverconfidencebiasusuallyoccur Para 7 5 Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions Para 8 Whydon tpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy Para 11 7 Whatisthepurposeofthistext WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1 00 Smartpeople byvirtueofwhatthey velearned willformulatebetterdecisions 原句 Orthodoxviewsprizeintelligenceandintellectualrigorhighlyinthemodernrealmofuniversitiesandtechindustryjobs Para 1 L1 解释 Intelligenceandtheabilitytothinklogicallyhavelongbeenregardedasimportantqualitiesinmodernuniversitiesandinjobsrelatedtothetechnologyindustry 译文 传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质 Oneofthemostcommonbiasesiswhatisknownasthefundamentalattributionerror Throughthispeopleattributethe to andtheirownto subconsciouslyconsideringtheirowncharacterstobe failuresofothers characterflaws merecircumstance stainless AThefundamentalattributionerror BTheconfirmationbias CTheoverconfidencebias DTheavailabilitybias Choosethebestanswertothequestion 原句 Outwittingconfirmationbiasthereforerequiresexploringbothsidesofanargumentwithequaldiligence Para 6 L5 解释 Therefore tobeabletouseyourintelligencetoovercometheconfirmationbiasrequiresyoutoanalyzebothsidesofanargumentwithequalefforts 译文 所以 要克服 确定性偏差 就要以同样的努力认真探究论点的正反两面 Overconfidencebiasmostfrequentlycomesintoplayinareaswheresomeonehas estimatinghowmanypeopleareinacrowdedplaza forexample orhowlikelyitwillrain nodirectevidenceandmustmakeaguess Becauseitcausespeopletouseevidencethatisnotsoconvincingandstrong 5 Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions Para 8 Tips ABecausetheydon twanttoadmitthattheyhavemadeapoordecision BBecausetheywilllosemoremoneyiftheydecidenottocontinueit CBecausetheywillhavegreaterchancestowiniftheyarepatient DBecausetheydon twanttheirpreviousinvestmentstobewasted Choosethebestanswertothequestion 原句 Gamblerswithahighthresholdforriskputmoneyintoaslotmachinehopingforabigreturn butwitheachpullofthelevertheylosesomemoneyplayingtheodds Para 11 L2 解释 Gamblerswhoengagethemselvesintohighlyriskysituationsputmoneyintoaslotmachine expectingtogetbigamountsofmoneyback Buteachtimetheypulltheleveronthemachine theylosesomemoneytryingtheirluck 译文 赌徒们冒着高风险 把钱投入老虎机 期望能够得到很大的回报 但随着一次次拉动拉杆 他们也一次次把钱赌输了 译文 当涉及重要决策时 最好是依靠严密的逻辑并仔细审查证据 同时 要保持警惕 那些看上去良好的直觉总是很容易导致判断失误 原句 Whenadecisionmatters itisbesttorelyonwatertightlogicandacarefulexaminationoftheevidenceandtoremainawarethatwhatseemslikegoodintuitionisalwayssubjecttoerrorsofjudgment Para 14 L1 解释 Whenyoumakeanimportantdecision itisalwaysbesttorelyonsoundlogicandacarefulanalysisoftheevidenceandtokeepinmindthatwhatseemstobegoodatfirstcanoftenleadtoerrorsofjudgment Thepurposeofthistextistrytohelpuslearnaboutcognitivebiasesandbebetteratdecision making Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings Psychologistshaveuncovered biasesarecommontoallpeople Oneofthemostcommonbiasesis Throughthispeopleattributethefailuresofotherstocharacterflawsandtheirowntomere biasisfoundtogetherwithfundamentalattributionerror Thisonehastwoparts First peopletendtogatherandrelyuponinformationthatonlyconfirmstheirexistingviews Second peopleavoidorvetothingsthatrefutetheir Similartoconfirmationbiasisthe cognitive fundamentalattributionerror circumstance Confirmation pre existinghypotheses overconfidence bias Whichmeanswecouldbecorrect100percentofthetimewewere aboutsomething ofthetimewewere80percentsureaboutsomething Theavailabilitybiasisalsorelatedto inestimation Inactionthisbiasmightleadsomeonetocancelatripbecauseofareportthatthe Thesunkcostfallacycanleadpeopletostayin Thekeytoavoidingthesebiasesremainsthesame Relyon carefullyexaminetheevidenceand 100percentsure correct80percent errors biggestplanecrashinhistoryhappenedthere damagingsituations watertightlogic remainaware 因为 由于 凭借 hasaccessto available Byvirtueofhiswork hehasaccesstoatremendousamountofthelatestdataavailableinthisfield byvirtueof 短语逆译 短语应用 由于工作原因 他有机会接触这一领域可以得到的大量的最新数据 意群提示 把 考虑在内 factorsth intosth 短语逆译 calories Nowithasbecomemorepopularforpeopletofactorcaloriesintotheirfoodchoices 短语应用 现在人们在选择食物时把热量考虑在内已变得更加普遍了 意群提示 把 归因于 materialandlabor Thecompanyattributedthelosstohighermaterialandlaborcosts attributesth tosb sth 短语逆译 短语应用 公司把亏损归因于原料及劳动力成本的上涨 意群提示 开始起作用 underneath seemingly Underneaththesurfaceofthisseeminglyeasydecision thereweresomanyotherdetailsthatcameintoplay comeintoplay 短语逆译 短语应用 在这一看似简单的决定的外表之下 有许多其他细节都起了作用 意群提示 因为 由于 marketcompetition keeppricesdown consumer Marketcompetitionisgoodinthatittendstokeeppricesdown whichwilldefinitelybenefitallconsumers inthat 短语逆译 短语应用 市场竞争是好事 因为它往往会使价格下降 这必定给消费者带来福利 意群提示 连续地 shareprice fraudsquadofficer raid Thecompany ssharepricehasfallenforthreedaysinarowafterfraudsquadofficersraideditsoffices inarow 短语逆译 短语应用 反欺诈小组的工作人员突击搜查了这家公司的办公室后这家公司的股价已连续三天下跌 意群提示 被 困住 被 难住 negotiation keyissues ambassador Ifthenegotiationsdidgetstuckonanumberofkeyissues I dasktheambassadorforhelp be getstuckonsth 短语逆译 短语应用 如果谈判确实在一些重大问题上陷入僵局 我会去找大使帮忙 意群提示 易受 影响的 overseasholiday surcharges Thepricesofoverseasholidaysaresubjecttosomesurcharges subjecttosth 短语逆译 短语应用 海外度假游的价格受各种附加费的影响 意群提示 逆译练习 Understandinghowandinwhatsituationstheyoccurcangiveyouanawarenessofyourownlimitations Para 2 句型提炼 应用提示 用于表达 做某事使某人意识到其他事情 句型应用 legalsanction jail abiding Receivingthelegalsanctioninthejailgiveshimanawarenessoftheimportanceofknowingthelawsandabidingthem 典型例句 在狱中接受法律的制裁使他意识到知法守法的重要性 意群提示 逆译练习 Youmightassume withoutevidence thatthepriceofyourhousewillgoupeventhough90percentofthemhavedroppedinprice becauseyouyourselfaremorecompetent Para 4 句型提炼 应用提示 用于表达 某人由于某些原因而假定某事 句型应用 stockmarket retainedearning Youmightassumethatthestockmarketwillneverfelltoanewlow becausecompanieshaveinvestedtheirretainedearnings 典型例句 你可能认为股市不会跌入新低 因为企业拿出留存盈利来投资股市 意群提示 逆译练习 Repellingtheavailabilitybiascallsforanempiricalapproachtoaparticulardecision onenotbasedontheobscuredrealityofvividmemory Para 10 句型提炼 应用提示 用于表达 做成某事的首要因素 排除错误因素 句型应用 championship constant opponent Winningthechampionshipcallsforconstantpractice notfocusingyourenergyonyouropponent 典型例句 要想在锦标赛中获胜就必须不断的努力练习 而不是把精力放在关注你的对手上 意群提示 Tips Tips Tips 1 Doyouoftenlistentoexpertswhenyouareindoubtofsomething Whyorwhynot Yes Thereareseveralreasons Expertsarepeoplewhohavegainedalotmoreknowledgeinaparticularfield Expertshavemoreskillsandexperienceinthatfield No Thereareseveralreasons Expertscouldhavebiasedopinionstowardaspecificissue Weneedtothinkcriticallyaboutotherpeople sopinions 2 Arepeoplesmartinthesamewayorindifferentways Explainyouranswerwithdetails Tips Peoplearesmartindifferentwaysbecausetherearedifferenttypesofintelligence suchas verbal linguistic intelligence numericalintelligence Peoplecanbesmartinsimilarwaysbecausesmartpeoplehavemanycommonqualities Forexample theyareallwillingtolearnandcanlearnquickly Theyareallhighlycurious andkeentosolveproblems 3 Whatdoyouthinkdeterminesone sintelligence Isitgenesorisitenvironment Tips Genes Manystorieshaveprovedthatifone sgenesarenotgoodenough nomatterwhatfavorableenvironmentheisexposedto hewillnotbeabletolearnasquicklyasthosewhosegenesaregood Intelligence Childrenwhoarewell nurtured thatis thosewhohavemorelifeexperiences whoreadmore learnmoreandtravelmore canusuallygetmuchhigherscoresinintelligencetests which asweknow areimportantindicationsoftheirintelligence Talkaboutcognitivebiases 2 Whatdoyouthinkarethebestwaystoavoidcognitivebiases Tips Tips 1 Canyougiveanexampletoillustratethatyouhavealsobeenaffectedbycognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision Yes certainly Forexample lastsummer IdroppedinaclothingstoreinNanjingRoadandfoundadresswithafashionablestyleandreallygoodprice Iboughtthedressandlikeditverymuch Becauseofthishappyexperience thisyearIdecidedtogotothestoreagain Iboughtanotherfashionabledressandhappilypaidthepriceaskedbythesalesgirl IbelievedIhadgotanothergoodbargain Butlater tomydisappointment IfoundthepriceIhadpaidwasactuallymuchhigherthaninotherstores Imadethewrongdecisionowingtomyoverconfidence Tips Canyougiveanexampletoillustratethatyouhavealsobeenaffectedbycognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision 2 Whatdoyouthinkarethebestwaystoavoidcognitivebiases Tips Toavoidsuchcognitivebiases weshould Improveourthinkingprocess Thinkcarefullyandcritically Avoidmakingunqualifiedgeneralizationsorjumpingtoconclusions Learnfromourpastmistakes Avoidbeingaffectedbythesamecognitivebiasagainandagain Thematicstudy B Section ComparativeStudy ThematicStudy LanguageFeaturesAnalysis Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings 2 Howdoyoucommentonthequote Knowingalotoffactsisnotthesameasbeingsmart ComparisonthelogicalfallaciesmotionedinTextAandTextB Tips Tips 1 ComparisonthelogicalfallaciesmotionedinTextAandTextB TextA 1 DictoSimpliciter 2 HastyGeneralization 3 AdMisericordiam 4 FalseAnalogy TextB 1 Fundamentalattribution 2 Confirmationbias 3 Overconfidencebias 4 Availabilitybias 5 Sunkcostfallacy 2 Howdoyoucommentonthequote Knowingalotoffactsisnotthesameasbeingsmart Iagreewiththesaying becausebeingsmartdoesnotsimplymeantheabilitytolearnfacts Itincludesmanyotherabilities suchastheabilitytoanalyze theabilitytothinkabstractly theabilitytoreason theabilitytogeneralize theabilitytosolveproblems theabilitytocommunicate etc Basedonyourstudyofthetwotexts comparethewritingstylesofthetwotextsintermsoftheirtypicallanguagefeatures 1 Whatarethetypicallanguagefeaturesofthetwotexts 2 Listmoreexamplesfromthetexttosupportyourideas Tips Tips TextBisanexpositoryessay employingthelistingmethodofwriting 1 Whatarethetypicallanguagefeaturesofthetwotexts TextAisapieceofnarrativewritingfollowingthechronologicalapproachanddevelopedintheformoflightconversationmixedwithdescriptions 2 Listmoreexamplesfromthetexttosupportyourideas TextAisdevelopedintheformoflightconversationmixedwithdescriptions Shenoddedwithdelight Listenclosely Isaid Amanappliesforajob Whenthebossaskshimwhathisqualificationsare hesayshehassixchildrentofeed Oh thisisawful awful shewhisperedinachokedvoice B Section UnitProject SurveyReport ReportWriting Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings Writingasurveyreportonlogicalfallacies SurveyReport SurveyReport SurveyReport 1Formsmallgroupsoffourorfive Eachgroupwillbeassignedtwologicalfallaciesfromthefollowinglist WorktogetherwithyourgroupmemberstodefinethetwofallaciesyourgrouphasgotandprovidetheirChinesenamesaswell RedHerringBeggingtheQuestionHastyGeneralizationSlipperySlopeDictoSimpliciterBandwagonFalseDilemmaFalseCause posthoc FalseAnalogyAdHominemAdMisericordiamAppealtoAuthority 2Discussafewexamplesforeachtype andexplainwhytheyarefallacies Youmayrefertothefollowingsourcesforexamples Dailylife Advertisements Politicalarguments Newspaperarticles 3Discusssometipsonhowtoavoidsuchfallacies 4Prepareareportaboutwhatyouhavefoundanddiscussed SurveyReport 5Presentyourreporttotheclassandvoteforthebestone ReportWriting ReportWriting Whydosmartpeopledodumbthings