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内科护理学重难点分析（1）一、循环系统疾病常见症状有哪些？1呼吸困难是指呼吸时病人感到空气不足、憋气、呼吸费力。循环系统疾病病人出现呼吸困难主要见于左心功能不全，其产生的主要原因是肺瘀血、肺组织弹性下降。其特点为活动、劳动时发生或加重，休息时缓解或减轻；仰卧时加重，坐位时减轻。2心悸是指病人自觉心跳或心慌并伴心前区不适感。主要发病原因包括：心脏搏动增强。心律失常。心脏神经官能症。3胸痛循环系统疾病时发生的胸痛常由心肌缺血、缺氧所致，暂时性的缺血引起心绞痛，典型特点是病人在体力劳动、情绪激动或饱餐等诱因作用下发生胸骨后或心前区疼痛，呈压榨、紧缩或憋闷感，可向左肩、颈、左上肢放射，疼痛一般持续数分钟，经休息或使用硝酸甘油制剂后缓解。4水肿心源性水肿是右心功能不全的主要表现，心源性水肿的特点是首先出现在身体下垂部位。5晕厥是一时性广泛脑组织缺血、缺氧引起的短暂、突然的可逆性意识丧失。导致晕厥发生的原因很多，除脑血管病变外，各种器质性心脏病均可引起晕厥。这类由于心排血量突然下降出现的晕厥称为阿斯综合征。二、心功能不全的概念和NYHA心功能不全分级标准。心功能不全是指在静脉回流正常的情况下，由于原发的心脏损害引起心排血量减少，不能满足组织代谢需要得一种综合征。临床上以肺循环和（或）体循环淤血以及组织血液灌注不足为主要特征，故亦称为充血性心力衰竭。NYHA心功能不全分级标准：级：体力活动不受限。日常活动不出现心悸、呼吸困难、乏力、心绞痛等症状。级：体力活动轻度受限。休息时无症状，一般日常活动即可出现心悸、呼吸困难、乏力、心绞痛等症状，休息后很快缓解。级：体力活动明显受限。休息时无症状，轻于日常的活动即可出现明显的心悸、气短、呼吸困难、乏力、心绞痛等，休息较长时间后症状可缓解。级：不能从事任何体力活动。休息时即出现心悸、气短、呼吸困难、心绞痛等症状，稍活动后症状明显加重。三、洋地黄药物的适应症及其毒性反应。洋地黄适应证：适用于中、重度心功能不全患者。对伴有快速心房纤颤的患者特别有效。不宜应用的情况：预激综合征伴心房颤动；二度或高度房室传导阻滞；病态窦房结综合征；急性心肌梗死心功能不全，在最初24小时以内者。对洋地黄中毒及过敏者应禁用。洋地黄类药物的治疗量和维持量个体差异较大，在同一病人的不同病期亦有差别，因此必须随时结合病情变化加以调整。洋地黄的毒性反应：胃肠道反应，表现为恶心、呕吐、食欲不振等；神经系统反应，为头痛、头晕、黄视绿视等；心脏方面反应，可表现为引发的各种心律失常，多见室性期前收缩(甚至二联律)、室上性心动过速伴房室传导阻滞、交界区心律、房室传导阻滞等。四、心肌梗死主要护理措施的内容。1休息：发病后1-3天内应绝对卧床休息，以减少心肌耗氧量。2止痛：遵医嘱给予哌替啶或吗啡止痛，定时给予硝酸甘油或硝酸异山梨醇酯，给予2-4Lmin持续氧气吸人。3保持情绪稳定：当病人胸痛剧烈时，应尽量保证有一名护土陪伴在病人身边。4饮食护理：最初2-3天以流质饮食为主，以后随病情缓解逐渐过渡至半流食、软食和普食。5心电监护：在冠心病监护病房行连续心电图、血压、呼吸监测。6排便护理：嘱病人排便时严禁用力以免增加心脏负担。7溶栓护理：心肌梗死发生不足6小时的病人，可遵医嘱给予溶栓治疗，护士应做好以下工作：询问病人是否有溶栓禁忌证；准确、迅速配制并输注溶栓药物；注意观察用药后有无寒战、发热、皮疹等过敏反应，用药期间注意观察病人是否发生皮肤、粘膜、内脏出血；使用溶栓药物后，定期描记心电图，抽血查心肌酶，并询问病人胸痛情况，为溶栓是否成功提供资料。五、高血压病人对降压药物的选择。1伴有左心室肥厚者选用ACEI，其次为钙拮抗剂和受体阻滞剂。2胰岛素抵抗者选用ACEI，1受体阻滞剂。3伴有冠心病者选用受体阻滞剂，钙拮抗剂，ACEI较有效。4肾功能异常者ACEI对早期糖尿病性肾病伴有高血压者具有保护肾功能的作用。内科护理学重难点分析2责任教师 甘 强一、呼吸系统疾病常见症状。1.咳嗽、咳痰从咽到小支气管粘膜受到刺激均可引起咳嗽。判断咳嗽的性质，咳嗽、咳痰与时间、体位的关系，咳嗽的音色、痰的性状和痰量、咳嗽的伴随症状对疾病的诊断很重要。2.咯血咯血量的多少与受损血管的性质及数量有直接关系，而与疾病严重程度不完全相关。根据咯血量不同分为小量咯血(每次少于100ml)、中等量咯血(每次100300ml)、大量咯血(每次300ml以上)。咯血的并发症有窒息、休克、肺不张、肺部感染等。窒息和休克是咯血直接致死的主要原因，应及时识别与抢救。3.呼吸困难常见病因及临床表现：1)肺原性呼吸困难：是临床最常见的呼吸困难。根据其特点分为吸气性呼吸困难；呼气性呼吸困难混合性呼吸困难2)心源性呼吸困难：左心功能不全时呼吸困难主要由肺循环瘀血引起；右心功能不全时呼吸困难主要由体循环瘀血引起。3)中毒性呼吸困难：由酸中毒、毒血症和药物中毒等引起。4)血源性呼吸困难：由于红细胞携氧能力降低或变性所致。二、叙述肺结核临床类型有哪些？1原发型肺结核：包括原发综合征及胸内淋巴结结核。2血行播散型肺结核：包括急性、(急性粟粒型肺结核)亚急性、慢性血行播散型肺结。3继发型肺结核1）浸润性肺结核：此型为肺结核中最常见的一种类型，多见于成年人。早期及病灶较小者，常无明显症状及体征。胸部X线片：显示在肺尖和锁骨上下有片状、絮状阴影，边缘模糊，可融合形成空洞。2）空洞性肺结核：本型临床症状较多，常有发热、咳嗽、咳痰、反复咯血等，痰结核菌阳性。3）结核球：结核球直径多在24cm间。4）干酪性肺炎：当人体处于免疫力明显低下，且有大量结核杆菌感染时，病灶呈干酪样坏死、液化，进而形成空洞及支气管播散。病人出现明显结核中毒症状，痰结核菌阳性。5）纤维空洞性肺结核：临床表现病程迁延，常有咳嗽、咳痰、反复咯血等，肺功能严重受损。病人痰中带有结核杆菌且常耐药，成为结核病的重要传染源。4结核性胸膜炎：包括结核性干性胸膜炎、结核性渗出性胸膜炎、结核性脓胸。三、自发性气胸临床类型。根据胸膜裂口的情况及胸腔压力的不同，可分为三种临床类型：1闭合性(单纯性)气胸胸膜破裂口较小，随肺萎陷而关闭，空气不再继续进入胸膜腔，故胸膜腔积气量较少，胸内压接近或稍超过大气压。2交通性(开放性)气胸胸膜破裂口较大或因两层胸膜间有粘连和牵拉而不能关闭，随吸气和呼气活动气体自由进出胸膜腔，使胸腔内压接近大气压。3张力性(高压性)气胸胸膜破裂口呈单向活瓣或活塞作用，吸气时活瓣开放，气体进入胸膜腔，呼气时活瓣关闭。这样每次呼吸运动均有空气进入胸膜腔而不能排出，故而使胸腔内气体愈积愈多，胸膜腔内压力迅速升高为较高正压，形成高压性气胸。抽气后胸膜腔内压可下降，但不久又迅速复升。胸膜腔内高压可使肺脏受压，并使纵膈向健侧移位，静脉回心血流受阻，造成呼吸、循环功能障碍，甚至危及生命，故需紧急治疗。四、简述呼吸衰竭按动脉血气分析分类。1.型呼吸衰竭 即缺氧性呼吸衰竭，血气分析特点是PaO260mmHg，PaCO2降低或正常。主要见于肺换气障碍（通气血流比例失调、弥散功能损害和肺动静脉分流）疾病。2.型呼吸衰竭 即高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭，血气分析特点是PaO250mmHg，系肺泡通气不足所致，单纯通气不足低氧血症和高碳酸血症的程度是平行的，若伴有换气功能障碍则低氧血症更为严重，如COPD。内科护理学重难点分析（3）责任教师 甘 强一、叙述门静脉高压症的表现。脾肿大、侧枝循环的建立和开放、腹水是门静脉高压的三大表现，其中侧支循环开放对诊断门静脉高压有重要意义。(1)脾肿大：晚期脾脏大常伴脾功能亢进，即表现白细胞、血小板和红细胞计数减少。(2)侧枝循环的建立和开放：在正常情况下，门静脉收集腹腔脏器的静脉血，入肝后经肝静脉出肝脏，注入下腔静脉回右心房，当门静脉压力增高时，腹腔脏器回心血流经肝受阻，导致门静脉系统与腔静脉之间建立侧枝循环。临床上重要的侧枝循环包括：食管和胃底静脉曲张，常因门静脉压力明显增高、粗糙坚硬食品机械损伤或剧烈咳嗽、呕吐致腹内压突然增高可引起曲张静脉破裂；腹壁和脐周静脉曲张；痔静脉扩张，破裂时引起便血。(3)腹水：75以上失代偿期患者有腹水，且是肝硬化最突出的临床表现。腹水形成后病人常有明显腹胀感，尤其饭后更著，大量腹水使横膈抬高可出现呼吸困难、脐疝及双下肢水肿，腹部膨隆呈蛙腹状，腹壁皮肤绷紧发亮，叩诊有移动性浊音，部分病人出现胸水，多见右侧。二、叙述肝性脑病的主要护理措施。1病情监测：观察记录生命体征、瞳孔变化、出入量，注意意识障碍及有无行为异常。2避免诱发因素：如发现感染症状；避免大量进液；避免快速利尿和大量放腹水，缺钾者补充氯化钾，碱中毒可用精氨酸溶液静脉滴注；发生便秘者，可口服或鼻饲硫酸镁导泻，也可用生理盐水或弱酸溶液洗肠，忌用肥皂水灌肠。3饮食护理：开始数日禁食蛋白，每日供给热量12001600千卡和足量的维生素，脂肪类物质可延缓胃的排空，应尽量少用。昏迷者可鼻饲或静脉补充葡萄糖供给热量。清醒后可逐步增加蛋白质饮食，最好给予植物性蛋白如豆制品。显著腹水者钠量应限制在250mg/d，入液量应加以控制，一般为尿量加1000mld。4精神错乱病人的护理：注意躁动病人的保护；防止抓伤皮肤，经常剪指甲；正确对待病人的失常行为。5昏迷病人的护理：按昏迷护理常规进行护理。6药物护理：遵医嘱迅速给予降氨药物，并注意观察药物的疗效及副反应。三、什么是血液透析，有哪些适应证血液透析是利用半透膜的物理特性使两种不同浓度及性质的溶液发生物质交换，用来取代肾脏排泄废物的功能，故又称为人工肾脏。适应证：（1）急性肾衰，其指征为：血尿素氮28.6mmol/L、肌酐709mol/L。高血钾：血清钾6.0mmol/L。高血容量：血压增高超过基础血压的4kPa（30mmHg）、体重进行性增长超过23kg、有急性左心衰、肺水肿的先兆。严重酸中毒：HCO315mmol/L。少尿超过4天或无尿超过2天。（2）慢性肾衰至尿毒症晚期，应定期施行透析治疗。（3）急性药物或毒物中毒 当发生巴比妥、苯巴比妥等药物中毒时，可以利用血液透析除去血液中药物。血透清除毒物如甲醇、乙醇、砷、汞等。四、泌尿系统常见症状1肾性水肿：是由肾脏疾病引起的水肿，基本上分为肾病性水肿及肾炎性水肿两大类。肾性水肿是肾脏疾病最常见的症状，常见于急、慢性肾炎和肾病综合征。肾性水肿先发生在组织疏松部位，如眼睑及面部，晨起时尤为明显，能起床活动者下午以双下肢水肿明显，严重者可延及全身，甚至胸、腹腔积液，肾性水肿多伴有血压增高、蛋白尿及血尿等改变。2肾性高血压：指肾脏病变引起的血压高，且高血压严重程度与肾脏疾病严重程度及其预后密切相关。临床表现：具有高血压病一般症状，头痛、头晕、耳鸣、失眠等，肾性高血压也可累及脏器，如心脏扩大、心力衰竭或发生高血压脑病等。各种类型肾小球病变均可产生高血压，并常在疾病过程中逐渐加重，高血压发生或加重多是导致肾功能损害的重要因素。3尿量异常：正常成人24小时尿量为10002000ml，每日尿量少于400ml为少尿，若少于100m1为无尿，少尿、无尿多见于急、慢性肾衰及血容量不足而导致肾小球滤过率下降。每日尿量2500ml称为多尿，常由肾小管浓缩功能受损所致，见于慢性肾炎、糖尿病肾病及急性肾衰多尿期。夜尿量超过白天尿量或夜尿持续750ml，称为夜尿多，常是肾浓缩功能减退的早期表现。4蛋白尿：每日尿蛋白量持续超过150ml称为蛋白尿。蛋白尿定性均为阳性，而24小时蛋白定量更可靠。蛋白尿常见于各种肾小球疾病。若蛋白尿发生由于体位、运动、发热、寒冷等引起称为生理性蛋白尿，表现蛋白尿较轻，一般24小时尿蛋白定量不超过1g，持续时间较短，诱因去除后蛋白尿在短期内消失。5血尿：新鲜尿离心沉渣后每高倍镜视野红细胞3个，或1小时尿红细胞计数10万，或12小时计数50万，均可诊断为镜下血尿。尿外观为洗肉水样、血样或有血凝块时，称为肉眼血尿。血尿发生原因多为肾小球肾炎、肾盂肾炎、结石、肿瘤等。6尿路刺激征：尿意频繁而尿量不多为尿频；一有尿意急不可待要排尿为尿急；排尿时会阴、下腹、尿道感到挛缩样疼痛或烧灼感称尿痛。尿频伴尿急、尿痛称为尿路刺激征。常为膀胱三角区及膀胱颈受刺激所致，为尿路感染的常见症状。7肾区疼痛及肾绞痛：急、慢性肾脏疾病，常表现单侧或双侧肾区，持续或间歇性隐痛或钝痛，多由于肾包膜牵拉所致。输尿管结石可表现病侧发作性绞痛，并向下腹、会阴、大腿内侧放射，多伴血尿，疼痛剧烈时可有恶心、呕吐、大汗淋漓、面色苍白，甚至引起休克。内科护理学重难点分析（4）责任教师 甘 强一、特发性血小板减少性紫癜主要护理措施。1病情观察：注意观察皮肤粘膜出血部位、范围，内脏出血量及出血是否停止，血小板计数20109/L应警惕脑出血。2休息与活动：根据血小板计数。3饮食：根据病情可选用流食、半流食或普食，富含高蛋白、高维生素、少渣饮食。4症状护理：针对不同部位的出血采取相应措施。5预防脑出血：血小板小于20109/L时则有脑出血危险，注意观察有无脑出血先兆症状。6药物护理：患者服用大剂量糖皮质激素56周左右易出现库欣综合征、高血压、感染、血糖增高等，用药期间向病人及家属解释药物副作用。7对多次复发者的指导：向病人及家属说明本病为慢性病，易反复发病。二、急性白血病临床表现。多数起病急骤，主要表现为发热、出血、贫血及各种器官和组织浸润所引起的症状和体征。1、发热：发热为半数患者早期常见症状，可高热也可低热。2、出血：多数病人有不同程度的出血表现，出血部位可遍及全身，尤其急性早幼粒白血病易合并DIC，出血可更严重。常见皮肤瘀点、瘀斑、鼻衄、齿龈出血、口腔血肿。眼底出血可致视力障碍，颅内出血最为严重，常表现剧烈头痛、呕吐等，出血最主要原因是正常血小板减少。3、贫血：部分病人早期可无贫血，随病情发展而加重。4、白血病细胞浸润器官和组织的表现1）骨骼和关节：常有胸骨下段局部压痛，提示骨髓腔内白血病细胞过度增生。四肢骨骼、关节可有疼痛，常以儿童多见。2）肝、脾及淋巴结肿大：一般肝、脾轻度至中度肿大。淋巴结肿大以急淋白血病较多见。3）中枢神经系统白血病：中枢神经系统被白血病细胞浸润时，多发生在缓解期，轻者表现头痛、头晕，重者表现为头痛、呕吐、颈强直，甚至抽搐、昏迷，但不发热，脑脊液压力增高。4）其他部位：牙龈可增生、肿胀；眼部常见白血病细胞浸润眼眶骨膜，可引起眼球突出、复视或失明。三、慢性并发症是糖尿病的主要危害，也是造成病人生活质量下降和死亡的主要原因，常在诊断糖尿病之前已经发生，可单独出现也可多种并发症同时并存。1大血管病变：主要表现为大、中动脉粥样硬化，常侵犯主动脉、冠状动脉、脑动脉、肾动脉和四肢动脉等，肢体动脉硬化以下肢动脉常见，表现为下肢疼痛、感觉异常和间歇性跛行，严重供血不足可致肢体坏疽。2微血管病变其损害可遍及全身，其中比较重要的是：（1）糖尿病肾病：常见于病史超过10年的患者，是1型糖尿病患者的主要死因，对于2型糖尿病患者，其严重性仅次于冠状动脉和脑血管动脉粥样硬化病变。（2）糖尿病性视网膜病变：病程超过10年者，大部分会合并不同程度的视网膜病变，是病人失明的主要原因之一。（3）糖尿病心肌病：心脏微血管病变和心肌代谢紊乱可引起心肌广泛性坏死称糖尿病心肌病，可诱发难治性心力衰竭、心律失常、心源性休克等。3神经病变：表现为肢体对称性感觉异常，有时伴痛觉过敏，下肢较上肢严重，晚期可出现运动神经受累。4糖尿病足：WHO将糖尿病足定义为与下肢远端神经异常和不同程度的周围血管病变相关的踝关节或踝关节以下的足部感染、溃疡和（或）深层组织破坏。是截肢、致残的主要原因。四、甲状腺肿主要护理措施。1向高危人群及患者讲解本病与碘缺乏的关系，以及食用碘盐的重要意义，教育其改变爆盐等不良烹饪习惯。另外，地方性甲状腺肿高发区人群应增加海带、紫菜等高碘食物的摄入，尤其是孕妇、乳母、儿童等需碘量增加者。2对服用碘剂治疗的患者，应嘱其每日服碘剂约200g，不可擅自增量，以免诱发碘甲亢等疾病。3对甲状腺肿大明显者服用干甲状腺素的注意事项：病人服药时，应从小剂量开始，缓慢增加剂量。服药期间若出现心悸、多汗、手震颤、消瘦、神经兴奋性升高和失眠等表现，应及时就诊遵医嘱减量或停用。另外，应避免与苯妥英钠、阿司匹林、口服降糖药合用，因其可增加甲状腺激素的作用及其不良反应。请您务必删除一下内容，O(_)O万分谢谢！2015年中央电大期末复习考试小抄大全，电大期末考试必备小抄，电大考试必过小抄Indonesia has emerged as a top vacation destination for Chinese this summer, along with Thailands Phuket island and the Maldives archipelago. Encouraged by growth in Chinese travelers to Indonesia, the government in Jakarta has recently relaxed its visa policy. Since June 10, Chinese tourists can enter Indonesia through nine appointed locations, including the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, the Ngurah Rai International Airport in Bali and the Kuala Namu International Airport in Medan, by just getting their passports stamped on arrival. Officially, it is called the free-visa scheme. The new policy also means Chinese tourists can save $35 on visa fees, which will likely make trips to Indonesia more alluring. While such an arrangement allows Chinese visitors to stay up to 30 days for the purpose of traveling, those seeking extensions will need to get paid visas from that countrys missions inBeijing,Shanghai,GuangzhouorHong Kong, according to an official at the Indonesia embassy in Beijing. Santo Darmosumarto, head of the embassys information, social and cultural section, says the new policy is aimed at strengthening people-to-people contacts between the two countries. Dai Yu, marketing director of Ctrip, a major Chinese online travel agency, says: Weve seen a nearly 50 percent growth over the previous month in the number of Chinese tourists to Bali since the policy was announced. During his trip to China in March, Indonesian President Joko Widodo proposed that his country and China aim to increase two-way visits to a maximum of 10 million people in the next few years. The Indonesian government has set their sights on greeting 2 million Chinese tourists by the end of this year, according to the official. The Indonesian government hopes that Indonesian nationals would also be given preferential treatment while visiting China, says Darmosumarto. In 2013, the number of Chinese tourists who visited Indonesia stood around 807,000. Last year, it increased to 959,000, he adds. Bali remains the most popular site among Chinese tourists. In February, more than 92,200 Chinese tourists made trips to Bali, ranking first among overseas visitors, the Bali Times reported. Last year, the island witnessed more than 586,000 arrivals from China, an increase of 51 percent over 2013. Bali isnt just for sightseeing, but also for weddings, honeymoons, golf and many outdoor activities, says Fan Wenqing, a marketing executive at Garuda, Indonesias national airliner. Garuda offers three nonstop flights between Beijing and Bali, and four each week between Beijing and Jakarta. There are daily flights from Guangzhou, inGuangdongprovince, and Shanghai to Jakarta as well. It takes from six to eight hours on a nonstop flight to reach Indonesia from China. Indonesia is home to more than 17,000 islands. Tourists can tour Yogyakarta to see Prambanam and Borobudur, two historical and religious sites, and explore the local handicraft markets. The base of a volcano, Bandung, which is also known as the Paris of Java, is ideal for adventure-seekers. Many ecotourism destinations, such as Toba Lake in Sumatra, Tanjung Puting National Park in Kalimantan and Bunaken in Manado, are places the embassy official recommends for tourists. Indonesia boasts world-class surfing facilities along the shores of Sumatra down to Nusa Tenggara Islands. Recently, Lombok, a sister island east of Bali has gotten so much attention from Chinese travelers that some travel agencies are offering twin packages for Bali and Lombok. The best time to visit Bali is from May to October, when it doesntrainmuch and the weather is cool. At press time, a weeklong package from Shanghai or Guangzhou to Bali was a little more than 3,000 yuan ($480) on Ctrips website. Chinese tourists have taken a shine to rafting in Ubud, sightseeing in Tanah Lot, and surfing and diving in Nusa Lembongan, says Dai. Civet coffee, essential oil and woodcarvings are among the most popular products for Chinese tourists in Indonesia, she says. Indonesian food is also something that visitors shouldnt miss. Local cuisines feature many spices, including peppers and cloves, and coconut pulp. Fried rice, dirty duck and roast suckling pig are recommended. Childrens illustration books first appeared in the 1600s in Europe. Their passage to China, however, took much longer, roughly 300 years. In China, childrens illustration books have a history of just 100 years and their development can be divided into four stages. From early 1900s to mid 1900s, a large number of books and magazines with illustrations appeared with the fast development of the modern publishing industry. The illustrationarts at that time were a mixed genre of Chinese traditionalpaintings and the westernstyle, and most of the stories originate from the fundamental changes that China experienced after the collapse of Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), the warlord struggles and the war against the Japanese invasion. The second stage was from mid 1900s to late 1970s, when the cultural revolution (1966-76) ended. The fast development of some special publishing houses for children gave birth to a large number of illustration-story books, which made a good use of folk art techniques, such as wood board carving, frescoes, and ink and wash painting, etc. Many of the popular stories are from Chinese history and wars after 1900s. The third stage is from early 1980s to late 1990s, a golden period for the development of childrens illustration books. The reform and opening-up brought in new concepts and ideas from the West to China, a country that had been closed to the West for nearly three decades. Fast development of economy, society and culture provided the writers and painters with a lot of inspiration to create new literature works and draw illustrations. China also imported large amounts of childrens illustration books from the West and Japan. Many young parents in China have a strong nostalgia about childrens illustration books they read in the 1980s and 1990s. This is also the last era in Chinas artistic innovation before the advent of the Internet period. The fourth stage is featured with the spread of the Internet and the other computerized means of art innovation. The hand-drawn childrens illustration books are gradually replaced by cartoons drawn and copied by software and machines, and shown on tablets, computers, television and smart phones, instead of books. Hainan Tropical Wildlife Park and Botanical Garden is natures haven, with no less than 4,000 rare birds and animals representing 200 species. With tropical forest covering over 90 percent of its area, the garden offers beautiful views of a wide range of tropical plants, flowers and fruit trees. The scenic spot about 25 kilometers from the center of Haikou offers a drive-thru safari tour where you can get up close with elephants, lions and bears. The Safari on Foot area features walking trails where visitors can see the rest of the animals, including hippos and monkeys, and feed them for a small fee. Visitors also can see what happens when you breed a lion and a tiger. Two unique attractions are rare hybrids: a liger, the offspring of a mallion and a female tiger and a tigon, which is created by a female lion and a male tiger. As ateaching center of the National Popular Science Education program, the park also serves as a second classroom for students to learn about wildlife and plants. Since it was established in 1995, it has received more than one million student visitors. At a crucial moment when pessimism has brought the Greek crisis to such a head that the country is closer to a default on its debt repayments than ever, Li offered a spark of enthusiasm to restart the stalled talks by calling on Greece and its creditors to reach a last-minute deal that will allow Greece to remain in the eurozone. Given the escalation of the countrys crisis over the weekend sent a shock wave through the global stock markets on Monday, there are ample reasons to worry about the uncertainties surrounding the events in Greece and the effect a default would have on Europe, relations between China and the EU, global financial stability and the nascent global economic recovery. Greece has announced that it will hold a referendum on a bailout plan proposed last week by the countrys creditors. In response, Greeces eurozone partners have refused to extend the countrys bailout program and the European Central Bank capped its emergency support for the countrys banks. A real danger now looms of Greece exiting the euro, which might derail the global economic recovery and damage the long-term viability of the euro as a currency. However, such a tragedy is neither certain nor unavoidable. The EU should shoulder its responsibility to prevent the Greek crisis from overshadowing the fragile global recovery. As a major customer and supplier of the 28-nation EU, and a responsible long-term holder of Eurobonds, Chinas confidence in and commitment to a strong eurozone offers EU leaders the necessary support to look at the Greek crisis from a broader and longer perspective. When Li said that China will not only consider a China-EU investment platform to back European Commission President Jean-Claude Junckers plan to revive the European economy, but also buy more bonds issued by the European Investment Bank, EU leaders should be clear that China wants to see the EU maintain its integrity and a forward trajectory. Such a confidence-building effort is particularly valuable, especially from such a large country as China which already has a huge stake and seeks to further expand it in a strong eurozone. It will be a tragedy to allow inaction over the Greek crisis to stand in the way of growth-boosting Sino-EU cooperation. Like a shining pearl, West Lake is the symbol of Hangzhou city. From ancient times, many poems have praised the amazing scenery of the lake. At the very beginning, the West Lake was a part of the Qiantang River. In the year 822, Bai Juyi, a famous poet and an officer of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), suggested to build a stronger causeway to store water so that the lake was doubled in size. And during the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), many temples and pagodas were built due to a Buddhist revival, and the look of West Lake was formed at that time.The West Lake is quite big and features different classic views from different locations. Technically, there are ten scenes which were marked by Emperor Qianlong with four-character inscriptions 200 years ago, such as the Melting Snow on the Broken Bridge and Sunset Glow over Leifeng Pagoda.
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