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定语从句定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分，如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后，如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.定语从句的连接词：1.连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that 2.连接副词：when、where、why选用连接词的关键是看先行词，先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，如：The boy who is playing football is my brother. (这里the boy 就是先行词)一、连接代词的选用：1.who指人，先行词为人,在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend3.which指物，先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语,译成.的(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词+连接代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked. (5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)2. 若介词放在连接代词前，连接代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；连接代词是所有格时用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介词+连接代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities二、连接副词的选用：1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school. (2) The time when we got together finally came.2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born. (2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. (2) I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词,具体操作方法如下：提出定语从句，把先行词补进定语从句中，若是先行词作地点状语就用Where,若作时间状语就用when，若作原因状语就用why（先行词一般为the reason），其他情况则用连接代词，例1. Is this the museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one例3. Is this the reason why you are late for school?关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)四、介词+连接词用法说明1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换，如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club? This is the reason why he came late. This is the reason for which he came late.五、定语从句只能用that的几种情况1当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said? (2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done. (4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(4) Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰 (1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 (1) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 当形容词被the very, the only 修饰时 (1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned. 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned?定语从句练习一、选择填空。1. Dont talk about such things of _ you are not sure.A. which B. what C. as D. those2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day?A. that B. where C. in which D. the one3. Is this factory _ some foreign friends visited last Friday?A. that B. where C. which D. the one4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago?A. that B. where C. which D. the one5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found.A. that B. where C. in which D. in that6. The freezing point is the temperature _ water changes into ice.A. at which B. on that C. in which D. of what7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts.A. how you have observed B. what you have observedC. that you have observed D. how that you have observed8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine.A. because B. why C. that D. whether9. Ill tell you _ he told me last week.A. all which B. that C. all that D. which10. That tree, _ branches are almost bare, is very old.A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which11. I have bought the same dress _ she is wearing.A. as B. that C. which D. what12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.A. which B. it C. that D. what13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night.A. which B. whom C. who D. that14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister.A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing15. Those _ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn二、单词填空。1. I still remember the night _I first came to the house.2. Ill never forget the day_ we met each other last week.3. Mr Black is going to Beijing in October, _is the best season there.4. I will never forget the days _I spent with your family.5. Ill never forget the last day_ we spent together.6. This is the school _I used to study.7. Do you still remember the place_ we visited last week?8. Do you still remember the place_ we visited the painting exhibition?9. Have you ever been to Hangzhou,_is famous for the West Lake?10. Have you ever bee to Hangzhou, _lies the West Lake?11. Tom will go to Shanghai,_live his two brothers.12. I live in Beijing,_is the capital of China.13. There was a time _there were slaves in the USA.14. It is the third time _you have made the same mistake.15. It was in the street _I met John yesterday.状语从句状语从句是历年中考的一个必考项目，一定要特殊注意。英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等，根据状语的功能状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。一时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。时间状语的连接词：when（当时候） while（当时候） as（当时候） after（在以后） before（在以前） as soon as（一就） since（自从到现在） till /until（直到才） by the time（到为止）依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。举例：1.when当的时候（一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。）Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.(当)莫扎特的时候，开始写音乐作品。I will become a teacher when I grow up当我长大了，我要当老师2.while当时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.他在旅途中参观了许多地方。3.as在的同时；一边一边He smiled as he stood up.他一边站起来一边笑着。4.after在之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.前几天做完作业之后回的家。5.before 在之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。6.as soon as 一就(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。)We began to work as soon as we got there.我们一到那就开始工作。I will write to you as soon as I get home.我一到家就给你写信。7.since 自以来 到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)8 till /until都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /until it was dark.他们一直走到天黑。Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。9. by the time 到为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。By the time I got to school, the class had already began.我到校时，已经开始上课了。用法辨析：1.when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如： When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词) When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词） We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。 While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如： While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生) I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比） As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如： We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边一边”） As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间） as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：as表示“一边。一边的意思强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时 用于发生时间较段时when 1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作之前 或之后发生。2、whenand then; at that moment (正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中while 1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.while, as不能代替 She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它) While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while可通用)2. 由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如： I didnt go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。 It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。 I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。 I didnt work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。 Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。3. 由since引导的时间状语从句。since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，表述为：现在完成时+since+一般过去时。但在It is 时间since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如： I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。 Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？ It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。 It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。 知识扩展1. It is since从。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。2. It is +before(。才)It was a long time before I went to sleep again.过了很长时间我才睡着。It was an hour before(until) the police arrived.过了一个小时，警察才来。二.原因状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导1.I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill.我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。2. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting.既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her.我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.用法辨析：because , since , as , for辨析1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.三、条件状语从句连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)1.If it doesnt rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.2.You will get good grades if you study hard.如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too.我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you dont leave immediately, you will be late.)难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.He will not leave if it isnt fine tomorrow.一般将来时， 一般现在时They are going to have a picnic if it doesnt rain next week.一般将来时, 一般现在时四、目的、结果状语从句目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。 结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子目的状语从句连接词so that, sothat , in order that 引导。结果状语从句连接词 sothat, suchthat, so much/manythat引导。1.sothat 如此以至于The scientists report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有教育性，我们感到很兴奋。He always studied so hard that he made great progress.他总是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的进步。2.so that 以至于, 以便于Ill run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的) I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)3. suchthat 如此以至Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.4.in order that=so that:为了We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.5.比较：so和 such 其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。 so foolishsuch a fool so nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。） sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school 难点so+形容词或副词 so+形+a(an)+单数可数名词 so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that+much或 little+不可数名词 so that ,suchthat 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。 so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people. 1。Ive had so many falls that Im black and blue all over.2。there are so few notebooks that I cant give you any. 3。It is such nice weather that Id like to take a walk.4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him. (=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.) 5。The weather is so nice that Id like to take a walk. 五、让步状语从句 让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子连接词： though, although.，whetheror not难点：though, although当“虽然”讲, 都不能和but连用. Although/thoughbut的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)yet(still)的格式是正确的.Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy. Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as childrenRight : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children.尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.although, though 辨析although 不能though 那样用作副词, 表示强调时要用even though.1、He is looking fit, though.但是,他看上去很健康. 考点2、Even though I didnt under a word, I kept smiling.尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。3、He is quite experienced, he is young, though.尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。典型例题 1） _she is young, she knows quite a lot. A. WhenB. However C. Although D. Unless 3)ever if, even though.即使 Well make a trip even though the weather is bad. 尽管天气很坏，我们仍将要去旅行。4) whetheror not 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.不管你信不信，那是真的no matter 从句结构：no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序 或特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序 No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。 （错）No matter what you say is not useful now. （对）Whatever you say is not useful now. 你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句) （错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given, （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么状语从句（）1. Youll do much better _ youre more careful with your spelling.A. if B. beforeC. althoughD. unless（2006 陕西）（）2. _ you told me, I heard nothing of what happened. A. UntilB. AfterC. IfD. Since（2006 潍坊）（）3. I dont understand the text_ there are few new words in it.A. soB. becauseC. ifD. though （2006 青岛）（）4. I sit in the front of the classroom _ I can hear clearly.A. so thatB. when C. in order（2006 青海）（）5. -Come and join us, Jimmy!- Im sorry, but I m really busy now. If I _time, I would certainly go.A. will haveB. have hadC. hadD. have（2006 河南）（）6. - Would you please give this message to Jay when he _?- Yes, I will. A. will comeB. would comeC. comesD. is coming（2006 杭州）（）7. If you dont go to the meeting tomorrow,_.A. he will, too B. he wont, eitherC. he does, tooD. he doesnt, either（2006 重庆）（）8. -Did David go to school yesterday? -No, _he had a bad cold.A. because B. ifC. though（2006 佛山）（）9. Most people _when the big earthquake took place in that area. A. are sleepingB. were sleepingC. slept D. sleep.（2006 上海）（）10. If _sunny tomorrow, I_ fishing in South Lake.A. is, go B. will be, goC. is, will goD. will be, will go （2006 昆明）大显身手单项选择（）11.I know nothing about the news _ my friend told me yesterday.A. becauseB. sinceC. untilD. after（）12. I will tell him if I _ him.A. sawB. will see C. seeingD. see（）13. I am sleepy _ I didnt sleep well last night.A. whenB. thatC. becauseD. so（）14. They wont be back until the work_.A. doB. doesC. is doneD. will do（）15.- When will you call me?- I will call you as soon as _ in Shanghai.A. arriveB. arrivesC. arrivingD. will arrive（）16. Ill go to cinema this Sunday_.A. if it will be sunny B. if Im freeC. when I have no timeD. because Im busy.（）17. Dont worry. Ill tell Mrs. White _she comes back.
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