RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生.ppt

RalphWaldoEmersonFullname RalphWaldoEmersonBorn May25 1803Died April27 1882Era 19thcenturyphilosophyRegion WesternPhilosophySchool Transcendentalism LifeLiteratureInfluenceOtherinformation introduction life RalphWaldoEmerson May25 1803 April27 1882 wasanAmericanlecturer essayist andpoet bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid 19thcentury Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety andhedisseminatedhisthoughtsthroughdozensofpublishedessaysandmorethan1 500publiclecturesacrosstheUnitedStates HisundergraduatecareeratHarvardwasnotillustrious 杰出的 andhisstudiesattheHarvardDivinitySchoolweretruncatedbyvisionproblems buthewasordainedaministeroftheSecondChurchinBoston shortlybeforemarryingEllenTuckerin1829 Heresignedin1832 TranscendentalismisagroupofnewideasinliteratureandphilosophythatemergedinNewEnglandintheearly to middle19thcentury ItissometimescalledAmericanTranscendentalismtodistinguishitfromotherusesofthewordtranscendental Themovementdevelopedinthe1830sand40sasaprotestagainstthegeneralstateofcultureandsociety andinparticular thestateofintellectualismatHarvardUniversityandthedoctrineoftheUnitarianchurchtaughtatHarvardDivinitySchool Amongtranscendentalists corebeliefswasthebeliefinanidealspiritualstatethat transcends thephysicalandempiricalandisrealizedonlythroughtheindividual sintuition ratherthanthroughthedoctrinesofestablishedreligions ThemajorfiguresinthemovementwereRalphWaldoEmerson HenryDavidThoreau WaltWhitman HenryDavidThoreau July12 1817 May6 1862 wasanAmericanauthor poet abolitionist 废奴主义者 naturalist taxresister developmentcritic surveyor historian philosopher andleadingtranscendentalist HeisbestknownforhisbookWalden areflectionuponsimplelivinginnaturalsurroundings andhisessay CivilDisobedience anargumentforindividualresistancetocivilgovernmentinmoraloppositiontoanunjuststate WaldenbyHenryDavidThoreauisoneofthebest knownnon fictionbookswrittenbyanAmerican Publishedin1854 itdetailsThoreau ssojourn 旅居 inacabinnearWaldenPond amidstwoodlandownedbyhisfriendandmentorRalphWaldoEmerson nearConcord Massachusetts ThoreaulivedatWaldenfortwoyears twomonths andtwodays butWaldenwaswrittensothatthestayappearstobeayear withexpressedseasonaldivisions Thoreaudidnotintendtoliveasahermit forhereceivedvisitorsandreturnedtheirvisits WaltWhitman May31 1819 March26 1892 wasanAmericanpoet essayistandjournalist Ahumanist hewasapartofthetransitionbetweentranscendentalismandrealism incorporatingbothviewsinhisworks WhitmanisamongthemostinfluentialpoetsintheAmericancanon oftencalledthefatheroffreeverse Hisworkwasverycontroversialinitstime particularlyhispoetrycollectionLeavesofGrass whichwasdescribedasobsceneforitsovertsexuality In1835 EmersonmarriedLydiaJackson theylivedinConcordandhadfourchildrenwhilehesettledintohislifeofconversations readingandwriting andlecturing whichfurnishedacomfortableincome Hewasvigorousinmiddleage travelingfrequently butwasincreasinglyawareofhislimitsandfailingenergy Hehadbecomequitefamous amajorfigureintheAmericanliterarylandscape acelebritywhichbroughtbothadulationandsatire Hehadbeenaprofoundinspirationformanywriters especiallyHenryThoreauandWaltWhitman Emersongraduallymovedawayfromthereligiousandsocialbeliefsofhiscontemporaries formulatingandexpressingthephilosophyofTranscendentalisminhis1836essay Nature Followingthisground breakingwork hegaveaspeechentitledTheAmericanScholarin1837 whichOliverWendellHolmes Sr consideredtobeAmerica s IntellectualDeclarationofIndependence Consideredoneofthegreatlecturersofthetime Emersonhadanenthusiasmandrespectforhisaudiencethatenrapturedcrowds Emersonwrotemostofhisimportantessaysaslecturesfirst thenrevisedthemforprint Hisfirsttwocollectionsofessays Essays FirstSeriesandEssays SecondSeries publishedrespectivelyin1841and1844 representthecoreofhisthinking andincludesuchwell knownessaysasSelf Reliance TheOver Soul Circles ThePoetandExperience TogetherwithNature theseessaysmadethedecadefromthemid 1830stothemid 1840sEmerson smostfertileperiod Hecontinuedhisspeechesagainstslavery butneverwiththefireofTheodoreParker In1857hewroteanessayon Memory butironically inhislateryears hisownmemorywouldfalter especiallyafterhisbelovedhouseburnedin1872 Hediedquietlyofpneumonia 肺炎 in1882 OliverWendellHolmes Sr August29 1809 October7 1894 wasanAmericanphysician professor lecturer andauthor Regardedbyhispeersasoneofthebestwritersofthe19thcentury heisconsideredamemberoftheFiresidePoets Hismostfamousproseworksarethe Breakfast Table series whichbeganwithTheAutocratoftheBreakfast Table 1858 Heisrecognizedasanimportantmedicalreformer Nature AddressesandLectures 1849 NatureIntroductionChapterI NatureChapterII CommodityChapterIII BeautyChapterIV LanguageChapterV DisciplineChapterVI IdealismChapterVII SpiritChapterVIII Prospects Essays FirstSeries 1841 HistorySelf Reliance also Understanding Self Reliance CompensationSpiritualLawsLoveFriendshipPrudenceHeroismTheOver SoulCirclesIntellectArt Essays SecondSeries 1844 ThePoetExperienceCharacterMannersGiftsNaturePoliticsNominalistandRealistNewEnglandReformers AddressesTheAmericanScholarDivinitySchoolAddressLiteraryEthicsTheMethodofNatureLecturesMantheReformerIntroductoryLectureontheTimesTheConservativeTheTranscendentalistTheYoungAmerican RalphWaldoEmerson majorworksNature自然 1836 themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalismandtheBibleofNewEnglandtranscendentalism TheAmericanScholar美国学者 1837 America sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependence Self Reliance论自助 1841 theimportanceofcultivatingoneself Emerson sfirstbook Nature 1836 isperhapsthebestexpressionofhisTranscendentalism thebeliefthateverythinginourworld evenadropofdew isamicrocosmoftheuniverse HisconceptoftheOver Soul aSupremeMindthateverymanandwomanshare allowedTranscendentaliststodisregardexternalauthorityandtorelyinsteadondirectexperience Trustthyself Emerson smotto becamethecodeofMargaretFuller BronsonAlcott HenryDavidThoreau andW E Channing From1842to1844 EmersoneditedtheTranscendentalistjournal TheDial NaturebyRalphWaldoEmersonTogointosolitude amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite thoughnobodyiswithme Butifamanwouldbealone lethimlookatthestars Theraysthatcomefromthoseheavenlyworlds willseparatebetweenhimandwhathetouches Onemightthinktheatmospherewasmadetransparentwiththisdesign togiveman intheheavenlybodies theperpetualpresenceofthesublime Seeninthestreetsofcities howgreattheyare 节选 爱默生 走入孤独 远离书斋 如同远离社会一样重要 纵然无人在我身旁 当我读书或写作时 并非独处一隅 如果一个人渴望独处 就请他注目于星辰吧 那从天界下行的光芒 使人们得以出离可触摸的现世 可以这样说 我们假想 大气之所以透明 就是为了让人们看到天国的灿烂光芒 从普通城市的街道向上看 它们是如此深邃伟岸 For natureisnotalwaystrickedinholidayattire butthesamescenewhichyesterdaybreathedperfumeandglitteredasforthefrolicofthenymphs 少女 isoverspreadwithmelancholytoday Naturealwayswearsthecolorsofthespirit Toamanlaboringundercalamity theheatofhisownfirehathsadnessinit Then thereisakindofcontemptofthelandscapefeltbyhimwhohasjustlostbydeathadearfriend Theskyislessgrandasitshutsdownoverlessworthinthepopulation 自然并不总悦人以节日盛装 昨日氤氲芬芳晶亮悦目 如为林仙嬉乐而设的同一景致 今天就可能蒙上悲伤的面纱 自然总是折射着观者的精神状态 对于在病痛中挣扎的人 他自身散发的焦虑挣扎就涵容着悲伤 当爱友逝去时 人们会对那风景感到些许漠然 当蓝天落幕于社会底层者眼前 它的壮丽也会减色 Theoldfablecoversadoctrineevernewandsublime thatthereisOneMan presenttoallparticularmenonlypartially orthroughonefaculty andthatyoumusttakethewholesocietytofindthewholeman Manisnotafarmer oraprofessor oranengineer butheisall Manispriest andscholar andstatesman andproducer andsoldier Inthedividedorsocialstate thesefunctionsareparceledouttoindividuals eachofwhomaimstodohisstintofthejointwork thefableimplies thattheindividual topossesshimself mustsometimesreturnfromhisownlabortoembracealltheotherlaborers TheAmericanScholar Butunfortunately thisoriginalunit thisfountainofpower hasbeensodistributedtomultitudes hasbeensominutelysubdividedandpeddledout thatitisspilledintodrops andcannotbegathered Thestateofsocietyisoneinwhichthemembershavesufferedfromthetrunk andstrutaboutsomanywalkingmonsters agoodfinger aneck astomach anelbow butneveraman Self reliance论自助 Emerson Self reliance quotesAfoolishconsistencyisthehobgoblinoflittleminds adoredbylittlestatesmenandphilosophersanddivines Withconsistencyagreatsoulhassimplynothingtodo Hemayaswellconcernhimselfwithhisshadowonthewall Speakwhatyouthinknowinhardworks andtomorrowspeakwhattomorrowthinksinhardworksagain thoughitcontradicteverythingyousaidtoday Ah soyoushallbesuretobemisunderstood isitsobad then tobemisunderstood Pythagoraswasmisunderstood andSocrates andJesus andLuther andCopernicus andGalileo andNewton andeverypureandwisespiritthatevertookflesh Tobegreatistobemisunderstood Self relianceiswidelyconsideredtobethedefinitivestatementofRalphWaldoEmerson sphilosophyofindividualismandthefinestexampleofhisprose Emersonwasknownforhisrepeateduseofphrase trustthyself Self reliance ishisexplanation bothsystematicandpassionate ofwhathemeantbythisandofwhyhewasmovedtomakeithiscatch phrase Theme individualismEmersoncallsonindividualstovaluetheirownthoughts opinions andexperiencesabovethosepresentedtobethembyotherindividuals society andreligion ThisradicalindividualismspringsfromEmerson sbeliefthateachindividualisnotjustuniquebutdivinelyunique i e eachindividualisauniqueexpressionofgod creativityandwill Further sinceEmerson sgodispurposeful hemoldedeachindividualtoserveaparticularpurpose todoacertainworkthatonlyheorsheisequippedtocarryout otherworks 大神血污的杀人者若以为他杀了人 死者若以为他已经披杀戮 他们是对我玄妙的道了解不深 我离去而又折回的道路 遥远的 被遗忘的 如在我目前 阴影与日光完全相仿 消火了的神祗仍在我之前出现 荣辱于我都是一样 忘了我的人 他是失算 逃避我的人 我是他的两翅 我是怀疑者 同时也是那疑团 而我是那僧侣 也是他唱诵的圣诗 有力的神道渴慕我的家宅 七圣徒也同样痴心妄想 但是你 谦卑的爱善者 你找到了我 而抛弃了天堂 张爱玲译 诗选 Emersonwroteonanumberofsubjects neverespousingfixedphilosophicaltenets butdevelopingcertainideassuchasindividuality freedom theabilityformantorealizealmostanything andtherelationshipbetweenthesoulandthesurroundingworld Emerson s nature wasmorephilosophicalthannaturalistic Philosophicallyconsidered theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul writingstyle Whilehiswritingstylecanbeseenassomewhatimpenetrable andwasthoughtsoeveninhisowntime Emerson sessaysremainoneofthelinchpinsofAmericanthinking andEmerson sworkhasinfluencednearlyeverygenerationofthinker writerandpoetsincehistime Whenaskedtosumuphiswork hesaidhiscentraldoctrinewas theinfinitudeoftheprivateman RalphWaldoEmersonwasknownfirstasanorator Emersonconvertedmanyofhisorationsintoessays AstudentofEmerson sessayswillalsowanttostudyEmerson sJournalssinceheoftenworkedoutinhisjournalentriesideasthatlaterappearinhisorationsandessays influence Asoneofthearchitectsofthetranscendentalistmovement Emersonembracedaphilosophythatchampionedtheindividual emphasizedindependentthought andprized thesplendidlabyrinthofone sownperceptions Morethananywriterofhistime heforgedastyledistinctfromhisEuropeanpredecessorsandembodiedanddefinedwhatitmeanttobeanAmerican MatthewArnoldcalledEmerson sessays themostimportantworkdoneinprose Iwassimmering simmering simmering Emersonbroughtmetoaboil WaltWhitman 在我看来 没有神圣的事实 也没有不神圣的事实 我只是试验者 我是个永不停息追索者 在我身后永远不存在 过去 我必须提供的三条实用准则是 第一 决不阅读任何写出来不到一年的书 第二 不是名著不读 第三 只读你喜欢的书 每个真正的人都是 个事业 一个国家和 个时代 他们需要无限的空间 无数的人和无限的时间去完成自己的使命 子孙后代似乎像一排门客 跟随在他的身后 otherinformation 爱默生 EpigrambyEmersonThefirstwealthishealth 健康是人生的第一笔财富 Agreatmanisalwayswillingtobelittle 伟大的人物总是愿意当小人物的 Self trustisthefirstsecretofsuccess 自信乃成功之第一秘诀 Progressistheactivityoftodayandtheassuranceoftomorrow 进步是今天的活动 明天的保证 Noonecancheatyououtofultimatesuccessbutyourselves 除了你自己之外 没有人能哄骗你离开最后的成功 Therewardofathingwelldoneistohavedoneit RWEmerson thankyou B080307侯晓楠