高中英语语法复习第一讲.doc

高一学生英语语法复习第一讲 词类、句子成分、句子种类一、根据单词的含义、性质和造句过程中的作用把它们分为十大类,每类词汇在句子中都有其特定的位置和作用,因此分清每一个单词的词类对于学好英语具有非常关键的意义.名词: 表示人或事物的词(包括专有名词和普通名词)。 如： teacher, stduent, Beijing. 数词: 表示数量和顺序的词。如：eight , first . 代词: 代替名词和数词的词。如：she, he, these. 动词: 表示动作和状态的词。如：run,make,look. 形容词: 是表示人或事物特征的词。如：beautiful,good. 副词: 修饰动词，形容词，副词的词。如：slowly,much,fast. 冠词: 与名词连用，是起说明人或事物的作用的词。如：the,a,an. 介词: 通常置于名词和代词（宾格）之前，表示名词和代词于其他词的关系。如：in,on,about. 连词: 是一种连接词与词或者句子与句子的词。如：and,but,because. 感叹词: 是表示说话人的感情或语气的词。如：oh,hey. 因为名、动、形，副、代、数不仅有具体的意义而且也能够独立做句子成分，我们不妨按照汉语习惯，把它们称作实词；而冠、介、连、叹则为虚词，不能在句子中独立充当任何句子成分。二、句子成分：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。1. 主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）We often speak English in class.（代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）2. 谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2) 复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如：We are students.3. 表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）Is it yours?（代词）The weather has turned cold.（形容词）The speech is exciting.（分词）Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）His job is to teach English.（不定式）His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）Time is up. The class is over.（副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）4. 宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。宾语一般由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词、从句等担任。例如：They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.5. 宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：His father named him Dongming.（名词）They painted their boat white.（形容词）Let the fresh air in.（副词）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）6. 定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）7. 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当：Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）Wait a minute.（名词）Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（条件状语）Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）I am taller than he is.（比较状语）8. 同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且，句法功能也一样，那么，后一项称为前一项的同位语。如：This is my friend Harry. 这是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard. 我们学生应该努力学习。9. 独立成分：与句子其他成分没有通常的语法关系，如插入语、感叹语、呼语等，一般用逗号将它与句子隔开。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一个好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 说也奇怪，考试他竟然通过了。三、句子种类（一）按句子的结构可分三种：1. 简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.2. 并列句：由并列连词（and, but, or，so, for等）或分号（；）把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。You help him and he helps you.The future is bright; the road is tortuous. 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。3. 主从复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句）、定语从句和状语从句等。The foreign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.（二）按使用目的可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1. 陈述句（Declarative Sentences）：说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。Light travels faster than sound.光比声速度快。（说明事实）The film is rather boring.这部电影很乏味。（说明看法） 2. 疑问句（Interrogative Sentences）：提出问题。有以下四种a.一般疑问句（General Questions）：Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗？b.特殊疑问句（W Questions; H Questions）：Where do you live?你住那儿？How do you know that? 你怎么知道那件事？c.选择疑问句（Alternative Questions）：Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡？ d.反意疑问句（Tag-Questions）：He doesnt know her, does he?他不认识她，对不对？3. 祈使句（Imperative Sentences）：提出请求，建议或发出命令，例如：Sit down, please.请坐。Dont be nervous!别紧张！4. 感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）：表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪，例如：What good news it is! 多好的消息啊！（三）基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）：英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的：1. 主语 谓语本结构是由“主语+不及物动词（词组）”构成, 常用来表示主语的动作。如：She came. / My head aches. / The sun rises.该句型的主语可有修饰语-定语，如，The red sun rises.谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，The red sun rises in the east.2. 主语 谓语 宾语 此结构是由“主语+及物动词（词组）+宾语”构成。宾语可以是名词、代词、数词，动名词、动词不定式或词组、the +形容词、分词以及从句等。如：She likes English.The young should take good care of the old.3. 主语 连系动词 表语本结构主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。连系动词有：（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound等；（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand等；（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow等。She is happy. / He fell off his bike and got hurt. / His advice proved (to be) right.4. 主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语常跟双宾语的及物动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise,return, send, show, teach, tell, write, 等；（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order,sing, save, spare,等。He sent me an English-Chinese Dictionary. = He sent an English-Chinese Dictionary to me.She bought John a book= She bought a book for John.5. 主语 谓语（及物动词） 宾语 宾语补足语此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间存在有内在逻辑上的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有名词，形容词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。She makes her mother angry.The teacher asked me to read the passage.注： There be 句型此句型是由 there + be + 主语 + 状语 构成，用以表达某地存在有，它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际意义。Be 与其后的主语在人称和数上一致，有时态和情态变化。如，现在有there is / are 过去有there was / were将来有there will be/ there is / are going to be.现在已经有there has / have been可能有there might be.肯定有there must be / there must have been.过去一直有there used to be 似乎有 there seems / seem / seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen / happens / happened to be 此句型有时可用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive,等词代替be动词。There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.There lived an old man at the foot of the mountain.There came a shout for help.There must have been a village here.There lies a book on the desk.练习一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hunting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers.7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish the work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.二、用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（）、谓语（）、宾语（）：I hope you are very well. Im fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesnt often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.三、用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（）、状语（）、补语（）：Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. Its great! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents. 四、翻译练习（一）主谓结构（主语不及物动词）1. 你应当努力学习。2. 她昨天回家很晚。 3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。4. 会议将持续两个小时。 5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8. 每天八时开始上课。9. 这个盒子重五公斤。 10. 五年前我住在北京。11. 让我们立即行动起来。12. 乌云低沉沉的，天下着大雪。13. 恰好他身边有钱。14. 慢慢地她脸上露出了一丝笑容。15. 背起书包我急忙赶到学校。16. 他满面笑容。17. 我英文学得不错。Keys：1. You should study hard. 2. She went home very late yesterday evening. 3. That morning we talked a great deal. 4. The meeting will last two hours. 5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years. 6. Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day. 7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919. 8. Classes begin at eight every day. 9. This box weighs five kilos. 10. I lived in Beijing five years ago.11. Lets act at once/ immediately12. Dark clouds hung overhead, and a heavy snow fell/ it snows heavily.13. He happened to have some money with him.14. Gradually a smile appeared on her face.15. I hurried to the school with my schoolbag.16. He is smiling all over his face./ He wears a smile on his face.17. I did well in English.（二）主谓宾结构（主语及物动词宾语）1. 昨晚我写了一封信。 2. 今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3. 这本书他读过多次了。4. 他们成功地完成了计划。 5. 你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6. 那位先生能流利地说三种语言。7. 我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8. Jim 还不会自己穿衣服。 9. 我们大家都相信Jack 是一个诚实男孩。 10. 他不知道说什麽好。Keys：1. I wrote a letter last night. 2. I want to talk with you this afternoon.3. He has read this book many times.4. They have carried out the plan successfully.5. You must finish reading these books in two weeks.6. That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.7. I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.8. Jim cannot dress himself.9. All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10. He did not know what to say.（三）主系表结构（主语系动词表语 ）1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。2. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。3. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。4. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。5. 孩子们，请保持安静。6. 这本书是有关美国历史的书。 7. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。8. 他失业了。9. 树叶已经变黄了。10. 这个报告听起来很有意思。 11. 商店开到八点。12机器出了毛病。13这些努力似乎全都白费了。14这话听起来有道理。15房里一会儿就挤满了人。Keys: 1. My brothers are all college students. 2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. 3. Mrs. Brown looks very healthy. 4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist. 5. Children, keep quiet please. 6. This book is about the history of the United States. 7. Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8. He is out of work. 9. The leaves have turned yellow. 10. The report sounds interesting. 11. The shop stays open till 8 oclock.12. The machine went wrong.13. All these efforts seem in vain14. These words sound reasonable.15. The room soon became crowded.（四）双宾语结构（主语及物动词间接宾语直接宾语 ）1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？5. 他把车票给列车员看。6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。7. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。8. Robinson Crusoe 给自己做了一只小船。9. 请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？10. 我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？Keys：1. Mr. Johnson taught us German last year. 2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 3. Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster. 4. Would you please pass me the dictionary? 5. He showed the ticket to the conductor. 6. This term I have written three letters to my parents. 7. My father has bought me a new bike.8. Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat. 9. Will you please get me a new copy? 10. Shall I call you a taxi? （五）复合宾语结构（主语及物动词宾语宾语补足语）1我们叫她Alice. 2. 他的父母给他取名为John. 3. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4. 他们把门推开了。 5. 他们把小偷释放了。 6. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7. 他请我们参加做游戏。 8. 我要你把真相告诉我。 9. 卫兵命令我们立即离开。 10. 明天我要找人来修理机器。 11. 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 12. 痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 13. 我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 14. 他每个月理一次发。 15. 我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 16. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了17. 她正在听人家讲故事。 18. 男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 19. 我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 20. 他感到很难跟你交谈。 21. 我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 22. 我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 23. 学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。 24. 我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 25. 祝一路平安。26. 你让我等了三个钟头。27. 他捡起了香蕉皮扔到了垃圾箱里。28. 给我几分钟考虑一下。Keys：1. We call her Alice. 2. His parents named him John. 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. They pushed the door open. 5. They have set the thief free. 6. We will make our school more beautiful. 7. He asked us to join in the game.8. I want you to tell me the truth.9. The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10. Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine. 11. Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 12. The pain made him cry out. 13. We wont let her go out at night. 14. He has his hair cut once a month. 15. Ill get my recorder mended. 16. The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17. She is listening to someone telling stories. 18. he boys were watching the soldiers drilling. 19. I have never seen the word used that way before. 20. He felt it very difficult to talk with you. 21. I think it more comfortable to go there by ship. 22. I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way. 23. The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins. 24. I thought it no use talking with that man25. Wish you a pleasant journey.26. You keep me waiting for three hours.27. He picked up the banana peel and threw it in the dustbin.28. Give me a few minutes to think.（六）There be 句型1. 今晚没有会。2. 这个村子过去只有一口井。 3. 这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。 4. 客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5. 天气预报说下午有大风。 6. 灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7. 战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 8. 恰好那时房里没人。 9. 从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。 10. 公共汽车来了。 11. 就只剩下二十八美元了。12. 在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 13. 铃响了。 14. 二月份有二十八天。 15. 最近几年,这个村庄发生了巨大的变化。16. 恰好河上有座桥。17. 过去这条河上有座桥。18. 他的回答应该没有什么可怀疑的。19. 山顶上有一个塔。20. 十字路口处站着一个警察。Keys: 1. There isnt going to be a meeting tonight.2. There was only a well in the village. 3. There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school. 4. Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen. 5. The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 66. The light is on. There must be someone ion the office. 7. There used to be a cinema here before the war. 8. There happened to be nobody in the room. 9. Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 10. There comes the bus. 11. There remained just twenty-eight dollars. 12. In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree. 13. There goes the bell. 14. There are twenty-eight days in February15. Recently there have been great changes in this village.16. There happens to be a bridge over the river. 17. There used to be a river over the river. 18. There should be nothing doubtful. 19. There stands a tower on top of the hill. 20. There stands a policeman at the crossing.五、判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.3. There is a chair in this room, isnt there?4. My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.5. He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.6. He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.7. Neither has he changed his mind, nor will he do so.8. What he said at the meeting is very important, isnt it?9. The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.10. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.六、判断下列短文中各句是简单句、并列句还是复合句：I hope you are very well（）. Im fine, but tired（）. Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm（）. August is the hottest month here（）. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.（） Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors（）. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat（）. We have a lot of machines on the farm（）. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him（）. But he employs more men for the harvest（）. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden（）. It doesnt often rain in the summer here（）. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden（）. Every evening we pump water from a well（）. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden（）.Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time（）. These parties often make us very happy（）. We cook meat on an open fire outside（）. Its great（）! Americans eat a lot of meat too much in my opinion（）. Some of my friends drink beer（）. I dont, because I have to drive home after the party（）. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States（）. There are five different time areas in the States（）. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time（）. How many different time areas do you have in China（）? Well, I must stop and get some sleep（）. Please give my best regards to your parents（）.七、按要求完成下列句子：1. He dares to tell the truth.（改为否定句）2. They have lived here for more than ten years.（对画线部分提问）3. There will be a sports meet at the end of this month, _?（完成反意疑问）4. You must be careful with your pronunciation.（改为祈使句）5. They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)6. It is an interesting story.（改为感叹句）7. This magazine comes out（出版）every other week.（对画线部分提问）8. They could hardly believe his words, _?（完成反意疑问）9. The moon is shining brightly.（改为感叹句）10.Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class. （对画线部分提问）Keys：1. He doesnt dare to tell the truth. 或He dare not tell the truth. 2. How long have they lived here? 3. wont there 4. Be careful with your pronunciation. 5. Did they go for a walk after supper yesterday evening? 6. What an interesting story (it is)! 或How interesting the story is! 7. How often does this magazine come out? 8. could they 9. How brightly the moon is shining! 10. Who is always encouraging us to speak English in class?