初中阶段八大时态的基本应用.doc

初中阶段八大时态的基本应用时态概述动词表示动作、状态或性质，不同时间要用不同的动词形式来表示，这就是动词的时态。初中阶段主要掌握动词常见的八种时态。现在以动词do的各种时态为例列表如下：序号时态肯定否定一般现在时do/doesdont do/doesnt do一般过去时diddidnt do现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are not doing过去进行时was/were doingwas/were not doing一般将来时shall/will doshall/will not doing过去将来时should/would doshould/will not do现在完成时have/has donehave/has not done过去完成时had donehad not done1一般现在时实义动词的一般现在时构成有两种：当主语为第三人称单数时，动词须用“三单”形式，具体变化规律列表如下，变否定句、疑问句一般须加动词does;当主语为其他人称时，动词用原形，变否定句、疑问句一般须加助动词do，常与usually, often, seldom, every day 等时间状语连用。）“三单”形式变化规律表词形变化规则例词一般情况-ssays leaves comes works learns以s, x, ch, sh 或o结尾-espasses washes teaches fixes goes以辅音字母y结尾变y为i再加-esflyflies studystudies carrycarriesbe和havebeis have-has2）一般现在时的具体应用。（）表示经常发生的动作、习惯或现存的状态，常与everyday ,every week等时间状语连用。例如：She usually does her lesson in the evening. 她通常晚上做功课。（）表示客观规律或普遍真理。例如：When I was young, the teacher told me that the earth is round. 小时侯老师就告诉我地球是圆的。注意：这时尽管主句是一般过去时，仍不用考虑时态一致的原因。（）在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来时间。例如As soon as I get to Beijing, Ill ring you up. 我一到北京就给你打电话。（）“have” 表示“拥有”时变否定句、疑问句有两种变化；作其他用法则看成一般的实义动词。例如：A: She has a brother. 她有一个兄弟。 She hasnt a brother. Has she a brother? Yes, she has./No, she hasnt .B: She doesnt have a brother. Does she have a brother? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.（）表示按时间表、日程表上所安排或计划好的表示将来的动作。例如：A:The train starts at nine in the morning. 火车早上九点钟出发。B: The plane takes off at 10:00 am. 飞机上午十点起飞。2一般过去时一般过去时由动词的过去式表示，除be动词外，其余动词的过去式没有人称和数的变化。 Be动词第一人称单数和第三人称单数用was，其余用were。动词的一般过去时构成分为规则动词和不规则动词两种。前者的变化规则如下表，后者须对不规则动词表逐一记忆；变否定句、疑问句一般须加助动词did,与之连用的往往有比较明确的过去时间状语。） 规则动词过去式的变化表词形变化规则例词一般情况-edanswered worked played wanted 以不发音的e结尾-dliked moved hoped lived以辅音字母y结尾变y 为i再加-edstudied carried cried tried以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节双写最后字母再加-edstopped regretted dropped begged preferred2)一般过去时的具体应用（）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常和yesterday ,last week, two days ago, in 1994等表示过去的时间状语以及when等连词引导的时间状语从句连用。例如：I saw Li Ping in town just now.我刚才在镇上见到了李平。 注just now 跟一般过去时连用；just 往往跟现在完成时连用。（）表示过去经常性、习惯性的动作。例如：I played basketball every day when I was a boy.我小时候每天打篮球（）表示过去发生的一连串的动作。例如： He entered his office, sat down at his desk and began to work.他走进办公室，在桌子旁坐下就开始工作。（）在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来时间。例如：He said that he would come if he had time.他说如果有时间他就会来。 （）当一个由before ,often ,as soon as 等连词引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时，由于连词本身已经说明了两个动作的先后关系，所以这两个动作都可用一般过去时。当然从句中的那个动作发生在前面的，也可用过去完成时。例如： After I finished my homework, I went to bed last night.或After I had finished my homework, I went to bed last night. 我昨晚完成家庭作业后才上床睡觉。（）一般过去时强调动作的结束，而过去进行时则强调动作的持续，有没有完成不清楚。例如：A: He wrote a letter yesterday evening 他昨晚写了一封信. B: He was writing a letter yesterday evening.他昨晚一直在写信。（）一般过去时有时不表示过去的时间，只表示一种婉转、客气的语气。例如：A:Could you help me ,please? B: Would you like something to drink?你能帮助我吗？ 你喝点什么？3现在进行时现在进行时，由am/is/are 加现在分词构成。(即am /is /are +v-ing ) A: He is doing his homework. B: They are playing basketball now.他正在做家庭作业。 他们现在正在打篮球。 ）动词的现在分词变化规则表词形变化规则例词一般情况-ingseeing working studying teaching以不发音e结尾去-e加 inghaving living coming taking 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节双写最后字母再加-ing getting cutting beginning stopping sitting preferring以-ie结尾的动词变-ie为y再加-ingdiedying lielying tietying ） 现在进行时的具体应用（）表示现在或现阶段正在发生的动作。例如：Look at those sheep! They are running all the time. 看那些羊，它们一直在跑个不停。（注：Look, Listen 提醒我们用现在进行时）（）always 连用，带有褒义或贬义的感情色彩。例如： He is always helping people. She is always making noises in class.他总是乐于助人。 她在课堂上总是吵闹。（）go, come, leave 等用现在进行时表示将来时间。例如：Jims coming to Anns birthday party on Sunday. 吉姆星期天将来参加安妮的生日聚会。 4过去进行时过去进行时由was（第一、三人称单数）或were（其余各种人称和数）加现在分词构成，常与at nine, yesterday evening,(at)this time yesterday, at that time 等表示过去的时间状语连用。其具体应用如下：（1） 表示过去某一时刻或一段时间正在进行的动作。例如：He was drawing on the blackboard when the teacher came in.老师进来的时候他在黑板上画画。We were having supper when the phone rang.我们正在吃饭，这时电话响了。（when意思为：and at that moment）（2） 与always 等连用，带有感情色彩。例如：When he worked here, John was always making mistakes.约翰在这儿工作时老出差错。5一般将来时 一般将来时由shall/will+动词原形构成，shall在表示将来时只用于第一人称，will可用于各种人称，常与tomorrow, next month, sometime, next week等表示将来的时间状语连用。其具体应用如下：） 表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：We shall/will have an English test next week.下星期我们要进行一次英语测试。） will /shall+动词原形一般用于正式文章中。口语或非正式文体中还可以用be going to +动词原形表示计划、打算、即将干某事，通常情况下可以互换使用。如1）部分例句可以改写成：We are going to have an English test next week. 3) 下列几种情况will 或shall 与be going to 一般不能互换使用： （1）will 表示意愿：例如： Will you please clean the blackboard? 请你擦黑板好吗？（2）shall 用于第一、三人称疑问句中，表示说话人给对方的意见或向对方请示；用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁等。此时不仅不能be going to 互用，也不能will 互用。例如：A: Shall we begin our lesson? B: Shall he come in now?我们现在开始上课吗？ 我们现在开始上课吗？C: You shall fail if you dont work harder. 如果你工作不更努力一点，你将会失败。（3）表示“纯将来时”，与判断无关。例如：She will be eighteen next year. 明年她将十八岁。（4）Will 有时表示的时间较遥远，甚至不一定会发生，be going to 一般表示近期将肯定发生的事。例如：A: He will write a book one day. 他总有一天会写出一本书。B: Im going to practice the piano for two hours this evening. 今天晚上我打算练两小时钢琴。（5）be going to 结构可以表示根据已有迹象判断会发生的事。例如： Look at those black clouds! I think its going to rain. 看那些乌云！我看要下雨了。 4) go, come , leave, arrive 等可用进行时表示将来时间。例如： A: Spring is coming. B: She is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow. 春天就要到了。 她明天去上海。 5） 祈使句变反意疑问句用will 或shall。例如： A: Lets go out for a walk, shall we? B: Let us play basketball, will you? 让我们打篮球，好吗？ 让我们出去散散步，好吗？ C: Read the text, will you? 你朗读一下课文，好吗？ 6过去将来时过去将来时由should/would+动词原形构成，should 限用于第一人称，would用于各种人称；一般情况下也可以用was/ were going to +动词原形来表示。其应用如下：） 表示从过去某一时间来看，将要发生的动作或存在的状态。例如： A: He asked me if I would /should go with him. 他问我是不是将同他一块去。 B: He told me there was going to be a football match that evening. 他告诉我晚上将有一场足球赛。） 不能was/were going to 互换使用的情况参看本章6.一般将来时的3）。） go, come, leave, arrive, 等可用过去进行时表示过去将来时间。例如： Jim said he was coming to Anns birthday party on Sunday. 吉姆说星期天他来参加安的生日聚会。） should 还可以作“应该”讲；would 表示婉转语气时，与过去将来时无关。例如： A: You should clean the blackboard before class.你应该在课前擦黑板。 B: Would you like a bottle of orange juice? 你想要一瓶橙汁吗？7 现在完成时 现在完成时由have/has+过去分词构成。其具体应用如下：） 表示过去发生的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果。常与already, yet, just, ever, never, today, recently, twice 等连用。例如：I have already finished my homework, but he hasnt yet. 我已经完成了我的家庭作业，而他还没有。） 表示过去已经开始，并持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for 加表示一段时间或since 引导的时间状语从句连用。该用法限于延续性动词。非延续性动可以用现在完成时，但不能for /since 引导的状语从句连用。不过这种动词现在完成时的否定形式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。例如：正： The film has been on for five minutes. 这部电影已经开演了五分钟。误： The film has begun for five minutes.正：He hasnt come for two weeks.他有两星期没来。） 现在完成时的特殊用法：have been to 到过某地；have gone to 到某地去了；have been in /at 呆在某地。例如：A: He has been to Hong Kong. B: He has gone to Hong Kong. 他到过香港。 他到香港去了。C: -How long has he been at his school? -Hes been there for over two years. 他在他的学校多长时间了？ 他在那儿呆了两年多。 8 过去完成时 过去完成时由had+过去分词构成，往往发生在另一个过去动作之前，或者跟before 或by (the end of )等引导的时间状语连用。 其具体应用如下：） 表示过去某一时间或动作前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。例如：When I got at the station, the train had left.当我到车站时，火车已开走了。） 表示过去某一时间持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态，往往for+一段时间或since+时间点since从句连用。该用法限于延续性动词或过去完成时的否定形式。A: He said he hadnt left the office for two hours. 他说他有两小时没离开过办公室。B: He had been a teacher for ten years by the end of last month. 到上个月末他已经当了十年的教师。） 由before, after, as soon as 等引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时，由于连词本身已经说明两个动作的先后关系，所以可用一般过去时，也可用过去完成时。例如：After I (had) finished my homework, I watched TV last night.昨晚我做完家庭作业后看了电视。代词代词分类一览表类别第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数人称代词主格Iweyouyouhe, she, itthey宾格meusyouyouhim, her, itthem物主代词形容词性myouryouryourhis, her, its,their名词性mineoursyoursyourshis, hers, its,theirs反身代词myselfourselvesyourselfyourselveshimself, herself, itselfthemselves指示代词this, that, these, those, it, such疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which不定代词some, something, somebody, someoneany, anything, anybody, anyonenothing, nobody, no one, noneeverything, everybody, everyonelittle, a little, few, a few, each, much, manyanother, the other, all, one, both, either, neither 选择填空（ ）1. -Is your house large? - Yes, is much larger than . A. ours; yours B. our; yours C. their; our D. your; theirs( ) 2.-Jim, is there in todays newspaper? -Oh, yes, what do you want to know? A. something important B. important anything C. anything important D. important everything ( ) 3. -Do you know pen it is? -Sorry, I dont know. A. which B. who C. whose D. whom( ) 4. -Help to some chicken, Jack and Jim. -Thank you. A. you B. yours C. yourself D. yourselves ( ) 5. -Whats in your car? - . A. No one B. Nothing C. Nobody D. None( ) 6. -There isnt paper here .Will you go and get for me? -OK, Ill do it now.A. any; many B. any; some C. much; many D. many; much( ) 7. -There are a few old books on the shelf, I think you can get one. -Thank you. But of them is useful to me. A. both B. all C. neither D. none ( ) 8. - is your brother? -His a waiter. A. What B. Which C. How D. Who( ) 9. - is John like? -Hes strong and tall. A. How B. What C. Who D. Which( )10. -Turn off the TV, Jim. is watching it. They are studying. -OK, mom, Ill do it. A. Somebody B. Nobody C. Everybody D. Anybody( )11.-Where is Jim? -I saw playing football on the playground ten minutes ago. A. him B. he C .his D. hes( )12.-What color is your bike? -Which one? I have two bikes. is black, is red. A.One;another B.One;other C. This; the other D. One; the other( )13.-Im thirsty. Can I have glass of water, please? -Sure.A. another B. other C. others D. the others ( )14.-How many boys are there in your class? -There are fifty students in our class. Twenty of them are girls, are boys.A. the other B. the others C. others D. other( )15. -What time is now? - eight oclock. A. it; Its B. it; Its C. that; It D. that; Its