大学英语写作教程1第九单元.ppt

UnitNine Sentencevariety UnitObjectives SentencevarietyShortcompositions Sentencevariety DifferentpartsofasentenceDifferenttypesofsentences Differentpartsofasentence ThemeRhemeTombroketheteapot TheteapotwasbrokenbyTom LastnightTombroketheteapot 主位 述位 Differenttypesofsentences SimplesentenceCompoundsentenceComplexsentence Simplesentence Lightsflashed Doorsbanged Buzzerssoundedmadly Peoplerushedpast eyesstraight Istoodthere amazedandfrightened Thesimplesentenceisusefulinexpressinghaste excitement exactnessorsimplicityofidea Compoundsentence Youleaveatonce Ishallcallthepolice Eitheryouleaveatonce orIshallcallthepolice Thiscarisnewer butthatoneisabetterbuy Jimisafraidofthisplan soamI Suddenlytherewasablindingglare andIfelltomykneesinterror Thecompoundsentenceiseffectivelyusedtoindicatecomparisonorcontrast parallelactionorideas oraction resultideas Complexsentence Mr Leeisafamousartist HelivesinOmaha Mr Lee wholivesinOmaha isafamousartist Thebook thatImean hasaredcover Youmayhaveit afterIhavereadit Thecomplexsentencetiestogetherrelatedideasofunequalimportance Thelessimportantideasbelongindependentclause Usingsubordination varythestructureandlengthofsentence Avoidtheexclusiveuseofsimpleandcompoundsentences Simplesentences NellieMelbawasborninAustralia Shestudiessingingonthecontinent Sheeventuallybecamefamousthereasaconcertandoperaticsinger Complexsentence BorninAustralia NellieMelbastudiessingingonthecontinent wheresSheeventuallybecamefamousasaconcertandoperaticsinger SecuringVarietywithintheSentence 1 Donotexpresseveryidealikethis subject verb complement Foremphasisorclarity shiftasentencepartoutofitsnaturalorder e g Everycupwiththehandlemissing Ithrewaway Downthestreetcamethemarchers objectbeforeverb subjectafterverb 2 Varysentencebeginnings 1 Beginasentencewiththerewhenitseemsnaturaltodoso e g Thereisnothingmoretobesaid 2 Beginwithanadj outofitsnaturalorderorbeginwithanadverb e g Oldandfeeble thedogcouldscarcelywalk HurriedlyJanetstuffedclothesintoasuitcase 3 Beginwithaprepositionalphrase e g InthedistanceIcouldheartherumbleofthunder 4 Beginwithaverbalphrase e g Toemphasizehisremark hepounderonthedesk Havingreceivedanunexpectedholiday weweredelighted Byleavingnow weshouldreachtheparkbeforenoon 5 Beginwithadependentclause e g WhatIcouldnotuseIstoredinmylocker WhileLeestoodamazed Alfredmarchedoffdownthestreet FROMPARAGRAPHTOESSAY 2 THINKITOVER Doyoueverwonder howtobegin athemeoressay Isathemehardertowritethanaparagraph Actually athemeisanessay acompositioninwhichthewriter sonechiefaimistotellhowhefeelsorthinksaboutacertainsubject Ashegiveshisimpressions moods likes dislikes andviewpoints herevealshimselftothereader Heisinterestedinprimarilyinexpressinghisopinions Hisreadersmayormaynotagreewithhim hedoesnotreallycare forhisisnot asarule tryingtoinfluencethem Themecancoveranykindofideaandcantakemanyforms Thesubjectcanbeanything importantorinsignificant youmightwriteathemeaboutouterspace oruponastomach ache Athemeisnomoredifficulttowritethanisaparagraph itissimplylonger Inatheme indeed youhavemoreroomtodevelopatopicthaninaparagraph more leeway toexpressyourself Nordoesathemerequirespecialguidesbeyondthosethatpertaintoaparagraph Themostimportantsingleconsiderationinthemewriting asinparagraphwriting isunity Considerathemeasanexpansionofaparagraphthatbeginswithatopicsentenceandendswithaclincher Paragraphsbearthesamerelationshipinathemethatsentencesdoinaparagraph Youshouldhavenotroubledevelopingathemeifyourememberthatfact topicsentence openingparagraph relatedsentences middleparagraph s clinchersentence finalparagraph ESSAYPARAGRAPH TOPICSENTENCE MIDDLEPARAGRAPHS RELATEDorSUPPORTINGSENTENCES CLINCHERSENTENCE FINALPARAGRAPH OPENINGPARAGRAPH ThePositiveMeaningsofLove We dliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus LovemeansthatIknowthepersonIlove LovemeansthatIcareaboutthewelfareofthepersonIlove LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove LovemeansmakingacommitmenttothepersonIlove LovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove Lovecantolerateimperfection Loveisopen Loveisselfish Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove Inshort matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingone sindividuality Inlove twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo ThePositiveMeaningsofLove We dliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus LovemeansthatIknowthepersonIlove I mawareofthemanysidesoftheotherperson notjustthebeautifulsidebutalsothelimitations inconsistenciesandfaults Ihaveanawarenessoftheother sfeelingsandthoughts andIexperiencesomethingofthecoreofthatperson Icanpenetratesocialmasksandrolesandseetheotherpersononadeeperlevel 写作教程2 1 mp3 2 10 mp3s LovemeansthatIcareaboutthewelfareofthepersonIlove Totheextentthatitisgenuine mycaringisnotpossessive nordoesitholdtheotherpersonback Onthecontrary mycaringfreesbothofus IfIcareaboutyou I mconcernedaboutyourgrowth andIhopeyouwillbecomeallthatyoucanbecome Consequently Idon tputupobstaclestowhatyoudothatenhancesyouasaperson eventhoughitmayresultinmydiscomfortattimes s2 1 mp3 LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove IfIloveyou Icanseeyouasaseparateperson withyourownvaluesandthoughtsandfeelings andIdonotinsistthatyousurrenderyouridentitytomatchanimageofwhatIexpectyoutobeforme Icanallowandencourageyoutostandaloneandtobewhoyouare andIavoidtreatingyouasanobjectorusingyouprimarilytosatisfymyownneeds s2 2 mp3 LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove IfIloveyou Irespondtomostofyourmajorneedsasaperson Thisresponsibilitydoesnotincludemydoingforyouwhatyouarecapableofdoingforyourself nordoesitmeanthatIrunyourlifeforyou ItdoesmeanacknowledgingthatwhatIamandwhatIdoaffectsyou sothatIamdirectlyinvolvedinyourhappinessandyoursuffering Aloverdoeshavethecapacitytohurtorignorethelovedone andinthissenseweseethatloveinvolvesanacceptanceofsomeresponsibilityfortheimpactmywayofbeinghasonyou 2 3 mp3s LovemeansmakingacommitmenttothepersonIlove Thiscommitmentdoesnotmeansurrenderingourtotalselvestoeachother nordoesitimplythattherelationshipisnecessarilypermanent Itdoesinvolveawillingnesstostaywitheachotherintimesofpain struggle anddespair aswellasintimesofcalmandenjoyment 2 5 mp3s LovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove IfIloveyou Itrustthatyouwillacceptmycaringandmyloveandthatyouwon tdeliberatelyhurtme Itrustthatyouwillfindmeattractive andthatyouwon tabandonme Itrustthemutualnatureofourlove Ifwetrusteachother wearewillingtobeopentoeachotherandrevealourtrueselves 2 5 mp3s Lovecantolerateimperfection InaloverelationshiptherearetimeswhenIambored timeswhenImayfeellikegivingup timesofrealstrain andtimesIfeelIcan tmoveforward Authenticlovedoesnotimplyenduringhappiness Icanstayduringroughtimes however becauseIcanrememberwhatwehadtogetherinthepast andIcanpicturewhatwewillhavetogetherinourfutureifwecareenoughtofaceourproblemsandworkthemthrough Weagreewiththeideathatloveisaspiritthatchangeslife Loveisawayoflifethatiscreativeandthattransforms However loveisnotreservedforaperfectworld Loveismeantforourimperfectworldwherethingsgowrong Loveismeanttobeaspiritthatworksinpainfulsituations Loveismeanttobringmeaningintolifewherenonsenseappearstorule Inotherwords lovecomesintoanimperfectworldtomakeitpossibletolive s2 6 mp3 Loveisopen IfIloveyou Iencourageyoutoreachoutanddevelopotherrelationships Althoughourloveforeachotherandourcommitmenttoeachothermightprohibitcertainactionsonourparts wearenottotallyandexclusivelymarriedtoeachother Itisafalselovethatcementsonepersontoanotherinsuchawaythatheorsheisnotgivenroomtogrow 2 7 mp3s Loveisselfish IcanonlyloveyouifIgenuinelylove value appreciate andrespectmyself IfIamempty thenallIcangiveyouismyemptiness IfIfeelthatI mcompleteandworthwhileinmyself thenI mabletogivetoyououtofmyfullness Oneofthebestwaysformetogiveyouloveisbyfullyenjoyingmyselfwithyou s2 8 mp3 Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove Inmyloveforanother Iviewherorhimasthepersonsheorhecanbecome whilestillacceptingwhoandwhatthepersonisnow Bytakingpeopleastheyare wemakethemworse butbytreatingthemasiftheyalreadywerewhattheyoughttobe wehelpmakethembetter s2 9 mp3 Tosumitup matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingone sindividuality Inlove twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo 2 10 mp3s ARGUMENTATIONPARAGRAPHANDESSAYANALYSIS 2幻灯片2 ARGUMENTATIONWRITING Thepurposeofargumentationistoconvince sothatthepointintheargumentativeparagraphoressaymustbeclear Thewritermaytrytomakethereaderagreehisorherpointofvieworpersuadethereadertochangehismindorbehavior Additionally thewriter sideamustbearguable Itcannotbeafact forexample BeijingisthecapitalofChina orpersonalpreference forexample MichaelJordanismyfavoritebasketballplayer Otherwise theargumentwillbemeaningless Theothernecessaryelementsinanargumentativeessayaresufficientevidenceandgoodlogic ExploringtheMainTraitsontheModels Howcanyouwriteanargumentationparagraphandessay Whatarethemainelementsinthem Youcanfirstreadthefollowingmodelparagraphs oneisaboutpunctuality theotherisaboutwomen scollegeeducation Afterreadingthetwoparagraphsandansweringtheanalysisquestions youcanfindsomesimilaritiesbetweenthem Model1 AnArgumentationParagraph 1 Whenyouarewaitinginfrontofatheatreoratthetrainterminal youwillrealizehowimportantpunctualityis 2 Punctualityisreallyavirtue especiallyinamoderncity 3 Ifeverybodywaspunctual therewouldbelesssufferingandsorrow 4 Punctualityisthemainconstituentofgoodcharacter 5 Apersonwhoisontimeforhisappointmentshowshisrealconsiderationforothers 6 Ontheotherhand apersonwhoisalwayslateshowshisselfishnessandthoughtlessnessandheisnotthepersonthatisworthytobefriendswith 7 Tobeornottobepunctualisahabit 8 Sowhenweareyoung weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanwhenweareolder AnalysisQuestions 1 Aboutthecontent a Whatisthewriter spointofviewaboutpunctuality b Howmanygoodpointsofpunctualitydoesthewritermentionintheparagraph Whatarethey c Whatisthewriter ssuggestionaboutpunctuality Peopleshouldtrytobepunctual Two Oneislesstobesufferingandsorrowandtheotheristoshowone sconsiderationforothers Whenweareyoung weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanweareold 2 Aboutthestructure a Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph Whichisit b Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingdetails c Isthereaconcludingsentence Ifso whichsentenceisit Yes thesecondsentence Therearefivesupportingsentences from 3 to 7 Thewriterusedcomparisonandcontrasttoshowtheevidence Yes thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence 3 Aboutthefunctionofthesentence s a Whatdoyouknowfromthefirsttwosentences Whatisthelogicoftheargumentation b Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences c Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus The1stsentenceisaspecificexampleconcerningthetopicandthe2ndsentenceisageneralstatementofthewriter spointofview Sothelogicisinductivereasoning fromexampletostatement Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint Thewriterconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence 4 Aboutthelanguage Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheparagraph Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike Ithink inmyopinion expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated Model2 AnotherArgumentationParagraph TheotherSideofCityLifeIntheeyesofmanypeople citylifeisattractivewithallitsadvantagesandconvenience yettheydon tknowtheothersideofthepicture First withtheexpansionofthecity housinghasbecomeaseriousproblemforcitypeople Thenthereistheproblemofpollution harmfulgasesfromvehiclesandpoisonouswaterfromfactoriespolluteoursurroundings noisecontinuallydisturbsyourpeaceandrestanddrivesyoumad Thirdly moderncitylifeputsahighpressureuponpeople youhavetohurrytoandfromwork youhavetododgeinthestreetsoastoavoidbumpingintothefloodofpeople bicycles cars buses alldaylongyouareundergreatstress Fourthly bigcitiesalsocausesomesocialproblems ofwhichhighcrimerateisthemostseriousone Peoplearejustifiablyinfearofbecomingvictimsofburglary robbery murderandothercrimesatanytime Thecityshouldfindsomewayorothertocopewithalltheseproblems AnalysisQuestions 1 Aboutthecontent a Whatisthewriter spointofviewaboutcitylife b Howmanyreasonsaregivenbythewritertosupporttheidea Whatarethey c Whatisthewriter sconclusion Thewriteraskstoseetheothersideofthecitylife Therearemainlyfourreasonstosupporttheidea problemofhousing problemofpollution problemofcrowdedness andproblemofcrimes Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplefindsomewaytocopewiththeproblems 2 Aboutthestructure a Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph Whichisit b Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingdetails c Isthereaconcludingsentence Ifso whichsentenceisit Yes thereis Thefirstsentenceisthetopicsentence Allthesentencesaresupportingsentencesexceptthefirstoneandthelastone Yes thereis Thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence 3 Aboutthefunctionofthesentence s a Whatcanyouknowfromthefirstsentence Whatisthelogicofargumentation b Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences c Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus The1stsentencetellsthewriter spointofview hisopinionaboutcitylife Thelogicisdeductivereasoning fromstatementtoexample Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint Thewriterconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence 4 Aboutthelanguage Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheparagraph Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike Ithink inmyopinion expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated Thewriterusedsuchwordsas first then thirdlyandfourthlytostatehispointofview FindingsonanArgumentationParagraph 1 Themainfeaturesofanargumentationparagraphinclude a oneclearpointofview usuallyinthebeginningorthesecondsentence b agoodlogic eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning c gooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfacts examplesandotherevidences forexample comparisonandcontrast classification andsoon d arestatementofthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheendoftheparagraph 2 Thelanguagefeaturesareasfollows a Theexpressionsinanargumentativeparagraphshouldtrytobeobjective thatis trytoavoidsuchexpressionslike Ithink or inmyopinion b Theoveruseoftheexpressionsofuncertaintylike perhaps maybe sometimes etc willweakentheforceofargument Wecanfindthesimilarcharactersinargumentationessaysaswell providingclearpointofview developingtheargumentwithagoodlogic eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning makinggooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfactsandrestatingthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheend PleasereadModel3tofindouttheelementsalikeandthentrytoanswerthequestionsfollowed Model3 AnArgumentationEssay Isthe TEM4Test Necessary Recently therehasbeenaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherthenational TEM4Test isnecessaryornot Someteachers studentsandauthoritiesareinfavorofit TheyholdthatitisaneffectivewaytoraisetheleveloftheEnglishlanguageinourcountryrapidly ItissomethingthatmaystimulatetheteacherstoimprovetheirteachingandurgestudentstoattachimportancetoEnglishandstudyhardtoraisetheirlevel Thereareotherswhoholdanoppositepointofview Theymaintainthatthiskindoftestdoesnothelptoimprovethestudents actualabilityinusingthelanguage butonlyprovidesachanceforthestudentstolearnhowtodealwiththetest Sincetheteachersandstudentsaremoreconcernedaboutthepassingofthetestitself theydonotpayrealattentiontoimprovingthelanguageskillsonasolidbasisbut instead devotemostoftheirenergyandtimetolearningtheskillsoftakingthetestandtodoingmodeltests Asaresult quiteanumberofstudentswhohavepassedthe TEM4Test arenotreallygoodattheEnglishlanguage Ithinkthe TEM4Test forallitsdrawbacks isverynecessary WeshouldbeawarethatsomesignificantchangeshavetakenplaceinthefieldofEnglishteachingandlearning Foralittlemorethantenyears theoverallleveloftheEnglishlanguageofcollegestudentshasbeengreatlyincreased ThecommonpracticeofstudyingEnglishamongthestudentshastakenarevolutionarychange Theyarepayingattentionnotonlytoreading butalsotolisteningandwriting andtranslationskills Andinthenearfuture whentheoralcompetenceisaddedasanitem theywillbecomefluentEnglishspeakers too Then theywillbeabletomasterallthebasiclanguageskills listening speaking reading writingandtranslating AnalysisQuestions 1 Aboutthecontent Whatisthewriter spointofviewaboutTEM4Test b Howmanyreasonsaregivenbythewritertosupporttheidea Whatarethey c Whatisthewriter sconclusion 2 Aboutthestructure Isthereanintroductoryparagraph Whichisit b Howmanysupportingparagraphsarethere Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingparagraphs c Isthereaconcludingparagraph Ifso whichsentenceisit 3 Aboutthefunctionoftheparagraph s Whatcanyouknowfromthefirstparagraph Whatisthelogicofargumentation b Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingparagraphs c Whatdoesthelastparagraphtellus 4 Aboutthelanguage Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheessay FindingsonanArgumentationEssay 1 Themainfeaturesofanargumentationessayincludethat a providingonepointofviewclearly usuallyatthebeginningparagraph b usuallywithagoodlogic eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning c makinggooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfacts examplesandotherevidences forexample comparisonandcontrast classification andsoon d usuallyrestatingthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheendoftheessay 2 Thelanguagefeaturesareasfollows a Theexpressionsusedbothinanargumentativeparagraphandinanargumentativeessayshouldbeobjectivebutnotsubjective Soexpressionslike Ithink or inmyopinion shouldbeavoided b Inaddition theoveruseoftheexpressionsofuncertaintylike perhaps maybe sometimes etc willweakentheforceofargument Summary Argumentationaimsatconvincingthereaderstoagreewiththepointofviewgivenbythewriter sothemostimportantthingistopresentaclearandaffirmatorypointofviewattheverybeginningoftheparagraphoressay Sometimes thewritercanlistthecontrastingideasandopinionsfirst andthenputforwardadifferentview Sufficientevidenceandgoodlogicarecrucialtotheargumentation whichdecidetheforceoftheargument Attheendofthewriting thewritercaneithergiveasuggestionorrestatethepointofview