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初中语法第三课七、介词1、介词的主要用法：2、介词的分类表： (见下表) 地点(位置、范围)介词： 方向(目标趋向)介词： 时间介词： 方式介词： 涉及介词: 其它介词: 【目的介词】 【原因介词】 【比较介词】 【伴随/状态介词】 3、介词短语的句法作用： 4、某些介词的用法辨析： 时间或地点介词in、on、at的用法区别： after与in表示时间的用法区别： since与for表示时间的用法区别： by、in与with表示方式的用法区别： about与on的用法区别： through与across、over的用法区别：(7)as与like的区别： (8)in front of 与in the front of： (9)except与besides的区别：八、动词1、动词的分类：类 别意 义例 句实义动词含有实在的意义,表示动作或状态,在句子中能独立作谓语。She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。Im reading an English book now.我现在正看一本英文书。连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须和表语一起构成谓语。His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。Twins usually look the same.双胞胎通常看起来一样。The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。助动词本身没有词义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式,助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。He doesnt speak English. 他不说英语。We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。Do you have a brother? 你有兄弟吗？情态动词本身有一定的意义,不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化,有些情态动词有过去式。You can keep the books for two weeks.这些书你可以借两个星期。May I smoke here? 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？We must go now. 我们现在得走了。重要注解：(1) 关于实义动词：(2) 关于连系动词： 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。 常见的连系动词有：be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。(3) 关于助动词：常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) . 助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would. (4) 关于情态动词：常见的情态动词有：can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。 2、动词词形变化一览表：(1)规则动词变化表：规 则变 化原形动词结尾情况现在时单三人称现 在 分 词过去式和过去分词一般情况+s+ing+eds,x,ch,sh,o结尾+es+ing+ed辅音字母+y结尾yi,+es+ingyi,+ed重读闭音节一元一辅结尾+s双写辅音字母,+ing双写辅音字母,+ed不发音的e结尾+s去掉e,+ing+die结尾+siey,+ing+d不规则变化havehas；beis(无) (见不规则动词变化表)注意：在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读s；在浊辅音后和元音后读z；在 s 、 F、z、tF、dV后读iz.ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读t；在浊辅音后和元音后读d；在t、d后读id.(2)不规则动词变化表：( 原形 过去式 过去分词)3、be动词的各种时态变化一 般 现 在 时一 般 将 来 时现 在 完 成 时I am.You are.He/She/It is.We/You/They are.(I等各人称) will be.I am He/She/It is going to be We/You/They are I have been.You have been.She/he/It has been.We/You/They have been.一 般 过 去 时过 去 将 来 时过 去 完 成 时I was.You were.He/She/It was.We/You/They were.(I等各人称) would be.I was He/She/It was going to be We/You/They were I had been.You had been.She/he/It had been.We/You/They had been.注意：句型变化时,否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为nt (am后面not不可以缩写)；疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。4、八种时态的具体用法：(1) 一般现在时 一般过去时 (2) 一般将来时 (4)现在进行时 (5)过去进行时 (6)现在完成时 (7) 过去完成时 (8) 过去将来时 (9)现在完成进行时：情态动词练习一选用can, could, may, must, shall, should, will, would, cant, mustnt, neednt或have to 填空:1. There is air around us, thought we _ see it.2. Your mother is getting better and better. You _ worry about her.3. You _ play football in the busy street.4. “_ it be true ?.” “Yes. It _ be true indeed.”5. Tom _ come to the party tonight, but Im not sure.6. _ you please fetch me some water for me?7. Young trees _ be planted in spring.8. “Must we hand in our exercise books today?” “Yes, you _.” “No, you _.”9. “May I take this magazine out of the reading-room?” “Yes, you _.” “No, you _.”10. Please speak a little louder so that I _ hear you.1. If you are not careful in the street, a car _ hit you. A. can B. may C. would D. must2. May I watch TV now, mum? -No, you _. You _ do your homework first.A. dont; must B. dont; cant C. cant; must D. cant; can3. Mr. John, we must hand in our work today, _? -No, you _. But you must bring it to school tomorrow.A. neednt we; mustnt B. mustnt we; needntC. mustnt you; mustnt D. neednt we; neednt4. He isnt in the school. I think he _ be ill. A. can B. shall C. must5. Children _ play on the road or in the street. It is dangerous.A. may not B. mustnt C. couldnt D. neednt6. Even the top students in our class cant work out this problem, so it _be very difficult. A. may B. must C. can D. need7. Can you ride a bike-No, I _.A. may not B. cant C. neednt D. mustnt8. Must I return the book this morning? -No, you _. But you _ return it before supper.A. neednt; must B. mustnt; can C. mustnt; may D. cant; need9. You _ to go and see the doctor right now. A. must B. should C. have D. will10. Dont play with the knife. You _ hurt yourself. A. may B. should C. have to D. need11. What _ I do for you, madam?A. may B. must C. can D. will12. Youre made the same mistake again. How _ you be so careless!A. shall B. may C. can D. must13.Peter _ come with us this afternoon, but he isnt very sure yet.A. shall B. may C. can D. must14.Dont worry! The news _ be true.A. may not B. mustnt C. will not D. neednt15.The traffic _ stop when the lights are red in the street.A. cant B. dont have to C. mustnt D. must16.Look! It _ be the new headmaster.-It _ be him. He went to Beijing yesterday.A. can; mustnt B. can; cant C. must; cant D. must; may17._ I close the window? Its so cold here.A. Must B. Will C. Need D. Shall18.You _ return the bike now. You can keep it till tomorrow if you like.A. cant B. mustnt C. neednt D. may not19.You _ yourself about money.A. neednt worry B. neednt to worryC. dont need worry D. neednt be worry20. Many people want to see you. _ they wait here or outside?A. Do B. Will C. Need D. Shall21. _ I ask your name, please?A. Will B. Shall C. May D. Must22.You _ do it even if you dont want to.A. cant B. mustnt C. have to D. neednt23. I _ like someone to take me to the museum.A. will B. would C. shall D. need24.Look, what you have done! You _ more careful.A. may be B. had to C. should be D. should25.The girl in white must be a nurse, _?A. isnt she B. mustnt she C. may not she D. didnt she26.Its a fine day today. You _ take a raincoat with you.A. mustnt B. dont need C. neednt D. cant27.You _ wash your hands before meals. It is good for your health. A. may B. can C. have to D. must28. “Can you sing the song in English?”“No, I _.”A. may not B. mustnt C. neednt D. cant29.Will you stay for supper?-Sorry, I _. My sister is coming to see me.A. mustnt B. cant C. neednt D. wont30.Must I return this book this afternoon? No, you _. But you _ return it before supper.A. mustnt; can B. cant; needC. neednt; must D. mustnt; may31.-_ the girl be sent to hospital at once? -No, she neednt. Shell be all right soon.A. Can B. May C. Must D. Will动词时态练习1. Neither of us _ a doctor.A. were B. am C. is D. are2. Ill talk to him when he _.A. come B. will come C. comes D. came3. . Well go climbing if it _ tomorrow.A. wont rain B. did rain C. isnt rain D. doesnt rain4. . I dont know if it _ tomorrow. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rain5. . Most people _ TV.A. enjoy to watch B. enjoy watch C. enjoy watching D. enjoys watching6. .Father _ his cap and went out.A. put on B. puts on C. had put D. will put on7.Peter _ the work in a week.A. have finished B. finishes C. is finishing D. will finish8.The students _ the History Museum if it _ fine tomorrow.A. will visit.is B. will visitwill be C. would visit was D. would visitwould be9._ she _ her lessons at seven yesterday evening A. Wasgoing over B. Isgo over C. Hasgone over D. Willgo over10. .He cant go to the cinema with me because he _ a meeting.A. was having B. would have C. is having D. had11.Both of the two dictionaries _ very useful.A. are B. is C. was D. am12. Nobody _ the answer.A. have known B. knew C. didnt know D. are knowing13. . At the age of eleven, my grandfather _ to work in a factory.A. began B. has begun C. will begin D. begins14. . One day while I _ along the street, I _ someone calling.A. walkedwas hearing B. was walkinghas heard C. was walkinghad heard D. was walkingheard15. Neither I nor he _.A. can swims well B. are swimming well C. swims well D. have swum well16. . _ you _ where your sister has gone A. Did know B. Willknow C. Areknow D. Do know17. Betty _ morning exercises yesterday.A. not did B. dont do C. didnt do D. wont do18. The door of her room _ every day.A. are not cleaned B. not are cleaned C. is not cleaned D. not is cleaned19. .Another railway bridge _ there now.A. is building B. is being built C. is built D. has been built20. . _ this film _ last week A. Didshow B. Hasbeen shown C. Wasshown D. Wasbe shown21. .He told me that the composition _ by him.A. was not written B. not was written C. is not written D. not is written22._ the play _ again next week A. Willput on B. Isput on C. Will beput on D. Willbe put on23.She _ to a hospital at once.A. must send B. must be sent C. must to be sent D. had to send24. . Mike usually _ up at six in the morning.A. get B. gets C. got D. will get25. The sun _ us light and heat.A. give B. gives C. will give D. often give26.Tom looked sad and cried , I _ terrible !A. am feeling B feels C. will feel D. have felt27.At that time , things _ hard for the working people.A. is B. are C. was D. were28. Long long ago, there _ a farmer in a small village.A. are B. were C. is D. lived29. We _ a meeting these days.A. have B. had C. are having D. were having30. I _ the boy in the classroom just now .A. see B. saw C. have seen D. had seen31. Mr Black was surprised, I _ I lost my wallet. A. know B. dont know C. knew D. didnt know32.The guard said, I am sorry. I _ .A. dont know it is you B. didnt know it is you C. dont know it was you D. didnt know it was you33.He is going to be a doctor when he _.A. grow up B. grows up C. will grow up D. is going to grow up34. Ill tell him all about it as soon as he _.A. come back B. comes back C. will come back D. is going come back35. _ we set off right away A. Will B. Shall C. Are D. Do36. It seems it _.A. will rain B. shall rain C. rains D. is going to rain37. My little sister _ six next month.A. will be B. shall be C. can be D. is going to 38. Go down the street and turn right at the first crossing . You _ our school.A. find B. will find C. shall find D. are going to find39. Its nothing serious. Your son _ all right by supper time.A. will be B. shall be C. is D. is going to be40. Work hard, and you _ catch up with the others.A. can be B. Will C. shall D. are going to 41. Where is Jenny She _ in the next room.A. do some reading B. does some reading C. is doing some reading D. will do some reading42. Look! Tom _ in the river.A. go swimming B. goes swimming C. going to swimming D. is swimming43. His sister _ _ cakes. Thats why her hands are all covered with flour (面粉).A. makes B. made C. will make D. is making44. Listen carefully ! Can you hear what the professor _ A. talks about B. talked about C. is talking about D. will talk about45. What _ you _ this time yesterday A. dodo B. aredoing C. weredoing D. woulddo46. When I got there, the Browns _ at the lunch table.A. is siting B. are sitting C. was siting D. were sitting47. It suddenly began to rain while I _ the bus.A. wait B. waited C. was waiting for D. were waiting for48. It _ hard when I was on my way to the cinema.A. rain B. raining C. was raining D. were raining49. The train will arrive _.A. after an hour B. in an hour C. an hour later D. for an hour50. The day after tomorrow _ my birthday.A. will be B. should be C. may be D. is going to be
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