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八年级(上)语法专题复习( VI )句子种类 英语中句子分为简单句,复合句,从句,倒装句虚拟语气。简单句可分为陈述句, 祈使句,疑问句,感叹句四种。这里主要是复习简单句的用法。一. 陈述句的构成形式及基本用法1. 陈述句：陈述句是用来陈述一个事实或表达说话人看法（包括肯定和否定）的句子。通常用降调，句末用句号“.”。Tom has a new car. The flower isnt beautiful.2. 陈述句否定式的构成(1) 如果肯定陈述句的谓语部分含有助动词、情态动词或连系动词be，则只需在这些动词后加not/no 即可构成否定式。He is playing the guitar.（肯定） He is not playing the guitar.（否定）We can get there before dark.（肯定） We cant get thee before dark.（否定）There is no air and water ,we are not live on the earth .(2) 如果陈述句的谓语动词是实义动词，而其中又没有情态动词或助动词时，则需根据人称和时态在该实义动词前加dont, doesnt（有第三人称单数）或didnt(过去时态)。同时把该实义动词变为原形。He plays the violin well.（肯定）。 He doesnt play the violin well.（否定）She won the game.（肯定）。 She didnt win the game.（否定）(3) 如果句子是there be结构或谓语动词是have（有），除了be和have之后加not之外，句中如果有some要变为any。例如：There is some water in the cup. There is not any water in the cup.He has some books. He has not any books.(4) 除not以外，用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom（不常）, hardly（几乎不）,little，Noone , no one ,neither unhappy ,disagree,impossible 等否定含义的词时, 即可构成否定式.A. Hes never been to the U. S. A ,_ he ? N o ,he _.B. Kates hardly read the book , _she? Yes ,she _.( )1.There is _ orange juice in the glasses ,is there ?A. few B. a few C. little D. a littleThere is mething wrong with his bike. There is nothing wrong with his bike.( kEY :A )Someone doesnt have anything to do .Someone has nothing to do all day .一些人整天无所事事。注意：在宾语从句中否定主句：我认为他不对。I dont think he is right .二. 祈使句的构成形式及基本用法 祈使句是用来表示命令、请求、建议、号召等的句子，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号“！”或句号“.”。朗读时一般用降调。1. 肯定的祈使句：（1）祈使句主语是you时，you常省略，但如果要特别强调对方或表达某种强烈的情绪时可以有主语或称呼语。 Be quiet. You be quiet!（2）祈使句”表示一种强烈的感情或请求，用动词原形。Come to school a little earlier ,please . Be careful.（3）please用在祈使句中可以表示一种客气的语气，但please用在句末时，必须用逗号与其余部分分开。Open the window, please.（4）Let引导祈使句时，后面需跟上人称代词或称呼语，人称代词一般只用第一、第三人称。 Let Jack wait a minute. Lets go to school.（5）在祈使句中，Lets和 Let us是有区别的。Lets包括说话者，而Let us不包括听话者在内。这点从反意疑问句时可明显看出。 Lets go skating, shall we?（表示内部的建议） Let us try again, will you?（表示向别人发出请求（对方）. 否定祈使句通常以Dont或Never开头。其结构通常是：“Dont(Never)+动词原形+其他成分” 例如：Dont do that again， will you ?Never leave todays work for tomorrow! Dont be late next time!三. 一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句的构成形式及基本用法1. 一般疑问句：（1）一般疑问句的肯定形式 一般疑问句一般是指以助动词( ,is am , are ,do ,does ,will .shall ,have .has )、情态动词(must ,can /could ,may /can ,should ,need etc )，通常要求以yes，或no来回答的疑问句，一般疑问句读时通常用升调。Do you know Mr. Smith?,Can you swim?变成一般疑问句：A. I ve already done my homework .= _ you _ homework _?B .He offered car to us to the zoo .= _ he _ car to us to the zoo?C. She washes up the bowel every day .= _ she _ up bowels every day?特别注意：do ,does ,did ，原来的动词要还原。（2）一般疑问句的否定结构 在一般疑问句的否定结构中，把副词not放在一般疑问句的主语之后。但如果用not的简略形式-nt，则须将-nt与一般疑问句句首的be, have，助动词或情态动词写在一起。在实际运用中，一般都采用简略式。 Are you not a football fan?, Arent you a football fan? Will she not like it?, Wont she like it? 与汉语不同的是，英语一般疑问句否定结构的答语是否定还是肯定，全由答语的否定或肯定来决定。若答语是肯定的，则用yes加肯定结构；若答语是否定的，则用no加否定结构。Arent you a football fan? 你不是足球迷吗？Yes, I am.,No, I am not. Wont she like it? Yes, she will. , No, she wont.2. 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句由“疑问代词或疑问副词+一般疑问句”构成，句子一般用倒装语序，但如果主语是疑问代词或由疑问代词修饰时，用陈述句的语序。特殊疑问句不能用yes或no回答，读时用降调。例如：Who is on duty today? .How long have you been in Beijing?What time do you get up every morning?.What must I do now?常用的特殊疑问句询问内容 疑问词或句型 例 句 回 答职业，身份 what What is your father? He is a doctor.姓名或关系 who Who is that boy? He is Jack.He is my brother相貌特征 whatlike? What is she like?(主要性格)What does she look like? She is beautiful. （外表）目的 whatfor? What did they come here for? To attend a meeting.原因 why Why did they come here? Because they have a meeting to attend.天气 how whatlike? How wil the weather be today? （注意how 不用like ）What is the weather like today? Its fine.颜色 what color？ What dolor is her skirt? Its red.服装尺寸 what size What size does he wear? He wars 40.几点钟 what time What time is it? Its 7:30.星期几 what day What day is today? Its Tuesday.几号，日期 what is the date? What is the date today? Its May 2.年龄（多大） how old How old is he? He is 38.持续多长时间（多久） how long How long have you been here? For five months.长度（多长） how longHow long is the bridge?Its 500 metres.距离（多远） how farHow far is it from here to the zoo? Its 6 kilometres.频度（多经常） how often How often do you come back? Once a week.时间经过（多快） how soon How soon will she arrive? In an week.数量（多少） how many（可数名词）how much（不可数名词） How many jackets do you have? 3.How much coffee do you want?Two cups.价格 how much How much is it? ,How much does it cost? Five dollars.高度（多高） how tall（人，树）How tall is she? Shes 1.73 metres.how high（山，建筑物） How high is the tower? Its 450 metres.但是在宾语从句里用陈述句语序。E。G ：I dontknowwhen the train leaves ? 人称和数的变化由从句主语而定,时态的呼应主/从句而定。3. 选择疑问句：选择疑问句是说话者提出两种或两种以上的不同情况，让对方选择回答的疑问句。其结构是“疑问句+选择部分”。选择部分由or连接，or前面的部分读升调，or后面的部分读降调。 选择疑问句不能用yes或no回答，而必须具体的选择答复,一个陈述句。Is your bag yellow or black? Its black.。 Would you like some tea or coffee? Either will do.。 Which do you like better, singing or dancing? I like dancing better.Or 在否定句中表示“而，和”的意思，特别要注意。还可以表示“要不然”。A、I have no a pen or book . 我没有笔和书。（ ）1、It s too cold _ hot in winter in Hongkong .A. but B.and C. so D though4. 反意疑问句：反意疑问句是指在陈述句之后附加一个意思与之相反的简短问句，问对方是否赞同的疑问句。附加问句的否定式必须缩写。（1）肯定的陈述句后跟否定的附加问句，否定的陈述句后跟肯定的附加问句。 I am your teacher, arent I? He didnt study hard, did he?（2）如果陈述句中含有否定副词never（从不，决不），hardly（几乎不）或其他表示否定代词或形容词，如nothing, none no one, nobody, neither, few, little,never ,hardly (注意:前半部untrue,impossibleetc加前后缀，后半部分还是用否定形式）等，则附加问句只能用肯定式。(见否定句)如：They hardly write to each other, do they? He has found nothing, has he? Few people knew the secret, did they?It is impossible , isnt it?（）反意疑问句用于主从复合句结构中时，要注意以下情况1.)一般情况下，陈述句部分是主从复合句时，反意疑问句部分的代词和助动词应与主句中的主语和动词保持一致。例 This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isnt it? 这是他第二次去日本，是吗？2.)在宾语从句中，如果陈述句部分是“I think (believe, suppose, imagine, expect等) + 宾语从句”，反意疑问句部分应与宾语从句的主谓保持一致，并要注意否定转移。例 I dont think you have heard of him before, have you? 我认为你以前没有听说过他，是吗？Idont think she can finish the work,can he? 我认为她不能完成这项工作，对吗？注 当think等这些动词的主语不是第一人称，或主语是第一人称，而动词时态不是一般现在时或一般过去时，这时，反意疑问句的助动词和人称代词要与主句保持一致。例 Mary thinks you will come to the party, doesnt she? 玛丽认为你将来参加晚会，是吗？（）当反意疑问句是“否定陈述句+肯定附加问句”时，英语与汉语的回答习惯存在差异。英语回答时只看实际情况，若答语的具体内容是肯定的就用“Yes+肯定结构”，答语的具体内容是否定的就用“No+否定结构”，而译成汉语时，则必须把yes译“不是”，把no译成“是的”。-You wont be away for long, will you? 你不会离开太久，是吗？ -Yes, I will.不，我会离开很久。 -No, I wont.是的，我不会离开很久。 -I dont think shell come by bike, will she? 我认为她不会骑自行车，会吗？-Yes, she will.不，她会骑自行车来。 -No, she wont.是的，她不会骑自行车来。注意:1).Let s ., shall we ?/will you ? Dont ./D o , will you ?2)d /had better , didnt +主语? .used to , didnt +主语?3)must be. ,arent/isnt +主语(对现在事实的推测)?werent/wasnt主语(对过去情况的推测,有过去的时间状语),则根据时态来推断，如：e must be hungry, isnt he?四. 由what, how引导的感叹句的构成形式、用法及区别(主要是下学期学)感叹句是表示喜、怒、哀、乐以及惊异等感情的句子。句末用感叹号“！”，读时用降调，感叹句往往由what或how引导，what修饰名词，how修饰形容词，副词或动词。1. what引导的感叹句：（1）what + a/an +形容词+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What a beautiful city it is!What an interesting story she told!（2）what+形容词+复数可数名词/不可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）What expensive watches they are! What terrible weather it is!2How引导的感叹句：（1）How+形容词/副词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How cold it is! How hard he works!（2）How+陈述句（主语+谓语）How he loves his son!How I miss you!（3）How+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+陈述句（主语+谓语）How tall a tree it is!（4）上述两种感叹句可以互相转换。例如：What a clever boy he is!How clever the boy is!What a cold day it is!How cold it is!典型例题1）_ food youve cooked!A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How nice D. What nice答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词，副词；what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词，因此A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有D正确，其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)2）_terrible weather weve been having these days!A. What B. What aC. How D. How a答案A. weather为不可数名词，B，D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A，符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a timeB. What time C. How a time D. how time答案A.感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了bad，相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。五.时间状语从句.1).由 when /while (同时)从句（be +V-ing）：He was reading a book when I came in .2).由till/until和 not .until /till的从句此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是直至才。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Lets get in the wheat before the sun sets.）否定句： She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. 她直到6点才到。 Dont get off the bus until it has stoppedstops . 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 I didnt manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才会做。注意：当时间或条件状语从句(if /unless )中从句是未来时间发生的动作，只能用一般时态（现在过去）代替将来时态。、：I will goon the bus when it rains soonHe is going to visit you if he is free tomorrow .综合练习：I Choose the right answers .1. Dont forget to give the baby some food ,_? ( )A. will you? B. shall we C. wont you D. do you2. You have met before, _?A. havent you B. have you C. do you D. dont you ( )3. She has never read the book before, _?A. has she . hasnt she C. is she D. isnt she ( )4. Mike has to finish her work now, _?A. has he B. hasnt he C. does he D. doesnt he ( )5. -_ did you stay in Urumqi last summer? -For two weeks. ( )A. How often B. How C. How longD. How many times6. He nearly hurt himself in the accident, _?A doesnt he B. didnt he .C. does he D. did he ( )7_haveyoubeenawayfromhome?IForfiveyears( )AHowmuchBWhattimeCHowlongDWhen8.Illlendyoumybook，butyoucanonlyitforthreedays( )AborrowBkeepCtakeDgot9.Howlonghaveyou_？( )SincetwoyearsagoAfallenillBbeen married ClefthomeDmarried10._ do the Olympic Gamers hold ? Once 4 years . ( )A .How long B .How soon C .How often D .How farII 句型转换1 Ive worked for Project Hope since 1993.( 就划部分提问)=._ _ _ _ _ for Project Hope?2.Alice was geetting tired = _ _ Alice _?( 就划部分提问)3.He asked me to run across the road = _ _ he _ me to _?( 就划部分提问4.It may be rainy tomorrom = _ it _ _ tomorrow ?(4,5改为一般疑问句)5.The flower smells sweet ,_ _ ?(反意疑问句)翻译句子1.去那个城市访问的最佳时间是在春天吗?It is the best time to visit the city in Spring ,_?2.7.明天可能下雨吗？It will may be rainy tomorrow ,_?3.当妈妈做饭的时候,我在听流行音乐。My mother was cooking while I was listening to the popular music.4.多么糟糕的天气啊!_ !5.请问,怎样去超市啊?沿着这条街走,一直朝前走,它在你的右边。A _?B_,_,_.(The end )（）
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