高中英语语法定语从句.doc

第一次课 定语从句专题-15.2.7快速有效的单词记忆方法。第一是联想法。比如soft是柔软的意思，你可以联想到索芙特洗发水，索芙特洗发水洗出的头发都是柔亮的，它的名字也是这么翻译过来的，索芙特soft；再比如drunk是喝醉了的意思，那么我们就可以这么想，喝是drink，drink和drunk的区别就在于i和u，i就好像是我们喝之前的肚子，很扁，但是喝多了呢，i就变成了u,肚子鼓起来了，也就喝醉了；还有praise这个词是夸奖的意思，我们知道raise是提升的意思，那当我们的成绩提高了，老师就会表扬我们“pretty good”,所以赞扬是p加raise，praise。第二种记单词的方法是谐音法。比如pour是倾泻的意思，pour是泼的音，我们可以想象，pour了，scan是扫描、浏览的意思，它的音像“四看”一样，那么四下看看不就是浏览的意思么。Sanguine，面色红润的第三种方法是词根词缀法。比如我们知道re-是代表重复的词根，birth是出生的意思，那么rebirth就是重生的意思；dis-是表示否定的词根，那么able是能够，disable就是不能够的意思，agree是同意，disagree是不同意；还有一些词缀，比如我们知道的，-er代表人，比如teacher、leader、gardener，除此之外还有很多代表人的词缀，比如-ant，assistant是助理，servant是仆人。第四种方法是单词起源法。举一个例子breakfast，fast是“斋戒”、“封斋”的意思，如伊斯兰教每年有一个月为“斋月”，“把斋”的人在这个月白天一天不进饮食。只是在一早一晚，也就是看不见太阳的时候进餐，斋月满时为“开斋”，是伊斯兰教徒十分隆重的节日。Break是“打破”的意思，breakfast原意为break the fast，即“打破斋戒”或“开斋”。早餐是打破斋戒的第一餐，所以叫breakfast。第五种方法是手舞足蹈法。比如说对于push和pull的记忆，学生总是分不清它们哪个是“拉”哪个是“推”，这时不妨抬起一只胳膊，并做一个推的动作，同时嘴里发出“噗哧”的声音，这样以后每当你再读到push的时候，就都会想到这个推的动作了，这两个单词也就去分开了。第六种方法是猜词法。在阅读文章的时候，你可以尝试着不马上去查那些生词的意思，而是先根据语境猜一猜，然后再查字典。在猜的过程中，大脑会受到刺激，更容易记住这些生词。背单词不是一朝一夕的事情，需要我们坚持、反复记忆。任何事情都没有捷径，但都有规律可循，我们可以找到最佳途径达到目的。定语从句知识总结归纳(一)定语从句的结构：在复合句中，修饰某个名词或代词的句子(做这个名词或代词的定语)叫定语从句，定语从句一般放在被修饰的名词或代词后面，被修饰的名词或代词叫做定语从句的先行词，它与定语从句之间要有一个词连接，这个词指代先行词的内容叫做关系词(关系代词或关系副词：that, which, who, whose, when, where, why)。先行词在定语从句中充当主语，宾语，时间，地点，原因状语。结构：先行词+关系词+定语从句。1. There she saw a wall of water that was quickly advancing towards her.2. In Japan, someone who sees another person making the gesture will think it means money.二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省略。Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中代替先行词，又作定语从句的宾语(动宾或介宾)。 当作动宾(动词后接宾语)时，关系代词可省略。Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now? 当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略;介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.The man with( )I spoke is my teacher.注：固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，即介词不能提至引导词前。She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.3.whose: 指人或物，是所有格“的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.I didnt find the desk whose leg was broken. (主语)He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (动宾)The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介宾)4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。 当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略;介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.The games in ( ) the young men competed were difficult.注：which和as可引导非限定性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容，有时可以互换。因此，当as/which指代前面的整个句子，或前句中的部分内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用单数.Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper.She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.区别：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主句末尾;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。He married her, as/which was natural.=As was natural, he married her.Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.主句和从句有因果关系时，用which.Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy.Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.从句含否定意义时常用which.She didnt pass the exam, which we couldnt expect.She didnt pass the exam, as we expected.6.when关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。I still remember the time when I joined the League.(7.where关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。I still remember the school where I joined the League.=I still remember the school( )I joined the League.1. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(secondlast) time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。It/This is the first time that we travel.It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.8. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason,不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for whichI dont know the reason why he was late yesterday.The reason why( ) he was late is that he missed the bus.注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why。This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。试比较：I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.( 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 )The reason (that/which)he gave for not coming to school yesterday isnt believable.( gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因此用关系代词或省略 )The reason why he didnt come to school yesterday isnt believable.( 从句主谓宾结构完整，缺状语，因此用关系副词或介词加关系代词 )三. 值得注意的几个问题：第一. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用that的情况。1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。This is the best film that has been shown this year.This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.He is the first student that/who came to school today.2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.3.当先行词本身是all的，用that。(all that=what)All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.Go over all that (what) we learned.=Go over all (what) we learned.(that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省略)4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时，用that.Ill tell you anything (that) I know.5.当先行词前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修饰语时。This is one of the books (that) Im very interesting in. This is one of the books in which Im very interesting.This is the only book (that) I read.He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.6.(人，物)，当先行词在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混淆.Who is the man that is talking with the lady?Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?7.当先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that.He likes the girl that she used to be.第二. 当先行词是物时，关系代词(that/which)只用which的情况。1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时.The room in which he lives is very large.2.引导非限定性定语从句时(主，宾都用which,都不能省略).Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.3.which指整个句子的内容或部分内容，引导非限定性定语从句.He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.第三.其他特殊情况.1.先行词是these, those指人时，关系代词只用who.Those who are playing over there are my students.2.先行词是人称代词(he, she)时，关系代词只用who.He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.3.不定代词someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行词时，关系代词用who.Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.4.先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用单数形式(因为此时的先行词是the only one,而不是of 后的可数名词复数).He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.This is the only one of the books that ( )borrowed.先行词是one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数形式(因为此时的先行词是of 后的可数名词复数,而不是one).This is one of the students who ( ) late.5. 当先行词是the way,在定语从句中充当方式状语时(the way表以方式/方法)，引导词通常用that或省略，也可用in which.I dont like the way (that) you speak.=I dont like the way in which you speak.=I dont like the way (which/that) you speak in.练习题1. Is this the farm _ you visited last week?A. whereB. the oneC. on whichD. /【解析】答案是D。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。3. The second is connected with the use _ the body makes of food.A. of whichB. whereC. to doD. that4. Why cant you realize the part _ they have played in our life?A. whichB. on whichC. whenD. Where【解析】正确答案分别是D和A。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含以下词组：make use of， play a part (in)。5. The scientist has made another discovery， _ I believe is of great importance.A. thatB. /C. whichD. Why【解析】应选择C。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think (suppose， expect， believe， imagine)， in my opinion， to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是先删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然了。