资源描述
2010中考英语常见写作错误归纳15条学生在英语写作中常常出现很多错误。下面我们对一些常见的错误进行了归纳，并对一些典型的病句实例逐一加以分析，希望能对各位同学有所帮助。一、“汉语式”英语例：His fathers body is strong. 他父亲身体很好。析：汉语说“某人的身体强弱”时，在英语中不必加 body。因此，在书面表达中要注意英语的习惯用法，否则容易杜撰出“汉语式”英语，使人难以看懂。同时不能先想汉语意思，然后再直译成英语，而要擅于直接用英语思考。正：His father is strong.二、难词解释例：the time fell sleeping 就寝时间析：同学们遇到要表达的术语有难词时，想不到用合适的单词来表达，于是就闹出了这样的笑话。因此，在平时学习中学生们就要知难而进，想方设法记忆必要的单词，同时增强解释的能力，只有这样才能提高英语书面表达能力。正：the sleeping time三、单词堆砌例：Our go to school time is 8：00. 上学时间是8：00。析：同学们在书面表达中应尽量使用自己熟悉且有把握的习惯用语，不能凭着自己的中文习惯主观臆造句子，否则不可能做到“语言准确，得当”。正：We go to school at eight.四、时态的误用 例：She like it very much and reads it to the class. 她很喜欢它并且读给同学们听。析：在书面表达中，应根据上下文或时间状语来确定动词的时态。正：She liked it very much and read it to the class.五、用词错误例：He gave me a very good advice yesterday. 昨天他给我一个非常好的建议。析：advice 表示“建议”时，是不可数名词，不能用不定冠词来修饰，而应用 a piece of。正：He gave me a piece of very good advice yesterday.六、一致性错误所谓不一致不仅指主谓不一致，它还包括数的不一致、时态不一致以及代词不一致等。例1：Once one have money， he can do what he want to do. 人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。析：one 是第三人称单数，因此本句的 have 应改为 has。同理，want 应改为 wants。正：Once one has money， he can do what he wants to do.例2：Water will boil at 100. 水在100沸腾。析：表示客观真理的句子，其谓语动词应用一般现在时。正：Water boils at 100.七、修饰语错位英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子中不同的位置，句子的含义就有可能发生变化。例：I can dance. I too can sing. 我会跳舞，也会唱歌。析：too 一般位于句尾，不能用于句首。正：I can dance. I can sing too. 或 I can dance and sing too.八、结构不完整在口语中，交际可借助手势、语气、上下文等来理解结构不完整的句子。可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令句意表达不清。这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，作者又想加些补充说明的时候。例：There are many ways to know the society. For example， by TV radio， newspaper and so on. 有许多方式来了解这个社会，例如通过电视、广播、报纸等等。析：本句后半部分 For example， by TV， radio， newspaper and so on 不是一个完整的句子，仅仅是一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。正：There are many ways to know the society， for example， by TV， radio， and newspaper and so on.九、悬垂修饰语所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子逻辑关系混乱不清。例：At the age of ten， my grandfather died. 在我10岁时，我祖父去世了。析：at the age of ten 只指出10岁时祖父去世了，但没有说明是“谁”10岁时。按一般的推理不可能是 my grandfather。正：When I was at the age of ten， my grandfather died.十、词性误用“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用，形容词当副词用，名词当动词用等。例1：Few people can around the world. 很少人能周游世界。析：around 是副词，这里误当动词用。正：Few people can travel around the world.例2：The place is danger. 这个地方危险。析：danger 是名词，这里误用为形容词。正：The place is dangerous. 或 The place is in danger.十一、指代不清指代不清主要指代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。例1：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid. 玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。析：此句让读者无法判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。正：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例2：Help yourself to some drink， boys and girls. 孩子们，随便喝些饮料吧。 析：句中的 boys and girls 和反身代词 yourself指代不一致。正：Help yourselves to some drink， boys and girls.十二、间断句子我们不能把两个或两个以上的句子简单地连结起来，应注意连结时应加上适当的词。例：There are many ways we get to know the outside world. 我们有许多方式来认识外面的世界。析：这个句子包含了两层意思：There are many ways 以及 we get to know the outside world，简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。正：There are many ways for us to get to know the outside world.十三、累赘语言以简洁为贵。能用单词的不用词组;能用词组的不用从句或句子。例：Except the fact that he is lazy， I like him. 除了他很懒外，我喜欢他。析：本句中的 the fact that he is lazy 是同位语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”的原则可以将其改写为：正：Except his laziness， I like him.十四、不连贯不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。例：The fresh water， it is the most important things of the earth. 淡水是世界上最重要的东西。析：The fresh water 与逗号后面的 it 不连贯，同时 it 与 things 在数方面不一致。正：The fresh water is the most important thing in the world.十五、综合性语言错误所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十几种错误之外，还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。 中考英语书面表达及其解题方法【考点扫描】书面表达是每年中考必考题型，是考查学生交际能力的一个重要组成部分。书面表达通常有三种形式：1、书信、日记、通知、留言、假条；2、看图作文；3、根据汉语提示作文。 无论是那一种书面表达形式，考生所写的短文都要紧扣主题、文理通顺，要素完整，语言准确、得当、格式正确、无大、小写和拼写错误，标点符号正确，能达到交际目的。【解题方法】一. 训练方法1. 记。认真系统复习和背诵基础知识和优美的句子、句型。中国有句古话，叫“熟读唐诗三百首，不会吟诗也会作”。同样，要使自己具有较强的写作能力，首先应该熟读和背诵一些句型和短文。许多同学写出来的语言根本不符合英语的语言习惯，相当一部分人有对照中文逐字翻译的不良习惯，不去理会中英文的差异。大量的背诵和阅读是提高写作能力的有效办法，同学们若有大量的现成语言积累在脑海里，自己写起文段来，就可以做到脱口而出，或是模仿、套用，甚至发挥。2. 练。每练一篇书面表达题，都要真正学到一点东西，不可贪多而边学边忘。平时可以采用循序渐进、灵活多样的练习方式。从根据提示词写单句开始，到写单句，然后到写几句话，最后到写流利的文段。尽量尝试多种形式的写作，如短信、说明、通知、便条、明信片、看图写作、根据表格或记录写短文等。3. 写。要进行实战写作。要求自己在20分钟内写出100个词的短文，并且质量高、内容全、形式正确。这样形成习惯，考试时就能得心应手。 二. 应试策略1. 审题目：要切中题意。中考考试说明指出，书面表达要切中题意。怎样才能切中题意？就是要认真审题，看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，根据图画、图表、提纲或短文提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。2. 圈要点：防止遗漏要点。要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。3. 列提纲：为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词记下，形成提纲。 4. 定基调：定出时态、人称、顺序、开头、结尾。5. 写全文：写短文时要做到以下六个方面：(1)避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。几种句型可交替使用，以避免重复和呆板。(2)多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。(3)注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。1）语态、时态要准确无误。 2）主谓语要一致，主语的人称和数要和谓语一致。3）注意人称代词的宾格形式。 4）注意冠词用法，例如： He is an honest student.中的an不能写成a。5）注意拼写、标点符号和大小写，例如：receive, believe, fourteen, forty, ninth, restaurant等。(4)描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：1）外表特征：tall, short, fat, thin, strong, weak, ordinary-looking 等。2）服饰颜色：red, yellow, blue, white, green, brown, black 等。3）内心境界：glad, happy, sad, excited, anxious, interested 等。4）感情描写：love, like, hate, feel, laugh, cry, smile, shout 等。5）动作描写：come, go, get, have, take, bring, fetch 等。(5)上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，因此同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序（时间或空间），使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：1）表示并列关系的：and, as well as, or 2）表示转折关系的：but, yet, however 3）表示时间关系的：when, while, after, before, then, after that 4）表示因果关系的：so, therefore ,as a result 5）表示目的的：in order to, in order that , so as to, so that 6）表示列举的：for example , such as 7）表示总结性的：in general, in all, in a word, generally speaking (6)不会表达，另辟蹊径。中考作文给分是以要点和语言准确度而定，不以文采打分。造句越简单准确越好，造复合句容易出错，容易被扣分，阅卷场上有句话：“错误面前人人平等，文采好不加分”。如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。(6)改病句：认真检查，改正错误。中考作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此，中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：1）格式是否有错。 2）拼写有无错误。 3）语言是否用错。4）时态、语态错误。 5）标点错误。 6）人称是否用错。三. 注意事项书面表达要特别注意书写工整，卷面整洁。每年阅卷老师在十来天的时间里要看十几万考生的作文，工作量之大，时间之紧，可想而知。书写是否工整，卷面是否整洁与得分高低直接有关。【中考范例】VII. 书面表达（共1题，计10分）假如你叫张强。请根据下面美国朋友Bob的来信内容，结合你自己的情况写一篇语言连惯、符合逻辑的英文回信。要求：1. 认真阅读来信的内容，从中获得你需要的信息。2. 词数：80左右。回信的开头、结尾已给出，但不计入总词数。注意：回信中不得出现你的真实地址和所在学校的名称。Dear friend,Hello！Im your new friend. My name is Bob. Im fifteen. Im American. I live in New York.I am a middle school student. Im good at maths. It is very interesting. My favourite sport is basketball. And I am not only a basketball fan but also a good player. I like pop music. My friends and I often sing pop songs together.After school, I am interested in getting on-line. I have known a lot about China from the Internet. Now Im learning Chinese. I hope I will visit your country one day.Please write to me and tell me something about your life. Im looking forward to hearing from you.Yours,BobDear Bob,_ Yours, Zhang Qiang【解析】根据前面提到第六个步骤，我们来写一下这篇书面表达。1.审题目：通过审题目我们可以知道：本篇书面表达应是写一封回信，写信人是张强，收信人是Bob，信的内容应是介绍张强自己的情况。2. 圈要点：根据来信判断，写回信必须包括以下要点：1、收到对方的来信；2、愿意和对方交朋友；3、自己的姓名、年龄和住址；4、自己的身份、特长和爱好； 5、自己的希望。3、列提纲：1. got your letter 2. glad to be your friend 3. name, zhang Qiang, fifteen, live in Shaanxi 4. a middle school student, like English, like sports, good at drawing, 5. hope well meet in China 4、定基调：1. 时态：收到来信用一般过去时，介绍情况用一般现在时，希望用一般将来时。2. 人称用第一人称。3.可按提纲的顺序来写。4. 开头和结尾题目已经给出。5、写全文：Dear Bob, I got your letter yesterday. Im very glad to be your pen friend. My name is Zhang Qiang. Im fifteen years old, too. I live in Shaanxi. Im a middle school student, too. I like English and physics very much. I also like sports, but Im good at drawing. I know a little about America. Could you tell me something more about your country in your next letter?I hope well meet in China some day. Im sure well have a good time together.Please write (to) me soon.Yours,Zhang Qiang6、改病句：认真复查一边，如有错误，加以改正。【满分演练】 （1）华山是中国名山之一。假设外国友人到你校参观后，准备去旅游。请根据以下要点向外国友人简单介绍华山（the Hua Mountain）1位于陕西东部，是中国著名的旅游胜地，每年有大批中外游客前去旅游观光。2乘汽车去大约要花1个小时；也可以乘火车去。3登山便可领略其云海（the sea of clouds）、奇松（wondrous pines）、怪石（unique rocks）等秀丽的风景及清晨美丽的日出。注意： 1字数：80词左右。 2请不要逐字翻译。（2）根据提示和要求完成下面短文假如你（Li Lei）在去年夏令营认识的一个朋友Jim从英国给你寄来一件礼物 一件红色的衬衫，并附有一封信。在信中他向你问好，他想知道你近来在忙些什么。请你给他写一封回信（100个词左右）表示感谢。回信要包括以下内容：1. 向Jim问好并对他表示感谢。2. 礼物是你最喜欢的颜色，尺寸很合适，你非常喜欢。3. 告诉Jim你近来很好，上周刚过完生日，生日聚会很热闹。询问Jim的近况，并表示希望他能来中国。注意1. 信的格式已经给出。 2. 信中不得使用真实的人名、地名。（3）根据中文意思和英文提示词语，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑的英文文段。所给英文提示词语必须都用上，中文提示内容不必逐句翻译，每组英文提示所写出的句数不限。今天是6月23日星期日，天气晴朗。你和你的同学张宏参观了西安市动物园。那里的动物十分有趣，人见人爱。当你看到有位游客在向猴子投喂食物时，就上前阻止并说请你用英文写一篇日记，记述今天的经历。（请注意日记格式）1fine day, sun, bright 2visit, Beijing Zoo 3animal, so interesting, people, love 4see, visitor, throwto, stop, say （4）根据中文设置的情景、英文提示词语以及表格所提供的信息，写出语法正确、意思连贯、符合逻辑的英文文段。注意1. 字数6080。 2. 所给的英文提示词语及表格所提供的信息必须都用上。（可适当发挥）3. 发言稿的开头和结尾已给出。假设你是张斌，今年暑假你将参加学校组织的赴加拿大“绿色之旅”夏令营活动。请你准备一篇在开营式上的自我介绍发言稿。name, Zhang Bin, fifteen years old, live in Xian, favorite subject, biologyInterest Free Time Activities Future Job Hope drawing go camping,draw pictures of plants,enjoy the singing of birds in nature biologist,grow up good friends,do ones best,make the earth Dear friendsIm very glad to introduce myself to you._（5）根据中文提示和英文提示词语写一篇短文。 今年暑假，有一批美国中学生要来你们学校访问。请你写一篇有关西安的简介，以便和他们交流。 注意：1.字数100左右； 2.必须使用所给英文提示。Capital of Shaanxi, Lie in the Northwest, many places of interest, autumn, best season【参考范文】(1) The Hua Mountain is one of the most famous mountains in China. It lies in the east of Shaanxi. Every year thousands of Chinese and foreigners pay a visit there. Its not far from here. It takes you about one hour to get there by bus. You can also go there by train. When you are at the top of the mountain, youll find clouds, wondrous pines and unique rocks around you. In the early morning when the sun rises, the sky looks very beautiful. Its really a nice place to visit. (2) 36 Zhonghua streetXian, ChinaJune21st, 2004Dear Jim：How are you? Many thanks for the shirt! Im very happy to hear from you again. I love the shirt very much, Jim, and red is my favorite color! You remembered! Its just my size. Every time I wear it, I will think of you.Im fine here in China. Last week I had a birthday party. Many of my classmates came and my mother made us a lot of good food. We really had a wonderful time together. How are you doing in England, Jim? I miss you very much. I always miss the days we were together last summer. I hope you can come to China someday.Please write back soon.Your friend,Li Lei (3)Sunday June 23rdIt was a fine day today and the sun was bright. I visited Xian Zoo with my classmate, Zhang Hong. The animals there were so interesting that all the people loved them. When I saw a visitor throwing food to the monkeys, I went/ran to stop him/her and said, “Animals are our friends and we must take good care of them.”(4)Dear friends, Im very glad to introduce myself to you. My name is Zhang Bin. Im fifteen years old. I live in Beijing. One of my favorite subjects is biology. Im interested in drawing. In my free time, I often go camping, draw some pictures of plants, and enjoy the singing of birds in nature. I want to be a biologist when I grow up.I feel lucky to join you. I hope we can be good friends and do our best to make Thats all. Thank you for listening. (5) Xian is the capital of Shanxi with a long history. There are many places of interest, such as the Dayan Pagoda, the Xiaoyan Pagoda, the Bell Tower and the Terra Cotta Warriors. Since it lies in the Northwest of China, the winter here is long and it sometimes snows. Autumn is the best season in Xian, for its neither too cold nor too hot. One of the most famous traditional foods is “Yangroupao”. 作文讲座如何写请假条/ 申请 / 明信片 / 书信 样文：请假条Dear Mr. Brown,Im terribly sorry that I cant go to school today. I went to climb a mountain with my friends yesterday. Unfortunately, I fell and sprained (扭伤) my ankle (踝关节). The doctor advised me to stay in bed and rest. I am writing to you to ask for two days sick leave.Your student,Julie 模版：请假条 Date Salutation称呼Body: why you are asking for leave, and how many days you are asking for.Signature 签名 样文：申请Dear Sir or Madam,(1) I have just seen your advertisement in the Springboard magazine. I would like to apply for the job of tour guide.(2) I think I meet all your requirements. I am 25 years old and graduated from the School of Tourism in Chicago in 2005. I have worked in a tour company for two years, and did a good job. Last summer, I worked on a campsite (度假营地) in the south of Chicago. I organized many activities and cared for the customers very well. They were all pleased with my work and service. It was an enjoyable summer work experience.(3) I would be thankful if you consider me for the job. I hope that you will give me the opportunity of an interview. I am looking forward to your reply. Thank you.Sincerely yours, James Worthy 模版：申请Dear _,(1). 说明得知消息的来源及你所申请的具体职位。(2). 说明你的个人简历，包括年龄、学历、工作经历、特长和对你申请工作感兴趣的原因及能胜任该项工作的理由。(3). 对看申请的人表示感谢，并询问相关的进一步的情况。Signature 签名 样文：明信片September 5, 2007 Hi George,Spain is great! Were staying at a hotel in a small town near Barcelona. It is very pretty and there are lots of churches. The people here are very friendly. Spain is very different from America. The shops are not open all day. They close for a few hours every afternoon, because its very hot at that time and nobody can work. Yesterday, it was a special holiday. There was a big festival and everyone celebrated on the streets. Tomorrow we are going to see the sights in Barcelona.Bye for now,Thomas 模版：明信片Date: Salutation Body Signature收信人收信人地址样文：书信No. 1 Middle SchoolChaoyang District, BeijingChina, 10010221st Jan., 2006Dear Mike,Thank you very much for the English stamps you sent me in your letter last time. How beautiful they are! I like them very much. Im very fond of collecting stamps. I began to collect stamps since I was eight. Now I have .Yours sincerely, Wei Dong 模版： 书信写信人地址写信时间Dear Sir or Madam,Im glad to hear from you. Now Im writing to tell you that _Looking forward to hearing from you soon.Yours, Tony模版：介绍两个朋友（1） Paragraph 1what you will talk about（2） Paragraph 2tell the similar and different things between the two friends similarities (相似处) differences（3） Paragraph 3conclude the article模版：介绍一个人物Paragraph 1tell who the person isParagraph 2tell more information about the person: birth; family; appearance; hobbies; experiences and achievements; etcParagraph 3tells how people think of the person模版：一次难忘的经历Beginning: Paragraph 1tell the reader what the topic isan experience hard to forgetBody: Paragraph 2what the experience is: what you did, when you did it, where you did it, how you did it, etc.End: Paragraph 3you still remember what has happened and hope to .模版：提建议Paragraph 1introductionParagraph 2the suggestions: try to use different patterns, like, Why not do? You could do. If I were you, I would do . Youd better do / not do .Its also a good idea to do . You should do.I suggest doing .Paragraph 3wishes 模版：邀请信：An invitation letterParagraph 1purpose of the letter: what you will invite the addressee (收信人) to doParagraph 23 more information about the invitation: time, place, what to do, etc.Paragraph 4wait for the addressees reply模版：介绍一个地方Paragraph 1Introduction: introduce the topic, name of the place, by telling the readers its biggest feature (特点)Paragraph 2Body: Give more information about the topic: where it is, what its population is, what language its people speak, what its weather is like, what natural environment is like, Paragraph 3End: summarize (总结) the features; or give advice, etc.模版：图表分析及发表看法或观点Paragraph 1分析图表：语言要准确，凝练。Paragraph 2发表观点，态度要明确；给出理由以支撑你的观点。Paragraph 3结论。重申你的观点。首尾呼应。中考英语满分作文必备的8类典型句子一、学科1. My favorite subject is English。2. More than three quarters of the information on the Internet is inEnglish。3. It is used by travelers and business people all over the world。4. China has joined the WTO and the Olympic Games will be held in China.English becomes more and more useful。5. So English is very important and I like English very much。6. We have a lot of fun in the English class。7. Our English teacher often makes us happy in the English class。8. I hope I can go abroad one day, and then I can speak to foreigners inEnglish。9. I like English and try my best to learn it。二、环保1. Its our duty to protect our environment。2. It is very important to take care of our environment3. We should not throw litter onto the ground4. We should not spit in a public place/ cut down the trees5. We should plant more flowers and trees。6. We must pick up some rubbish and throw it into a dustbin7. If everyone makes contribution to protecting the environment, the worldwill become much more beautiful。三、旅游1. Last Sunday(Saturday,) ,it was sunny(rainy, windy, foggy,)2. I got up very early (late). After breakfast I went to with my friendsby bike, bus，3. We enjoyed ourselves。4. We forgot the time. We didnt come back until 5 oclock。5. We all felt very tired, but we were happy。6. I thought I would never forget this trip。7. Last summer, my parents and I went to Beijing for our holidays。8. We visited a lot of places of interest。9. We had a good time there。10. We bought a lot of things. The clothes here are good and cheap。四、比赛1. Last Sunday, Class One had a football match with Class Two。2. All of us went to watch it。3. The match was very exciting。4. In fact, I have never seen such an exciting match before。5. The score was 5-3. Our team scored three goals in the last fifteenminutes。6. Class One won this match. Class Two lost。7. Class One played well. They deserved to win。8. Their PE teacher was very pleased with their performance。五、健康1. It is very important to keep healthy。2. How can we keep healthy?3. We cant go to sleep too late. We cant get up too late。4. We should eat the food healthily。5. We should do more exercise。6. Last Tuesday I got a cold and had a pain in my head。7. I didnt feel like eating anything。8. I decided to see the doctor。9. In the doctors office, the doctor looks over me carefully。10. He said :Nothing serious. And he told me to take a rest and drinkmore water。11. A nurse gave me an injection. It was a little painful。12. The doctor asked me to take the medicine three time13. A few days later, I felt better. From then on I believe that keepinghealthy is the most important thing in the world。六、节日1. In China the most important holiday is the Spring Festival。2. It comes in January or February。3. On the Spring Festival Eve
展开阅读全文