跨文化交际timeorientation.ppt

Non verbalCommunication TimeOrientation Communicationprocessisanongoingstreamofeventsoveraperiodoftime thevalueorimportancethemembersofacultureplaceonthepassageoftime theheartbeatofculture Past orientedCultures Previousexperiencesandeventsaremostimportant PrimaryemphasisontraditionandthewisdomfromoldergenerationshowagreatdealofdeferenceandrespectforparentsandothereldersEventsarecircular importantpatternsperpetuallyrecurinthepresenttried and truemethodsforovercomingobstaclesandproblems Present orientedCultures Currentexperiencesarethemostimportant emphasisonspontaneityandimmediacyandexperiencingeachmomentParticipationineventsbecauseoftheimmediatepleasurethatactivitiesprovideinsteadofpotentialfuturegainbeliefinunseenandunknownoutsideforcessuchasfateorluckPhilippinesCentralandSouthAmericans Future orientedCultures Themomentinthefutureismostimportant Currentactivitiesareaccomplishedandappreciatedforthepotentialfuturebenefits Thefateisinone sownhandsandtheycontroltheconsequencesoftheiractions TimeSystems implicitrulestoarrangesetsofexperiencesinsomemeaningfulwayTechnicaltimesystemstheprecise scientificmeasurementsoftimethatarecalculatedinsuchunitsasnanosecondsFormaltimesystemsInformaltimesystems Formaltimesystems thewaysinwhichmembersofaculturedescribeandcomprehendunitsoftimeTimeunitsvarygreatlyfromculturetoculture NativeAmericanculturesTimeissegmentedbythephasesofthemoon thechangingseasons theriseandfallofthetides orthemovementsofthesun EuropeanAmericans Timeissegmentedintoseconds minutes hours days weeks months andyears Time spassagesmaybeindicatedbyreferencetosignificantevents Timeintervalsmaybemorearbitraryorbasedonsignificantexternaleventssuchasthelengthofadayorthephasesofthemoon Timesequencesareexplicitlytaughttochildrenandnewcomersasanimportantpartoftheacculturationprocess agreementsamongthemembersofacultureontheextenttowhichtimeisregardedasvaluableandtangible Informaltimesystems theassumptionsculturesmakeabouthowtimeshouldbeusedorexperiencedCultureshaveunstatedexpectationaboutthetiminganddurationofformaleventssuchasappointments arrivalstoaparty Timeexpectationsdifferaccordingtotheoccasionandrelativeimportance WesternCultures Timeismoney Ihaven tgottimetobetired Timeisaline ChineseCulture Hastemakeswaste 欲速则不达 Timerevealsallthings 万事日久自明 Monochronic PolychronicTimeOrientation MonochronicTimeOrientation Tangible save spend waste lose makeup crawl kill runout Timeisdiscreteandsegmentedintoprecise smallunitsandviewedasacommodity Timecanbescheduled managed andarranged Thingsshouldbedoneoneatatime M timeislikearoomwithacloseddoorensuringprivacy M timesealsoffoneortwopeoplefromthegroupandintensifiesrelationshipswithoneotherperson Failuretomakewaybyintrudingonthetimeofthenextpersonisnotonlyasignofextremeegocentrismandnarcissism butalsojustplainhadmanners Arbitraryandimposed learned notinherentinman sbiologicalrhythmsorhiscreativedrivesSideeffects InfluencehowpeoplethinkandperceivetheworldinsegmentedcompartmentsconvenientinlinearoperationsbutdisastrousinnonlinearcreativetasksSomeAmericansassociatescheduleswithreality alienatepeoplefromthemselvesandothersbyreducingcontext EuropeanAmericansareverytime driven planindetail makelists keeptrackoftheiractivities organizetimeintoadailyroutineAneventisregardedasseparateanddistinctfromallothersandshouldreceivetheexclusivefocusofattentionitdeserves Infact socialandbusinesslife evenone ssexlifeiscommonlyschedule dominated PolychronicTimeOrientation Timeiscontinuouslikeanever endingriver workwithoutastrictschedulebeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonceThereisnorecognizedorderastowhoistobeservednext noqueueornumberstoindicatewhohasbeenwaitingthelongest Spain Spanish speakingcultures Arabiccultures Relationshipsarefarmoreimportantthanschedules Polychronicculturesareorientedtopeople Appointmentswillbequicklybrokenwithoutguiltorapologywhenfriendsorfamilymembersrequireattention Peopleinteractwithseveralpeopleatthesametime Sideeffects Bureaucracy CaseStudy AnAmericanambassadorarrivedinonecountryandwaspaidavisitbyalocaldiplomat Thediplomatarrivedforhisappointmentnotsoearlyastobeobsequiousnorsolateastobedisrespectful hearrived50minuteslate TheAmericanambassadorwaslaterheardtoremark Howcanyoudependonthesepeoplewhentheyarriveanhourlateforanappointment thenjustmuttersomething Questions Whatdoyouthinkofbeingpunctual HowdotheWesternersdefinepunctualitywithmeasuresoftime Doyouagreethat apersonwhoisconsistentlylateisprobablymoresuccessfulthanonewhoisconsistentlyontime Why Whynot SELF TESTAssessingTimeOrientation stronglyagreeagreeareneutraldisagreedisagreewiththestatement 1 IusuallyfeelfrustratedafterIchoosetodoanumberoftaskswhenIcouldhavechosentodooneatatime 2 WhenItalkwithmyfriendsinagroup ssetting Ifeelcomfortabletryingtoholdtwoorthreeconversationsatatime 3 WhenIworkonaprojectaroundthehouse itdoesn tbothermetostopinthemiddleofonejobtopickupanotherjobthatneedstobedone 4 Iliketofinishonetaskbeforegoingontoanothertask 5 Atchurchitwouldn tbothermetomeetatthesametimewithseveraldifferentpeoplewhoallhaddifferentchurchmatterstodiscuss 6 Itendtoconcentrateononejobbeforemovingontoanothertask 7 Theeasiestwayformetofunctionistoorganizemydailyactivitieswithaschedule 8 IfIwereateacherandhadseveralstudentswishingtotalkwithmeaboutassignedhomework Iwouldmeetwiththewholegroupsratherthanwithonestudentatatime 9 Ilikedoingseveraltasksatonetime 10 IamfrustratedwhenIhavetostartonataskwithoutfirstfinishingapreviousone 11 Intryingtosolveproblems Ifinditstimulatingtothinkaboutseveraldifferentproblemsatthesametime 12 Iammildlyirritatedwhensomeoneinameetingwantstobringupapersonaltopicthatisunrelatedtothepurposeofthemeeting 13 Inschool Ipreferstudyingonesubjecttocompletionbeforegoingontothenextsubject 14 I mhesitanttofocusmyattentionononlyonethingbecauseImaymisssomethingequallyimportant 15 Iusuallyneedtopayattentionononlyonetaskatatimetofinishit Scoring Foritems2 3 5 8 9 11 reverseyourresponse 5 1 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 1 forexample ifyouresponsetoitem 2was5 reverseitto1 Ifyouresponsetoitem 3was4 reverseittoa2 Onceyouhavereversedyourresponsestothose6items sumtheentire15items Scoresofapproximately30andbelowindicateamonochronicorientation Scoresofapproximately42andaboveindicateapolychronicorientation