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英语学习误区与解决方案一、语法：摆正语法与语言的关系 问题与误区：语法先行，死记语法而忽视语言，生搬硬套，张冠李戴，颠倒了外语学习过程中语言与语法的关系，造成了在外语学习上的畸形发展，导致了在掌握表达方面的“营养不良”。解决方案：建立“以语法为工具，将掌握表达为学习目的”的学习策略和原则。语法的作用：为掌握表达服务，只是帮助掌握客观存在的表达形式的一种工具。语法是人们为学习语言这种客观存在的东西而自己主观制造出的一个辅助工具；是通过对居多语言现象进行从具体到抽象的归纳和总结而得出的语言的一般规律，难免顾此失彼，所以不是每个客观的表达形式都一定能用语法来解释！如：all half his income; one such person; life today; the year of the ox; every half hour; every few days; on second thoughts; at first sight; far from satisfactory; heart disease; an increase; a means of communication/transportation；much to ones surprise（非常令人惊奇的是）; be well worth（很值得）; much the same（几乎一样）; freezing cold（刺骨寒）; well known; sound sleep(酣睡) be sound asleep；heavy rain等等.二、词汇与表达：1、摆正外语与母语的关系 问题与误区：凭借母语习惯去学习和运用外语，干扰了外语学习过程中语言信息的输入、处理和输出。解决方案：学习他们的语言，必须学会他们的思维，努力纠正根据英语单词的中文意思拼凑句子的思维方式。试看下列句子中的英语思维： To complete the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day. (2008) I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldnt get through. Her brother was talking on the phone all the time! (2008) I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups. (2006)2、如何应对“考试英语”中的词汇与表达：1) 注意观察在表示什么意思时是如何行文措词的。如narrowly, badly，deadly的用法，it的特殊句型等等. Its hard for him playing against me. Ive got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so badly（强烈地）. (2007) 又如：I miss you badly. France narrowly(勉强地，险些没有能够) beat Germany 2-1 in last nights thrilling final. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made it her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town. (2006) The speech is deadly(极其地) dull. 注意下列it特殊句型：make/think/consider/find/feel it + adj/n + to do sth.like/appreciate/love/hate/dislike it + when/if 喜欢/讨厌see to it that务必/确保。take it for granted that认为 。理所当然owe it to sb. that把。归功于。if I can help it,如果我能做到的话，。it was + 具体时间 + when从句（一般过去时）某事发生时，时间是。it is/has been + 一段时间 + since 从句（一般过去时） 自从。以来有。之久it was + 一段时间 + before从句（一般过去时） 过了多长时间就/才。it will be + 一段时间 + before从句（一般现在时）只要过多长时间就。；还要过多长时间才。it was long + before从句（一般过去时） 过了很久才。it wasnt long + before从句（一般过去时） 没过多久就。it will be long + before从句（一般现在时） 将要很久才能。it wont be long + before从句（一般现在时） 将不要多久就会。it was not until +从句或时间短语+ that+ 句子 是直到。才。it is + 序数词 + time + 现在完成时 这是某人第几次做某事了it was + 序数词 + time + 过去完成时 那是某人第几次做某事了it is (high/about) time + that从句（一般过去时或should+动词原形）某人该做某事了eg: He made it a rule to get up at 6 in the morning and do morning exercises. I hate it when people talk about me behind my back. The teacher hates it when the students wear strange clothes in school. Personally, I dislike it when people talk with their mouths full. I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. I like it in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. See to it that everything is ready. If I can help it, I wont work late into night.2）在掌握一个词第一意义或第一用法的基础上去注意它的第二、第三意义或用法。特别注意“旧词新意”While（虽然，尽管） the Internet is of great help, I dont think its a good idea to spend too much time on it. (2008) 注意： while作此意时引导的让步状语从句必须放在句首。Some people waste food while(而，然而) others havent enough.(while做此意时为并列连词，不放句首）while的第一意义是“在。期间”， 引导时间状语从句通常放句尾不用标点与主句隔开，也可放句首但此时必须用标点与主句隔开。I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel when（就在这时） I heard the steps. (2006).注意when作并列连词表“就在这时”之意有以下句型：was/were going/about to do sth + when从句（一般过去时）准备/正准备做某事，这时。was/were on the point of doing sth + when从句（一般过去时）正准备做某事，这时。had just done sth + when从句（一般过去时）刚刚做完某事，正在这时。was/were doing sth + when从句（一般过去时）正在做某事，这时。was/were +表状态的介词短语 + when从句（一般过去时）正在做某事，这时。I was wandering in the street when suddenly a dog bit me.I was going to go out when a man came to visit me.=I was about to go out when a man came to visit me.=I was on the point of going out when a man came to visit me.I had just got up when a man came to visit meChuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed.注意before 有时翻译成“才，不到就，趁就，还没来得及就”. 如：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.Please write it down before you forget it.Before I could explain, she had got very angry.注意以下词语的第二第三或更多词义：while 当。时候，在。期间然而，而虽然，尽管when 当。时候就在这时既然，倘若 eg: How can you expect to learn anything when you never listen in class?park n 公园v 停放（车辆）v 寄存，存放v 让某人在某处坐、站Eg: There are often sofas in a clothing store for women to park their husbands, children or boyfriends.walk n 散步v步行v 护送某人，陪某人走Eg: Are you going to walk me home?rush 冲，跑急忙送。去。When the injured were rushed to the hospital, they came to life.touch 触摸触动move 搬迁，移动感动contribute to 为。作贡献导致eg:Smoking contributes to heart disease and high pressure.cover盖，覆盖占据(面积)走路程报道The journalist covered a long distance to the accident site to make the event covered.raise 举起，提高募集（捐款）interest 兴趣利益利息The director claimed at the meeting, “The loan from our workers was made at 6 percent interest; after all, we will at all times put the interests of you all first.”concrete 具体的混凝土3）在掌握常规用法的基础上去注意特别的用法。比如：绝大多数情况下，to是不定式符号，后接动词原形，但下列短语中的to 为介词，后接动词时要用-ing形式！pay attention to 注意；look forward to盼望; be devoted to，devote oneself to 潜心于; be addicted to 沉溺于 contribute to，make contributions to为。作贡献; be/get/become used/accustomed to 习惯于 get down to 着手（做）；turn to 转向(做)；lead to 导致；come to 谈及；object to反对; stick to坚持; adapt to调整以适应; adjust to调节以适应; react to对。作出反应; respond to回应; reply to答复; see to确保; submit to屈服于; refer to提及; add to增加; key to 。的关键；情态动词有以下特别用法：can可表示“有时候会”。 Eg: The monkeys look sweet, but they can be very naughty.The World Wide Web is sometimes jokingly called the world wide wait because it can be very slow.must可表示“硬要，偏偏”。Eg: -How old are you, madam? -If you must know, Im twice my sons age.shall可用于一、三人称疑问句表示征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Eg: -Shall he come to see you? -Id rather he didnt. Shall也可用于二、三人称陈述句中表示命令、警告、允诺、威胁或法规。Eg: -What does the sign over here read? -No person shall smoke or carry a lighted cigarette, cigar or pipe in this area.should可表示“按理说应该”。 Eg: -When can I call for my TV set? -It should be ready this afternoon. should也可表示说话人对某事感到意外、惊异、不能理解等，译作“竟然；居然”。Eg: You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman should be so rude to a lady. will可表示现在经常或习惯性的行为，译作“常常”。过去的习惯性行为用would.Eg: He will go to the park every day after supper.will还可表示即时决定。Eg:-John was badly injured in the accident yesterday and she was sent to hospital. -Oh, really? I didnt know. I will visit her. -Did you tell him the good news? -Oh, no. I forgot. I will call him now.must have done只用于肯定句；can have done不用于肯定句；may/might have done不用于疑问句。注意下面这些容易淡忘的硬性法则，有些甚至是打破常规的特殊规定，做题时千万千万别忘了：1 冠词 表示众多同类事物中的一个时名词即使带了修饰语也用不定冠词。Eg: While he was investigating ways to improve the telescope, Newton made a discovery which completely changed mans understanding of color. 表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词带上修饰语后改用不定冠词。Eg: When the spaceship traveled above, a new-looking earth appeared before us, an earth that we had never seen before. 元音因素（注意：不是字母）开头的单词前用an,反之，辅音因素开头的单词前用a. Eg: a university, a useful book, a “u”, an “e/f/h/i/l/m/n/o/r/s/x”, an interesting story, an orange, an hour, an honest boy, an 800-metre bridge.序数词前用不定冠词表示“又一”“再一”之意Eg: My teacher asked me to copy the article a second time.形容词最高级前用不定冠词表示“极其”之意。2.代词、形容词和副词 enough修饰形容词或副词时要后置；形容词修饰不定代词时要后置。Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way easily enough to the Home Circle Building. (2006)能够修饰比较级的程度副词：。一点点，稍微：a little, a bit, slightly, any; 。得多：many, much, a lot, a great deal, far, by far, greatly; 甚至更。：even，all the, still, yet.形容词可以作状语。United, we can make it. He fell to the ground, dead.Happy and excited,the boys were shouting and singing.Tom returned home, tired but sound. I stood there still, full of fear.注意几组特殊副词的意义及用法差别:a.原意和抽象比喻意义上的差别,即前者用于可测量的较具体的事物,后者用于一种难以测量的抽象的比喻义.deeps深地/deeply深深地; wide宽大地/widely广泛地; near近地/nearly很接近地,几乎; close近地/closely密切地; most极其/mostly主要地; The player can jump really high, so we all speak highly of him.Most of them, who were mostly friends of the manager, were saved in the fire.Only when December draws near do I realize that its nearly Christmas.b.有无-ly意义大不同:dead完全地,绝对地/deadly极其地; pretty相当/prettily漂亮地; late迟地/lately最近; hard努力地/hardly几乎不;He works hard in school while his brother hardly ever reads a book.3.系动词 go多与负面意思的形容词连用；还特别用于可立即逆转的颜色变化，如交通灯。 turn用于表示达到某一年龄或超过某一时间。还可表“成为”，此时后面直接接名词，即名词前不能加任何冠词. make后接名词表示具有成为某种人的潜质。如：He can make a good teacher。 感观动词既可作系动词也可作实义动词，应注意从语义上来区别和正确使用。 When you are ill, you cant taste properly. Even your favorite food tastes bad. They looked sadly at the master, because the maser himself looked sad. We dont care if a hunting dog smells badly, but we really dont want him to smell bad.4.非谓语动词：下列动词接动词不定式作宾语补足语是必须省略to，但在被动句中不可省，即V + sb do sth: look at, see, watch, notice, observe; have, let, make; listen to, hear; feel. 简记：五“看”三“使”两“听” 一“感觉”。to在句中像妖怪，主动句里它走开，被动句里它回来。绝大多数动词后接不定式作宾语，但有些动词只能接V-ing作宾语，即V+ V-ing，常见的这些动词是：consider, suggest/advise, look forward to; excuse/pardon; admit; delay(put off); fancy; avoid; miss; keep; practise; deny; finish; enjoy/appreciate; imagine; mind; allow/permit; escape; resist; forbid; risk. 词义口诀：考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免错过保持练，否认完成和欣赏，想像介意准逃亡，抵制禁止要冒险。tooto 结构中如果too后接的是表情绪感受的形容词则此结构是肯定意义。too前还常加上only, all, but, just, simply等副词，意思不变，因为这些词加上too后与very同义。下列动词不能接不定式的复合结构sb to do sth: hope, suggest, demand, welcome, arrange, agree. On/Upon + V-ing或on + ones + n可表示“一。就。”。(接名词时要加上ones) On arriving/his arrival in Shanghai, he called his friends.Upon his death the man left all his money to his child. being done一般为分词，表示“正被。”，即既表被动又表进行，但在介词和只能接V-ing的动词后它是动名词，表示“被。”，只表被动不表进行！having done和having been done 一般不作定语。 放在句首的目的状语只能用不定式，并且要用逗号与后面隔开，但作目的状语的不定式放句尾时不用逗号隔开。5.名词性从句： 名词性从句必须用陈述句语序. 宾语从句中主句为一般过去时时，从句必须用过去的某种时态（客观真理除外）。6.定语从句：关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that：a.先行词是all ,everything, nothing, anything, something, much, little, none等不定代词时All that can be done has been done.Do you have anything that you dont understand ?There is little that can be believed about it .The book doesnt say much that amuses children.b.先行词被any, some, no, much, few, little, every, all, very, only, last修饰时Ive read all the books that you lent me.No sample that we nave received is satisfactory.Please send us any information that you have about the subject.He is the only person that was present at the time.c.先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰或是形容词最高级或序数词时Hamburg is the most beautiful city that Ive ever seen.This is the best TV that is made in China.The first museum that he visited in China was the History Museum.This is the first/second/last book (that) he has read.d.先行词中既有人又有事物时The famous writer and his works that the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students.A victim is a person, animal or thing that suffers pain, death, harm, etc.e.关系代词在从句中作表语，或先行词指物且在主句中作表语时My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.He is no longer the man that he used to be.He didnt become the kind of person that his father wanted him to be.It is a song that is very popular.It is a book that will help you a lot.f.由which和who开头的问句中（避免重复）Which is the subject (that) you are going to learn next term?Who is the man that came to see you just now?Who that you have ever seen can do it better?Who that you are talking to is the young fellow.记忆口诀：the very, the only; the same, no, any; 两项并列人与物；不定、序数、最高级。（“不定”指不定代词，但指人的one / ones / anyone/those/he除外。） 关系代词不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况：a.在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。He made the same mistakes again, which made his parents very angry.Yesterday I bought a dictionary, which cost me more than 100 yuan.Mr. Smith, who gave a talk several months ago, will come again.My uncle has come back from abroad, whom I havent met for along time.His dog, which was very old now, became ill and died.b.紧跟在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。Her bag, in which she put all her money, has been stolen.This is the ring on which she spent 1000 dollars.Xiao Wang, with whom I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.Which is the car, the owner of which you know? 关系代词指人时只能用 who 而不用that的情况：先行词是one / ones / anyone/those/he 时 One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who are often late should be punished Dont tell anyone about the news who oughtnt to know it. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. Anyone who breaks the law is punished. Those who break the law are punished. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. He who has not been to the Great Wall is not a true man. He who laughs last laughs best. He who breaks the law is punished.关系代词只能用as的情况：a.固定句型：当先行词有same或such/so修饰时关系代词常用as(不用that). as充当宾语或表语. 即:the sameas; suchas; soas I shall do it in the same way as you did. I want to buy such a book as you have. He is so good a teacher as we all like. He is not the same man as he was. 比较:He is not the man that he used to be.b.代替整个句子，意为“正如”时c.代替整个句子放在句首时当前后构成因果关系时, 关系代词代替整个句子只能用which He failed in the exam, which made his mother very angry. His dog died, which made him very sad.7.状语从句：时间状语从句和条件状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时Eg: We will go to the park if it doesnt rain tomorrow.Dont/You cant get off the bus until it stops. 时间状语从句、条件状语从句和方式状语从句中，如果从句的主语与主句的主语相同或主句的主语是it，且从句谓语中含有be动词，可以将主语和be动词省略。 While （he was） still a student, she played roles in many plays.（但when he was a student不这么省。此时就用while still替代） Please change the verb form if/when necessary. Dont speak until asked to. Generally speaking ,when taken to the directions, this medicine has no side effect. When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year. The research is so designed that once begun nothing can be done to change it. If not treated, the deadly disease could spread very fast and cause plenty of deaths. This is an illness that can result in total blindness if left untreated. Once a teacher, he now works in a government office. Work hard when young, or youll regret. He looked everywhere as if in search of something. While walking along the street, I heard my name called. The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected. He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak. 由as, although, though引导的让步状语从句结构： although/while不倒装, although多用于句首,while必须放在句首;though可倒装可不倒装;as/that必须倒装. a.表语的倒装：（表语为名词时名词前不可加冠词！）While /Though/ Although he is a child, he knows a lot.Child as he is, he knows a lot.Tired as/though/that he was, he still went on with his work. b.状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very修饰语！） While /Though/ Although Bruce walked very fast, he still couldnt catch up with me. Fast as/though/that Bruce walked, he still couldnt catch up with me. While/Though/Although I admire him as a writer very much, I do not like him as a man. Much as/though/that I admire him as a writer, I do not like him as a man. Carefully as/though/that he did the work, he made a mistake. c.谓语动词的倒装： Try as/though/that he might, he didnt pass the exam. Hate him as/though/that we may, we must admit his greatness.下列词也可以直接引导状语从句：the moment; the minute; the instant; the second; the time; immediately/instantly/directly(以上均为“一就” ) the week/year; all the time; any/every/each time; the first/last time; by the time;Eg: My sister came directly she got my message.Every time I catch a cold, I have a pain in my back.The first time I climbed onto the wall, I felt nervous. since句型中如果从句谓语是延续性的，则它所表示的时间从该动作或状态结束时算起！It is 3 years since I smoked( gave up smoking 自从我戒烟以来. )我戒烟3年了。It is 5 years since he was a soldier.他退伍5年了。I have never seen him since he was ill.他病愈以来我还没见过他。It has been 5 years since he lived here.到现在为止他有5年没住这里了。8.主谓一致：由noand no,eachand each,everyand every,many a and many a等构成的复合主语谓语动词用单数。Every boy and every girl has the right to get education.主语后面带有as well as, with, together with, along with, including, in addition to, besides, except, but, rather than等词连接的名词，谓语动词的数由这些词前的主语决定. The professor together with a number of students was doing experiments in chemistry in the lab at that time.more than one和many a后接名词单数，谓语动词用单数。More than one language is taught in this school.“kind(s)/pair(s)/quantity(ies)/amount(s) of + 名词”结构后谓语动词的数由kind(s)/pair(s)/quantity(ies)/amount(s)本身的单复数决定。Large amounts of money are used on the Hope Project.Large quantities of information have been offered since the organization was built.This kind of books sells well.名词 + of this kind作主语时谓语动词由名词的单复数决定。Books of this kind sell well。9.虚拟语气：suggest“表明、暗示”用陈述语气，“建议”用虚拟语气；insist“坚持认为”用陈述语气，“坚决要求”用虚拟语气。（做题时用“坚决要求”之意代进去讲得通就用虚拟语气，否则用陈述语气）Mary suggested we visit the museum once more, which suggested she loved the Chinese culture very much.Janes pale face suggested that she was ill, and her parents suggested that she have a medical examination.He insisted that he was really very tired and that he be allowed to have a rest.All the doctors in the hospital insisted (that) he was badly wounded and that he be operated on at once.He insisted that he had done nothing wrong and be free.He insisted that he was ill and be sent to hospital at once.在名词性从句中，表示要求、命令、建议、请求的词后的名词性从句要用虚拟语气，形式为should + V原形,should可以省略。常见的这类词是：insist, order, command, advise(动词)，advice(名词)，suggest(动词)，suggestion(名词)，propose(动词)，proposal(名词)，demand，desire，require，request。记忆口诀：一个“坚决（要求）”，两个“命令”，三个“建议”，四个“请求”。 【还有urge（主张），recommend（推荐），不常用】The king ordered that the prisoners be killed the next day.They requested that we (should) send them to work there.My demand is that she （should） come to see me once a week.The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time.She accepted their proposal that she should be operated on.It is (about / high) time that sb did 或should do sth.（是某人该做某事的时候了）句型中should不可省略！(How) I wish that sb, If only sb, as if/though sb后对将来的虚拟为would/could/might + V原形句型中动词原形前不能用should!would rather后的虚拟语气只有两种形式：和过去相反用现在完成时,和现在或将来事实相反用一般过去时. Id rather you went home now and came again tomorrow.Its necessary /strange/ natural/advisable/possible /impossible/important/essential/requested/demanded/ordered/a pity/a shame + that-Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟，形式为（should）+动词原形It is important that we ( should ) master a foreign language .It is strange that she (should) refuse to come to the party.Its necessary that we (should) study hard.Its ordered that we (should) go home at once.10.特殊句式：省略时只能说I hope/guess/fear not, Im afraid not.常用作独立成分的插入语有：一般而言：generally speaking;坦率地说： frankly speaking; 从。判断：judging from; 考虑到：considering, takinginto consideration; 坦白说：to tell the truth, to be frank; 肯定地说to be sure; 确切地说：to be exact； 总之：to sum up, to conclude; 使事情更糟糕的是：to make things/matters worse, even worse, worse still, whats worse; 况且：whats more, moreover, besides, in addition; 事实上：in fact/effect/reality, as a matter of fact, in point of fact, actually, really. Considering Tom fit for the office, the boss considered taking him on.4）注意与自己的主观认为相悖的表达形式。 Dressed in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a
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