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阅读理解2013年中考怎么考 掌握本节课中阅读理解各个题型的主要技巧与方法。命题人怎么想 阅读理解的测试要求： 1.考查学生在阅读理解中准确捕获信息的能力。通过阅读短文，运用自己所学的词汇、语法等方面的语言的知识，根据自己的理解，掌握所读材料的主旨和大意，能回答短文后面所给的问题。 2.要求学生既要理解具体事实，也要理解抽象的概念。 3.要求学生既要理解文章的表层意思，还要通过文章的表层去合理推断，挖掘文章隐含、延伸意义，包括作者的态度、意图等“弦外之音”。 4.要求学生既要理解某句、某段的意思，又要弄懂全篇的逻辑关系，并据此进行推理和判断。 5.要求学生既能根据所提供的信息去理解，也能结合中学生自身所拥有的常识去推理、判断。 猜词题猜词题的技巧：（1）巧抓关键词语。阅读理解中的猜词题主要考查对文中的关键词语的理解。在阅读理解中，所考查的词或短语的意思往往不要停留在字面的含义上，要根据语境来判断。并且对it, that, they 等代词所指代对象进行判断。（2）重视转折连词。在but, however, yet, otherwise, though这些表示意义转折的连词出现的句子中，其前后的词有明显的对比关系。根据已知的内容，通过这种对比关系，就很容易猜出生词的词义了。（3）关注因果连词。有时文章借助关联词（组）because, as, since, for, so, thus, as a result, of course, therefore等表示前因后果。（4）理解概念术语。作者为更好地表达思想，在文章中对一些重要的概念，难懂的术语或词汇等做些解释。这些解释提供的信息具有明确的针对性，利用它们猜词义比较容易。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，定义或解释形式多样，常由is, that is (to say), in other words, call, mean, deal with, refer to等词汇或者破折号等标点来表示。 【例题一】Anyone who cares about what schools and colleges teach and how their students learn will be interested in the memoir（回忆录）of Ralph W. Tyler who is one of the most famous men in American education. Born in Chicago in 1902, brought up and schooled in Nebraska, the 19-year-old college graduate Ralph Tyler became hooked on teaching while teaching as a science teacher in South Dakota and changed his major from medicine to education. Graduate work at the University of Chicago found him connected with honorable educators Charles Judd and W. W. Charters, whose ideas of teaching and testing had an effect on his later work. In 1927, he became a teacher of Ohio State University where he further developed a new method of testing.Tyler became well-known nationality in 1938, when he carried his work with the Eight-Year Study from Ohio State University to the University of Chicago at the invitation of Robert Hutchins.Tyler was the first director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford, a position he held for fourteen years. There, he firmly believed that researchers should be free to seek an independent spirit in their work. Although Tyler officially retired in 1967, he never actually retired. He served on a long list of educational organizations in the United States and abroad. Even in his 80s he traveled across the country to advise teachers and management people on how to set objectives(目标) that develop the best teaching and learning within their schools. 51.Who are most probably interested in Ralph W. Tylers memoir?A. Top managers.B. Factory workers.C. Serious educators.D. Science researcher.52.The underlined phrase “hooked on teaching” in Paragraph 2 probably means .A. interested in teachingB. tired of teachingC. satisfied with teachingD. unhappy about teaching53.Where did Tyler work as the leader of a research center for over 10 years?A. The University of Chicago.B. Stanford University.C. Ohio State University.D. Nebraska University.答案：CAB【例题二】 A research shows that expressions on our faces have a strong relationship with our genes(基因). According to the study, facial expressions of our feelings are innate and are not achieved in cultural learning. This is the first research to show that blind people have the same facial expressions as the sighted when showing certain feelingsthe same facial muscles(肌肉) start working. Whats more, the research gives the new method of how people control their feelings in certain social situations. It states that people do not learn to manage their facial expressions by examining the expressions of others. In his study, David Matsumoto, San Francisco State University Psychology Professor, examined facial expressions of blind and sighted judo athletes(柔道运动员) that took part in the Summer Olympics and Paralympics(残奥会). He examined over 4,800 pictures of different athletes who came from 23 countries. Matsumoto found that both blind and sighted sportsmen had the same facial expressions, according to a specific social situation. “This suggests genes decide facial expressions of feelings,” he said. One of his findings was the “social smiles” of judo athletes who lost their match and got the second place. It is interesting to find that only mouth muscles are used in social smiles, while during real smiles, shown when a person is really happy, the eyes of a person twinkle and get smaller and the cheeks(脸颊) rise. “Losers pushed their lower lip up as if to control the feeling on their face and many produced social smiles,” said Matsumoto, “People blind from birth were unable to learn to manage their feelings with the help of examining others facial expressions.” He thought that there must be another system involved. “Its possible that in order to hide sad feelings, humans have developed a system that closes the mouth so that they are stopped from crying, biting or rudeness,” he said.57.The underlined word “innate” in the first paragraph means _.A. from birth B. from daily lifeC. from others D. from teaching58.According to the passage, real smiles are different from social smiles in _.A. opening the eyesB. using facial musclesC. closing the mouthD. watching others expressions59.How does the writer make us believe the new findings?A. By telling us an interesting story.B. By interviewing some researchers.C. By showing the results of the research. D. By giving the answers to the questions.60. Which can be the best title for the passage? A. Smiles and OlympicsB. Blind and Sighted Athletes C. Social Smiles and Real SmilesD. Genes and facial Expressions答案：ABCD【例题三】 Younger adults who get either little sleep or a lot of it may see a greater increase in their waistlines(腰围) over time, a study suggests. The study included 332 African-American and 775 Hispanic-American (拉丁裔美国人) men and women aged 18 to 81. The researchers measured their abdominal (腹部的) fat, at the start of the study and again five years later. Among the people younger than 40 in the research, the study found, those who said they slept for five hours or less each night gained more fat than those who averaged six or seven hours of sleep. Those who slept eight hours or more in bed each night also showed a bigger fat gain - but it was not as much as that seen in short sleepers. The findings, according to the lead researcher Dr. Kristen, support the belief that sleep habits affect weight, and health in general. Sleep is an important part of your overall health - not just in whether youre tired during the day, she said. As for why sleep time might affect abdominal-fat gain, there are several facts:People who get too little sleep may be too tired during the day to exercise, while those who spend a lot of time in bed may spend less time being active, comparing to people who sleep fewer hours. Research also suggests that sleep loss changes peoples appetite-regulating hormones（胃口调节荷尔蒙）- which could, in theory, make them overeat. Whats more, depression, which is a feeling of sadness that makes people think there is no hope for the future, could also be a reason. He also noted that it often affects peoples sleep and has been linked to weight gain. 55._ will get less fat gain according to the passage.A. Younger adults who sleep for five hours or lessB. People who sleep more than 8 hours every dayC. Younger adults who are from Africa or AmericaD. People who sleep about six or seven hours a day56.The underlined word “that” refers to _.A. a fat gain B. sleep habitsC. too little sleep D. too much sleep57.What can we learn from the passage?A. The more we sleep, the more energetic we will be.B. The less we sleep every day, the less fat we will get.C. Those who are in sadness could easily get a bigger fat gain.D. The African and Hispanic adults easily get a greater weight gain.答案：DAC【例题四】Tucked away in our sub-consciousness is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent. We are traveling by train. Out the windows, we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn and wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rolling hillsides, of city skylines and village halls.But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour, we will pull into the station. Bands will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there, so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering waiting, waiting, waiting for the station.When we reach the station, that will be it! we cry. When Im 18. When I buy a new 450SL Mercedes Benz!When I put the last kid through college.When I have paid off the mortgage! When I get a promotion. When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!Sooner or later, we must realize there is no station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.“Enjoy the moment ” is a good saying , especially when coupled with the Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the Lord has made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.”It isnt the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice creams, go barefoot more often, swim more rivers, watch more sunsets, laugh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough.38. What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph Three refer to _ . A. The station B. The retirement C. The college D. The destination39. The underlined sentence “Life must be lived as we go along.” in paragraph Six means _ .A. We should give up working hard because of regretsB. We should regard our life as a trip without destination.C. We should travel as much as possible to enjoy ourselves.D. We should appreciate every second and enjoy the process40 The best title for the passage _ .A. Treasure the moment B. Realize the destination C. Travel on the train D. Return to the start答案：DDA推理判断题推理判断题的三种形式：语意推理题、结论推理题和出处推理题。语意推理题要求学生根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出其深层次的含义，如推断文章的或者段落的中心思想、句子的言外之意等；结论推理和出处推理要求学生根据文章中所列举的事实推断出符合逻辑的结论或文章的出处。推理判断题的解题的技巧：（1）留意作者的语气和态度。作者的语气和态度通常体现在短文所使用的句式和措辞上。要特别留意感情色彩比较浓重的形容词和副词。我们可以从措辞上推断出作者对所讨论话题的语气的态度是肯定或者否定、赞成或反对、褒扬或是讽刺、喜好或是厌恶等。（2）根据提问的方式，确定是哪种推理判断类型（语意推理题、结论推理题和出处推理题）。如果是语意推理题，我们要根据文章、段落或句子的表层信息推断出其深层含义。结论推断试题，要根据文章所列举的事实做出符合逻辑的推断。出处推理题，要结合短文的主题，再由主题推断出它可能出现的地方。（出处推理题北京中考很少有涉及到）（3）注意文章的体裁和出处。初中阅读理解主要有三种体裁：说明文、记叙文和夹叙夹议文。 说明文阐述事物的内在的性质、特征及与其他事物之间的联系，一般采用定义、举例、比较、数据等方式说明主题。记叙文的重点在时间、地点、人物、事物、原因、结果等六要素上，以叙述和描述性的语言为主，常常使用比喻、比拟、夸张、幽默等修辞方法。夹叙夹议要求一面叙述某一件事，一面又对这件事进行分析、评论。这种方法能具体地记叙事件，充分地抒发感情，而且能直接揭示所写对象的意义。说明文、记叙文和夹叙夹议的出处很多，判断时注意短文的主题，由主题再推断它有可能出现的地方。语意推理题【例题一】Studies have shown it takes a doctor about 18 seconds to stop a patient after he begins talking.It was Sunday. I had one last patient to see. I came close to her room in a hurry and stood at the doorway. She was an older woman, sitting at the edge of the bed, trying to put socks on her swollen (肿大的) feet. I spoke quickly to the nurse, saw her chart saying she was in stable (稳定的) condition. I was almost in the clear.She asked if I could help put on her socks. Instead, I began a long speech that went something like this: “How are you feeling? Your blood sugar and blood pressure (血压) were high but theyre better today. The nurse said you cant wait to see your son whos visiting you today. Its nice to have family visit from far away. Im sure you really look forward to seeing him.”She stopped me with a serious voice. “Sit down, doctor. This is my story, not your story.”I was surprised and ashamed. I sat down. I helped her with the socks. She began to tell me that her only son lived around the corner from her, but she had not seen him in five years. She believed that the pressure of this caused greatly to her health problems. After hearing her story and putting on her socks, I asked if there was anything else I could do for her. She shook her head and smiled. All she wanted me to do was to listen.Listening to someones story costs less than expensive diagnostic (诊断的) testing but is key to healing (痊愈).I often thought of what that woman taught me the importance of stopping, sitting down and truly listening. And, not long after, unexpectedly, I became the patient, with a diagnosis of sclerosis (硬化症) at age 31. Now, 20 years later, I sit all the time in a wheelchair.For as long as I could, I continued to see patients from my chair, but I had to give up my job when my hands were influenced. I still teach medical students and other health care professionals, but now from the view of doctor and patient.I tell them I believe in the power (力量) of listening. I tell them I know firsthand that huge healing takes place within me when someone stops, sits down and listens to my story.58.What does “I was_almost_in_the_clear” mean?A. I thought everything was clearly.B. I was about to finish my work.C. I almost made myself understood.D. I was very quickly out of her sight.59.From the 4th paragraph, we can infer the woman _ from the way she said.A. showed her anger and impatienceB. refused to listen to the doctorC. liked giving orders to peopleD. could not wait to break in60.What is the best title of the passage?A. Listening a powerful medicineB. An unforgettable experienceC. A lesson given by a patientD. Care a key to treatment答案：BAA结论推断题【例题二】When the Beijing Olympics begin this August, the world will be watching. The games have become a huge international event. People will come from around the world to watch 10,500 athletes from 205 countries compete to take home the gold. It takes years of work and billions of dollars to prepare for Olympics. But it hasnt always been that way. The ancient OlympicsThe first recorded Olympics, in 776 B.C., were an important religious festival. But they only included athletes from about a dozen cities. Even after 200 years, the ancient games only included Greek men from about 100 cities around Mediterranean. Unlike today, the ancient games were always at Olympia, in Greece. Olympic sports have also changed a lot in the last few thousand years. The ancient games began with just one 192-metre race. In later years, the games grew to include a total of six sports tested skilled soldiers needed. These included races where runners wore fighting equipment and the pankration - a violent sport with few rules. The modern gamesEven the modern Olympics were once far smaller than they are today. The first of the modern games, in 1896, once had 241 athletes from 14 countries. Moreover, the early modern Olympics were not an independent event. Until 1908 the Olympics were part of the worlds fair! At the first modern Olympics, there were 43 events from ten sports. Many of the sports from the early modern games are no longer part of the Olympics. These include the sports of golf and tug of war. There has always been a lot of disagreement over changing Olympic sports. The number of Olympic sports has constantly increased throughout history. At the Beijing games, athletes will compete in 302 events from 28 sports. Despite all the changes over the years, some ancient sports are still part of the modern games. These include running, boxing and wresting. The Olympics continue to grow and change, and they encourage us all to work harder, go faster and be stronger. 52. What is the best title for the passage? A. The History of the Summer Olympics B. The Changes of the Olympics Sports C. The Growing Events of the Olympics D. The Increasing Sports of The Summer Olympics 53. The ancient Olympics were held _. A. as important religious festivals B. at Olympia, in GreeceC. in 776 B.C. at Olympia, in Greece D. in about 100 cities around Mediterranean. 54. Which of the following is NOT true? A. 241 athletes from competed in 43 events in 1896. B. The first modern Olympics were held in 1896. C. 205 countries competed in 302 events at the 28th Olympics . D. 10,500 athletes will compete in 302 events at Beijing Olympics55. What can we infer from the passage? A. The Olympic Games have become a huge international event. B. The number of Olympic sports has increased throughout history.C. The Olympics encourage us to work harder, go faster and be stronger.D. While the games have grown and changed, the Olympic spirit has stayed the same答案：ABCD 主旨大意题 主旨大意，就是文章的中心思想、主题思想、中心观点，即作者在文章中要表达的基本观点。了解文章的中心思想有助于对文章的细节和特定信息的理解。主旨大意题常常针对文章的细节和特定信息的理解。主旨大意题常常针对文章的主题，作者的意图、文章或段落的中心思想进行提问，这类题也叫做归纳概括题。主旨句技巧： 不同的体裁的文章，其表达中心思想方式也不尽相同。新闻报道类往往用一句来概括全篇的内容，然后再进行详细叙述，因此，新闻报道的首句通常就是其中心的内容；说明文或议论文往往用主题句来体现文章或段落的中心，主题句有时出现在段首，有时出现在段尾，有时隐含于整个文章（段落）中间，当然有时也可能没有主题句，同学们需要注意上下文联系，细心体会；叙事性的文章往往没有主题句，需要弄清文章的线索脉络，读懂故事的结局，才能体会作者的用意，进而概括出文章所表达的中心思想。全文中心大意【例题一】The “halo effect” is a classic finding social psychology. It is the idea that general evaluations(评价) about a person (e.g. she is likeable) influence judgments about their specific traits(品质)(e.g. she is intelligent). Hollywood stars give the perfect example. Because they are often attractive and likeable, we naturally consider they are also intelligent, friendly and so on. That is, sometimes, not true.In the 1970s, well-known social psychologist Richard Nisbett set out to prove the fact that we actually pay little attention to our thought processes in general, especially to the halo effect.Nisbett wanted to examine the way students made judgments about teachers. They had been divided into two groups to watch two different videos of the same teacher, who happened to have a strong Indian accent. One group watched the teacher answer a series of questions in an extremely warm and friendly manner. The second group saw exactly the same person answer exactly the same questions in a cold and distant manner. In one the teacher appeared to like teaching and students, and in the other he came across as someone powerful who didnt like teaching at all.After each group of students watched the videos they were asked to evaluate the teacher on physical appearance, mannerisms and even his accent (mannerisms were kept the same across both videos). The same as the hale effect infers, students who saw the “warm” one evaluated him more attractive, his mannerisms more likeable and even his accent as more pleasing. This was unsurprising as it backed up the idea s on the halo effect. At the same time, for those who had seen the other video, the result was just the wrong way around.The surprise is that students had no clue why they gave one teacher higher evaluations. Most said that how much they liked the teacher had not influenced their evaluation of his individual traits at all.The halo effect is fascinating and now well-known in the business world. For example, books that have “Harvard Classics” written on the front can ask twice the price of the exact same book without it. The same is true in the fashion industry.So the next time you considerbuying a pair of designer jeans or decide whether you like someone, ask yourself whether the halo effect is operating. Are you really evaluating the traits of the person? This simple check c
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