英语议论文结构.doc

(一) 英文议论文的结构特点要求文章结构必须十分严谨，文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰，开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。英语议论文共有三大特点：1、 观点鲜明的开头;2、 紧扣主题的结尾;3、 有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落另外，英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首，而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后，换句话说，每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的，其顺序不能颠倒。 在中心统一这个问题,应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯：表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支彻彻底底地反对，而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。（二) 作文开头1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法,适用于有争议性的主题.1. When asked about., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that . But I think/view a bit differently.2. When it comes to . , some people believe that . Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true . There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the profer/latter .)3. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that . They claim/believe/argue that . But I wonder/doubt whether.1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题, 然后评论 .1. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) . has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.2. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of .has been brought into focus. ( has been brouth to public attention)3.Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality . is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.1-3 观点法 -开门见山,直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法.1. Never history has the change of . been as evident as .Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of . been more visible/popular than.2. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that.3. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation ot the necessity to.Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of .4. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.1-4 引用法 - 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法, 来引出文章要展开论述的观点!1. Knowledge is power. such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .Education is not complete with gradulation. Such is the opnion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opnion.2. How often we hear such statements/words like thoses/this .In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this .1-5 比较法 - 通过对过去,现在 两种不同的倾向,观点的比较 , 引出文章要讨论的观点.1. For years, .had been viewed as . But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing . , people . .2. People used to think that . (In the past, .) But people now share this new .1-6 问题法 - 先用讨论或解答的设问, 引出自己观点, 适用于有争议性的话题.Should/What . ? Options of . vary greatly , some ., others .But in my opinion , . .（三）作文结尾结尾万能公式一：如此结论。说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，比如下面的例子：obviously（此为过渡短语）, we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others. 更多过渡短语：to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus更多句型：thus, it can be concluded that, therefore, we can find that结尾万能公式二：如此建议如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了. obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.更多句型：accordingly, i recommend that some measures be taken.consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.（四）过渡词层次：5）to begin with, then, furthermore, finally（强烈推荐）6）to start with, next, in addition, finally（强烈推荐）7）first and foremost, besides, last but not least（强烈推荐）8）most important of all, moreover, finally9）on the one hand, on the other hand（适用于两点的情况）10）for one thing, for another thing（适用于两点的情况）用以解释的过渡词now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact表示强调的过渡词certainly, indeed, above all, after all, surely, most important表示限制的过渡词however, although, though, yet, except for 用以举例的过渡词for example, for instance, thus, such, next表示递进或补充的过渡词in addition，furthermore，also，moreover，yet用以表示比较的过渡词like, in the same way, similarly, equally important, too表示让步的过渡词although, nevertheless, of curse, after all, clearly, still, yet用以解释的过渡词now, in addition, for, in this case, furthermore, in fact用以表述结果的过渡词therefore, as a result, consequently, then，thereby，thus，hence，accordingly, so, otherwise用以表示总结的过渡词to sum up, finally, at last, in conclusion, in summary in short，in a word，in the long run，四级听力重点主题与场景分析1 机场地点 Security check（安检处） Gate（登机口） Terminal （航站楼） Check-in counter （换票柜台） Customs （海关） 2. 机场人物 Airhostess/stewardess （空姐） steward （空哥、空少） flight attendant （飞机乘务员）3. 飞机动作 Take off/land （起飞、降落） ascend/descend（上升、下降） postpone/delay/cancel （推迟、延迟、取消） 二、餐厅 重点1点菜： Order menu wine list （酒单） alcohol steak French Fries （薯条）2. 埋单：Check the bill please!（埋单！） Treat （请客） split the bill （分开付）Reservation （高频词,预定）三、校园生活图书馆 1.书籍：journal 学术类刊物 volume 卷 current/back issue 现/过刊 periodical 期刊 2.人物：librarian 图书管理员Campus life 校园生活 1 作业词汇：assignment paper essays book/research report composition 作文 textbook教科书/reference book参考书(07-6) copy 副本搭配词汇还有：be through with sth 结束，完成（两次考到）due 到期 have sbs hands full with sth 忙于做某事（07-12） 2 课程形式词汇： Seminar（研讨会）optional course/elective （选修课） compulsory course/requirement （必修课） presentation （多次考到，展示或演示课）3 名称 freshman(大一) sophomore（大二） junior（大三） senior（大四） graduate(毕业生) undergraduate （在校生，本科生） postgraduate （研究生） tutor(导师) graduate school （研究生院）Job hunting 求职 (长对话重点)Job applicant candidate (候选人) apply for application Position/post （多次考到。职位） resume (简历，注意发音，多次考到) recruit （连续考到。招聘） benefit (package) （福利，两次考到） paid vacation （带薪假期） social security （美国的社会保险） relocation expenses （异地补偿费用） phased retirement (08-12 阶段性退休) hotel consultant (08-6 酒店咨询) sales manager（08-12 销售经理） Administrative work （08-12 行政工作） 作文一： 假设你在某日某时某地目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书须包括以下几点： 1.车祸发生的时间及地点2.你所见到的车祸情况3.你对车祸原因的分析An Eye-witness Account of a Traffic Accident作文二Credit Cards. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 越来越多的人使用信用卡， 信用卡有哪些好处 2. 信用卡的弊端3. 你自己的观点 Credit Cards作文三：1)近年来越来越多的人移居到国外2)分析其原因3)“我”的看法 Why People Migrate to Another Country?作文四：1. 每年，高校许多大学生受到鼓舞去贫困地区支教。2. 支教活动的意义。3. 我的看法。Volunteer teaching in the west作文五：1. 压力是学生和工作的人都面对的事情。2. 有人说压力过大，影响到身心健康，使人无法做出最佳表现;也有人说，压力能够使人不断进取，是一个人不断进步的必须条件。3. 我的看法。On Stress