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TPO-18 Conversation 1（场景分类询问工作）Narrow: Listen to a conversation between a student and an administrator in the university employment office.Student：Hi! I hope you can help me. I just transferred from Northeastern State University near Chicago.Administrator：Well welcome to Central University. But Chicago is such a great city. Why did you leave?Student：（2）Everyone asks that. Its my hometown. And it was sure convenient to go to a school nearby. But Northeastern is still fairly small. And it doesnt have the program Im interested in. I want to major in international studies. And the only program in the State is here.Administrator：We do have a great program. Well how did you get interested in international studies?Student：（3）My family hosted a few foreign exchange students while I was growing up. Then I took part in an international summer program after I graduated from high school. I thought I really I like meeting people from all over, getting to know them.Administrator：OH! Ok! And that led you to our program. （1）Right now though I think you are looking for a job.Student：Yeah, a part time job on campus. I thought Id save money, being away from the big city. But it doesnt seem to be working that way .Anyway Im not having much luck.Administrator：Im not surprised. Most of our campus jobs are taken in the first week or two of the semester. What work experience have you had?Student：Well, I worked in the university library last year. But I already checked at the library here. They said their remaining positions were for work-study students getting financial aid. Ive never run into that before.Administrator：Well, I guess each school has its own policies. （5）Uh, we really dont have much right now. You might be better waiting until next semester. If you really want something, how are your computer skills?Student：About average Id say. I helped teach some of the basic computer classes. Northeastern offers for new users, if that helps any？Administrator：OK, the technology support department needs people to work its helpdesk. Its basically a customer service job, answering questions, helping people solve their computer problems, give you a chance to develop your people skills.Student：Something every diplomat needs. But is there some problem? I mean why is the job still open?Administrator：（4）Well, they have extended hours, from 6am to 2am every day. So they need a large staff. But right now they only need people early mornings, late nights, and weekends. Youd probably end up with a bit of everything rather than a regular spot. On the bright side youll probably be able to get some studying done between calls. At least it could be a start and then you can try for better hours next semester.Student：Um, I see why the hours might be a problem. But I guess I cant afford to be too picky if I want a job. Still maybe we can work something out.词汇：diplomat n. 外交家helpdesk n. 帮助台spot n. 地点picky adj. 挑剔的；吹毛求疵的题目：1. Why does the student go to the university office?解析：主旨题，文中学生找管理员主要是想寻求工作机会。答案：To find out if there are any jobs available on campus2. Why did the student transfer toCentralUniversity?解析：细节题，定位transfer,注意文中教授学生问答部分以及学生解释原因but后面的内容。学生说东北部没有他喜欢的专业国际学，只有Central University有。文中提到exchange，不要被B选项（To participate in a student exchange program）迷惑。答案：To take advantage of an academic program3. Why does the student mention hosting foreign-exchange students?解析：意图推测题，定位host foreign-exchange students，学生说通过这个项目他发现自己喜欢跟不同的人接触，通过原文中教授说“这使你来我们这个项目”看出他是在解释为什么喜欢这个项目。答案：To explain his interest in a particular field of study4. What can be inferred about students who apply for the open position at the technology-support helpdesk?解析：推测题，定位helpdesk. 文中说这个职位需要早晚及周末工作，可能什么事都要做一点，没有常规的时间。所以做这个工作的人需要愿意接受不规则的工作时间。答案：They are willing to work irregular hours.5. Why does the woman say this?解析：复听意图推测题。复听部分教授说目前没有适合这个学生的，建议他等到下学期。说明如果学生真的想要得到工作，只能退而求其次选择不喜欢的工作。答案：To imply that the student might not like the job that is availableLecture 1（学科分类天文学）Narrow：Listen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.Professor：We are going to start a study of sunspots today, and I think youll find it rather interesting. Now Im going to assume that you know that sunspots, in the most basic terms, are dark spots on the Suns surface. That will do for now. The ancient Chinese were the first to record observations of sunspots as early as the year 165. （7）When later European astronomers wrote about sunspots, they didnt believe that the spots were actually on the Sun. Thats because of their belief at the time that the heavenly bodies, the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets, were perfect, without any flaws or blemishes. So the opinion was the spots were actually something else, like shadows of planets crossing the Suns face. And this was the thinking of European astronomers until the introduction of the telescope, which brings us to our old friend, Galileo.In the early 1600s, based on his observations of sunspots. （8）Galileo proposed a new hypothesis. He pointed out that the shape of sunspots, well, the sunspots werent circular. If they were shadows of the planets, they would be circular, right? So that was a problem for the prevailing view. And he also noticed that the shape of the sunspots changed as they seemed to move across the Suns surface. Maybe a particular sunspot was sort of square, then later it would become more lopsided, then later something else. So there is another problem with the shadow hypothesis, because the shape of a planet doesnt change. What Galileo proposed was that sunspots were indeed a feature of the Sun, but he didnt know what kind of feature. He proposed that they might be clouds in the atmosphere, the solar atmosphere, especially because they seemed to change shape and there was no predicting the changes, at least nothing Galileo could figure out. That random shape changing would be consistent with the spots being clouds. Over the next couple hundred years, a lot of hypotheses were tossed around. The spots were mountains or holes in the solar atmosphere through which the dark surface of the Sun could be seen. Then in 1843, an astronomer named Heinrich Schwabe, made an interesting claim. Schwabe had been watching the Sun every day that it was visible for 17 years, looking for evidence of a new planet. And he started keeping tracks of sunspots, mapping them, so he wouldnt confuse them with any potential new planet. （9）In the end, there was no planet, but there was evidence that the number of sunspots increased and decreased in a pattern, a pattern that began repeating after 10 years, and that was a huge breakthrough. Another astronomer named Wolf kept track of the Sun for an even longer period, 40 years actually. （10）So Wolf did 40 years of research, and Schwabe did 17 years of research. I think there is a lesson there. Anyway, Wolf went though all records from various observatories in Europe and put together a history of sunspot observations going back about 100 years. From this information, he was able to confirm the existence of a pattern, a repeating cycle. But Wolf detected an 11-year cycles not a 10-year circle. 11-year cycles? Dose that sound familiar to anyone? No? Well, geomagnetic activity, the natural variations in Earths magnetic field, it fluctuates in 11-year cycles. Well, well cover this later in this semester, but for now, well, scientists in the late 19th century were aware of geomagnetic cycles, so when they heard that the sunspots cycle was also 11 years, well, they just had to find out what was going on. （11） Suddenly, everyone was doing studies of the possible relationship between the Sun and the Earth. Did the sunspots cause the geomagnetic fields or did the geomagnetic fields cause the sunspots? Or is there some other thing that caused both? And astronomers did eventually figure out what sunspots had to do with magnetic fields. Actually they are magnetic fields. And the fact that sunspots are magnetic fields accounts for their dark appearance. Thats because magnetic fields reduce the pressure exerted on the gases inside of them, making the spots cooler than the rest of the Suns surface. And since they are cooler, they are darker.词汇：sunspots n. 太阳黑子heavenly body 天体flaw n. 缺陷；裂缝blemish n. 瑕疵；缺点hypothesis n. 假设prevailing adj. 流行的；盛行的square n. 正方形lopsided adj. 不平衡的feature n. 特色；特征random adj. 随机的；任意的toss v. 投掷visible adj. 明显的；看得见的keep tracks of 记录；与保持联系map v. 绘制地图geomagnetic adj. 地磁的fluctuate v. 波动；涨落题目：6. What is the lecture mainly about?解析：主旨题，文章按照时间顺序介绍，主要讲人们对太阳黑子的科学认知的进程。答案：The progression of scientific knowledge about sunspots7. Why did European astronomers before the time of Galileo not believe sunspots were on the Suns surface?解析：细节题，定位not believe sunspots were on the Suns surface，注意Thats because of后面的内容。文中说人们认为天体都是完美的，没有瑕疵，与太阳表面有太阳黑子的想法违背。答案：The idea was contrary to their beliefs about objects in space.8. Which hypothesis regarding sunspots did Galileo challenge?解析：细节题，定位hypothesis和Galileo，注意文中教授自问自答部分。文中说伽利略提出太阳黑子的形状不是圆的，而如果太阳黑子是太阳的影子，太阳黑子形状应该是圆的。所以他怀疑太阳黑子不是太阳的影子。答案：Sunspots are shadows of planets crossing the Sun9. What was the importance of Schwabes observations?解析：细节题，定位Schwab. 原文中说证据说明太阳黑子的数量以10年为周期出现或消失，所以太阳黑子循环出现。答案：They established that sunspots appear in cycles.10. What is the professors attitude toward Schwabes and Wolfs research?解析：意图推测题。文中教授放慢语气强调Wolf做了40年的研究，Schwabe17年，将2个人的研究时间对比说明他被这个长时间的研究感动。答案：He is impressed by how many years were spent on the research.11. Why does the professor imply about the discovery of a relationship between the sunspot cycle and Earths geomagnetic cycle?解析：推断题，注意but后面的内容。文中提出一系列针对太阳黑子周期和地球地磁周期关系的假设，为了证实它们的关系，做了一系列科学研究得出最终结论。答案：It led to a period of intense scientific research.Lecture 2（学科分类艺术史）Narrow：Listen to part of a lecture in an art history class.Professor:Today well continue our examination of ancient Roman sculpture. Weve already looked at portrait sculpture which are busts created to commemorate people who had died, and weve looked at relief sculpture, or sculpting on walls. And today well look at yet another category of sculpturecopies. Romans sculptors often made copies of famous Greek sculptures.Girl Student:Why did they do that?Professor:Well, no one knows for sure. You see, in the late 4th century B.C., the Romans began a campaign to expand the Roman Empire, and in 300 years they had conquered most of the Mediterranean area and parts of Europe. You know the saying, “To the victor belong the spoils”? Well, the Roman army returned to Romewith many works of Greek art. Its probably fair to say that the Romans were impressed by Greek art and culture and they began making copies of the Greek statues. (13)Now the dominant view in traditional art history is that Roman artists lacked creativity and skill, especially compared to the Greek artists who came before them. （17）Essentially, the traditional view, a view thats been prevalent for over 250 years, is that the Romans copied Greek sculptures because they couldnt create sculpture of their own. But finally some contemporary art historians have challenged this view. One is Elaine Gazda. Gazda says that there might be other reasons that Romans made copies. She wasnt convinced that it was because of a lack of creativity. Can anyone think of another possible reason?Boy student:Well, maybe they just admired these sculptures. You know, they liked the way they looked.Professor:Yes. Thats one of Gazdas points. Another is that while nowadays reproduction is easy, it was not so easy in Roman times. Copying statues required a lot of skill, time and effort. （14）So Gazda hypothesizes that copying didnt indicate a lack of artistic imagination or skill on the part of Roman artists, but rather the Romans made copies because they admired Greek sculpture.Classical Greek statues represented an idealization of the human body and were considered quite beautiful at the time. Gazda also believes that its been a mistake to dismiss the Roman copies as, well, copies for copys sake and not to consider the Roman function and meaning of the statues.Girl Student:What do you mean the Roman function? Werent they just for decoration?Professor:Well, not necessarily. Under the Emperor Augustus at the height of the Roman Empire, portrait statues were sent throughout the empire. （14）They were supposed to communicate specific ideas about the emperor and the imperial family and to help inhabitants of the conquered areas become familiar with the Roman way of life. （15）You know Roman coins were also distributed throughout the empire. Anybody care to guess what was on them?Boy student:The emperors face?Professor:Thats right! The coins were easy to distribute and they allowed people to see the emperor or at least his likes and served as an additional reminder to let them know, well, who was in charge.And the images helped people become familiar with the emperor. Statues of him in different roles were sent all over the empire. Now, actually some Roman sculptures were original, but others were exact copies of Greek statues and some Roman sculptures were combinations of some sort. Some combined more than one Greek statue and others combined a Greek god or an athlete with a Romans head. At the time of Julius Caesar, I wasnt uncommon to create statues that had the body of a god and the head of an emperor. And the Romans were clever. What they did was they made plaster casts from molds of the sculptures. Then they shipped these plaster casts to workshops all over the empire, where they were replicated in marble or bronze. （16）And on some statues the heads were removable. They could put an emperors head on different bodies, showing him doing different things. And then later when the time came they could even use the head of the next emperor on the same body.词汇：sculpture n. 雕塑bust n. 半身像commemorate v. 纪念category n. 种类conquer v. 征服；战胜Mediterranean adj. 地中海的spoils n. 战利品；赃物dominant adj. 占优势的；统治的prevalent adj. 流行的dismiss v. 解散；开除decoration n. 装饰idealization n. 理想化imperial adj. 帝国的empire n. 帝国emperor n. 皇帝；君主plaster cast 石膏模型workshop n. 车间；工场replicate v. 复制marble n. 大理石bronze n. 青铜制品题目：12. What is the lecture mainly about?解析：主旨题。文中主要讲了罗马一种雕像的盛行的原因因为它们的艺术用途和政治用途。答案：Different views of a type of sculpture popular in ancient Roman times13. According to traditional art, why did the Romans copy Greek sculpture?解析：细节题，定位traditional art，lacked creativity and skill同义替换为did not have sufficient skill.答案：Roman artists did not have sufficient skill to create original sculpture14. What is Gazdas view of the Roman copies of Greek statues?解析：推断题。文中说罗马人因为欣赏希腊雕像所以模仿，这是艺术用途；文中又说这些雕像用来传达君主的一些想法，是政治用途。答案：The copies had both artistic and political functions.15. Why does the professor mention Roman coins?解析：意图推测题，文中说硬币在国家中散布，而帝王头像印在硬币上，说明帝王头像在国家散布。答案：To illustrate the Roman policy of distributing the emperors image throughout the empire16. According to the professor, why did the Romans sometimes remove the emperors head from a statue? Click on 2 answers解析：细节题，定位remove the emperors head，原文中对应the heads were removable.文中说罗马人做了很多帝王头像的复制品，放在不同的身体上；当时间到了，可以在相同的身体上换另下一任帝王的头像，说明这时之前的帝王已经没有权利了。答案：The head was placed on the body of a different statue.The emperor was no longer in power.17. What does the professor imply when he says this:解析：复听意图推测题，当代艺术历史学家否定了传统艺术历史学家的说法，说明传统艺术历史学家的说法不正确。答案：The view of traditional art historians is probably incorrectConversation 2（场景分类询问论文）Narrow：Listen to a conversation between a student and his sociology professor.A: Well, Im glad you redid your outline. I fed a few comments, but nothing you have to act on. （2）Its in good enough shape for you to start writing your paper.B: Thanks! At first I was afraid all that prep work would be a waste of time.A: Well, especially with a challenging topic like yours: factors leading to the emergence of sociology as an academic discipline. Theres just so much history to consider; you could get lost without a solid outline. So did you have a question?B: Yeah, （1）its aboutyou mentioned needing volunteers for a research study?A: Yep, its not my study. （3）Its my colleagues in the marketing department. She needs people to watch various new TV programs that havent been broadcast yet, then indicate on a survey whether they liked it, why, if theyd watch another episode. Itd be kind of fun plus participants get a $50 gift certificate.B: Wow, well I like the sound of that. Butso they are trying to predict if the shows are gonna succeed or fail, right, based on students opinions? Why would they care what we think?A: Hey, dont sell yourself short. （3）People your age are a very attractive market for advertisers who promote their products on television. The study is sponsored by a TV network. If enough students dont like the show, the network may actually reconsider putting it on the air.B: OK, well, how do I sign up?A: You just add your name and phone number to this list and check a time slot, although it looks like the only times left are next Monday morning and Thursday evening.B: Oh, well, I have marketing and economics Monday mornings and Thursday.A:（5）OH, you are taking the marketing class? Whos teaching it?B: Its Professor Largin - Intro to Marketing. Hr hasnt mentioned the study though.A: Oh, well, the marketing departments pretty big. I happen to be friends with a woman who is doing the TV study. Ok, well, we dont want you missing class. Hows Thursday?B: Oh, I work from 5 till 9 that night.A: Hmm, no flexibility with your schedule? Where do you work?B: At Foxs Diner. Im a server.A: Oh, I like Foxs. I eat there every week. Maybe you could switch shifts with someone.B: Im still in training. And the only night my trainer works is Thursday.A: Look! (4)I know the owners there really well. Why dont you let me give them a call and explain the situation?B: OK! Itd be cool to be part of a real research study. And the gift certificate wouldnt hurt either.词汇：outline n. 大纲；概要emergence n. 出现discipline n. 学科solid adj. 可靠的；结实的episode n. 一段情节gift certificate 礼品券sponsor v. 赞助time slot 时间空档shift n. 轮班题目：1. What is the conversation mainly about?解析：主旨题，注意”Its about”后面的内容。学生想参加一项调查研究，research study 同义替换为research project.答案：The mans possible participation in a research project2. What does the professor imply about the mans outline?答案：推断题。教授说这个大纲对于他写论文已经足够好了，而这个论文没有一个坚实的大纲很难写，说明这个大纲对于一个复杂的主题理清思路有帮助。解析：It will help him write clearly about a complex topic.3. What is the main goal of the study that the professors colleague is conducting?答案：细节题，定位the professors colleague. 文中说她让一些人看还没有播出过的节目，看他们是否喜欢这个节目，而参与的人都是这个学生的同龄人。说明她的同事想知道这个电视节目在这个年龄的人中是否能流行起来。解析：To find out if some television shows will be popular with people in a certain age range4. What does the professor imply about the owners of Foxs Diner？答案：推断题，定位the owners. 教授说她很了解这里的业主，会打电话过去讲一下情况。说明业主会帮她。解析：They would probably do a favor for her.5. What does the professor mean when she says this?解析：复听意图推测题，根据短对话内容，学生说这个教授还没提到电视研究，教授说市场部很大，恰巧自己认识一个研究电视的人。说明教学生的教授不一定了解电视研究。答案：The students marketing professor might not be aware of the television study.Lecture 3 （学科分类历史）Narrow：Listen to part of a conversation in an European history class.(6)In order to really study the social history of the Middle Ages, you have to understand the role of spices. Now, this might sound a little surprising, even a little strange. But what seem like little things now were back then actually rather big things. So first lets define what a spice is. Technically speaking, a spice is part of an aromatic plant that is not a leaf or herb. Spices can come from tree bark l
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