冶金工程专业外语翻译.doc

e45b69968acd4a84d03b10d3f2d024dd.pdf专业外语翻译练习（三上）第一章Extractive metallurgy, the science and technology used in the productions of metals, employs some of the same unit operations (单元操作) as chemical engineering. Different metals require different combinations of operations, but typically the production of a metal involves two major steps. 提取冶金是应用于金属生产的科学和技术。该学科使用了一些与化学工程相同的单元操作。不同的金属需要不同的（单元）操作过程的结合，但一般情况下，每一种金属的生产都包括两个主要步骤。The first is the production of an impure (不纯的，粗的) metal from ore minerals, commonly oxides or sulfides, and the second is the refining (精炼) of the reduced impure metal, for example, by selective oxidation of impurities or by electrolysis (电解). 首先是用金属矿物通常为氧化矿或硫化矿生产出粗金属；第二步是对还原得到的不纯金属的精炼，例如，通过杂质的选择性氧化或通过电解（进行精炼）。 Extractive metallurgy is continually challenged(挑战, 提出难题) by the demand (需求) for metals which have not been produced previously(以前) or are difficult to produce; by the depletion (耗尽，减少) of the deposits of the richer and more easily processed ores of the traditional(传统的) metals; and by the need for metals of greater purity and higher quality.提取冶金学不断遭遇难题。这些难题是：如何满足对先前没有生产或难于生产的金属的需求；如何解决传统金属的富矿床和较易处理矿床枯竭的矛盾以及如何满足对更高纯度和质量的金属的需求。第二章The reasons for metals dominance in our life are not far to seek, for owing to their unique properties, they may be melted and cast into a multitude of shapes and sizes weighing from a few ounces to many tons. 金属在我们生活中占主导地位的原因并不难找到，其原因得归功于金属的独特的性质，可以将金属熔化并浇铸成重几盎司到许多吨不等的多种形状和大小（的铸件）。Their ability to deform without rupture （破裂） allows them to forged （锻造） into intricate shapes, and their strength and hardness makes possible their utilization in building, transport, structural engineering, and other industries. （由于）金属（具有）形变而不破裂的性能，（因而）可以把金属锻造成各种复杂形状；而金属的强度和硬度又使得金属可以应用于建筑业、交通运输业、结构工程和其它工业部门。The resistance to the corroding effects of atmosphere, sea-water and chemicals shown by many of the non-ferrous metals is another of their valuable advantages. Electrical conductivity is also a valuable property of many metals.许多有色金属所表现出来的抗大气、海水和化工产品侵蚀的性能是金属的另一种宝贵性质。导电性也是许多金属的一种重要性质。Of the 100 elements available to us, about three-quarters can be classified as metals. And, about half of these are of at least some industrial or commercial use.在我们可获得的100种元素中，约四分之三可归入金属，而这其中约二分之一至少具有某种工业或商业用途。 Metal alloys, which are combinations of two or more elements, are far more versatile (用途多的) and for this reason are the form in which most metals are produced and used by industry.由两种或两种以上的金属元素结合形成的合金，其用途要广泛得多，因此，大多数金属都是以合金的形式工业生产和应用的。Drying and CalcinationA sulphating roast is achieved at about 600700, with a restricted（有限制的） amount of air and is used to produce a material which can be leached with dilute（稀的） H2SO4 to give a solution from which the metal may be readily recovered. 硫酸化焙烧是在约600700的温度下用有限量的空气实现的，用来产生一种物料。该物料能用稀硫酸浸出，从而得到一种可以从中容易地回收金属的溶液。A less-common type of roasting reaction may result（发生） at high temperatures where oxide and sulphide interact（相互反应） to produce the metalknown as a reduction roast:2MeO+MeS3Me+SO2较不常见的焙烧反应（类型）可以在高温下发生，此时（在这种场合）氧化物和硫化物相互反应产生金属称之为还原焙烧：2MeO+MeS3Me+SO2SmeltingSmelting is essentially a melting process in which the components of the charge in the molten state separate into two or more layers which may be slag, matte, speiss or metal. Constituents of the charge, sometimes including values, may also appear in the furnace gases. 熔炼基本上是一个熔化过程，在此过程中炉料的组元在熔融状态下分解为两层或多层，这些层次可以是熔渣、冰铜、黄渣或金属。炉料的成分中，有时含一些有价组分，这些有价组分也可能出现在炉气中。Matte smelting Matte smelting is usually carried out on concentrate which has been roasted to reduce its sulphur content to such a level that, when it is smelted with a suitable flux, a high-grade matte will be produced along with a slag containing most of the gangue materials.冰铜熔炼通常针对精矿进行。精矿已经经过焙烧，把其硫含量减少到相当的程度：一旦用适宜的熔剂熔化便能生产出高品位的冰铜以及包含绝大部分脉石物料的炉渣。HydrometallurgyThe basic steps of hydrometallurgy are dissolution or leaching of values from the ore, elimination of unwanted elements from the pregnant liquors (purification), concentration of the values and their deposition from solution either in compounded form by chemical precipitation or by reduction of the metal either chemically or electrolytically. 湿法冶金的基本步骤包括：矿石中有价金属的溶解或浸出；母液中不期望元素的去除；有价元素的浓缩及其从溶液中的析出或者用化学沉淀法以化合物的形式析出，或者用化学法（置换）或电解法还原金属。Precipitated compounds may be treated further by any appropriate method. The essential conditions are that the valuable mineral must be soluble in water or in some other cheap reagent like sulphuric acid or that it can be rendered so soluble.沉淀出的化合物可以用任何适宜的方法作进一步处理。（湿法冶金的）基本条件是有价矿物必须溶于水或某种类似于硫酸的其它廉价试剂中，再或是能促使有价矿物具有类似的溶解性。Dump Leaching: The overburden and tailings dumps for copper mining operations often contain enough copper that it would be worthwhile to recover some of it. Dump leaching is then used to recover as much of the copper as can be leached out without spending a lot of time and money on preparing the ore.废石堆浸出：铜矿开采作业产生的表层岩石及尾矿堆通常都含有足以值得从中部分回收的铜。废石堆浸出就是在无须花费大量的时间和金钱制备矿石的情况下，用来尽可能多地回收能够浸出的铜。 This is done by trickling the leaching solution over a dump, and collecting the runoff solution to recover the copper that it dissolves, as shown in Figure 24. Dump leaching is quite slow, with periods of months or years needed before leaching is completed, and typically only about 60% of the copper in the dump is recovered.这种作业是：将浸出液从废石堆上滴下，并收集（从废石堆下）流出的溶液以回收溶于其中的铜，如图24所示。废石堆浸出非常缓慢，完成浸出所需的时间为数月或数年，而且通常仅能回收废石堆中约60%的铜。Heap Leaching is similar to dump leaching, but instead of simply dumping ore on a hillside, the ore is crushed approximately to the size of gravel (to improve leaching rates and recovery) and piled onto artificial waterproof pads, as shown in Figure 25. 堆浸：堆浸与废石堆浸出相似，所不同的是矿石不是简单地倾倒在山边，而是被破碎到大约砾石大小（以提高浸出速率和回收率）并堆在人工防水地基上，如图25所示。Once the ore has finished leaching (after approximately 6 months to a year), the leached gangue is removed from the pad for disposal, and replaced with fresh ore.一旦矿石结束浸出（约六个月至一年之后），浸出残渣即垫子上撤走并进行处理，取代之以新矿石。（图中信息请在相关英文信息附近译出）图25：典型堆浸作业。垫子通常为混泥土，辅以橡胶或沥青涂层以防水。Solvent Sprinkler溶剂喷头；Solution collection溶液收集；Waterproof pad (with embedded drainage channels)防水垫（内嵌排水沟渠）Solvent extractionSolvent extraction involves two operations:a) Extraction The metal values in the aqueous (水的) phase are extracted by agitation with an organic solvent immiscible in that phase. The two phases are then allowed to separate; the aqueous phase is discarded or recycled and the loaded organic phase saved.b) Stripping Recovery of the metal values from the loaded organic phase by agitation with a small volume of suitable solution. The stripped solvent is then recycled. In this way a concentrated solution containing the metal values in a relatively pure form is obtained.溶剂萃取包括两步操作：a) 萃取 水相中的有价金属用一种不溶于水相的有机溶剂通过搅拌而萃取。接着使两相分离；水相被弃置或再循环，而负载有机相则保留下来。b) 反萃 用小体积的适宜溶剂通过搅拌从负载有机相中回收有价金属。接着萃余溶剂再循环。这样就能获得含有价金属相对较纯的富液。ConvertingThe purpose of converting is to remove iron, sulfur and other impurities from matte thereby producing liquid metallic copper in a crude (98.599.5% Cu) blister copper form. This is achieved by oxidizing the molten matte at a high temperature, 11501250, with air.吹炼的目的是去除冰铜中的铁、硫和其它杂质，从而以粗铜（含铜98.5%99.5%）的形式生产出液态金属铜。这是在1150-1250的高温下用空气氧化熔融冰铜而实现的。第 6 页 共 6 页