《文体与修辞》PPT课件.ppt

Myidol MartinLutherKing Members 马艳 邱娟 刘露露 马剑 MartinLutherKing swritingstyle MartinLutherKing Jr January15 1929 April4 1968 wasanAmericanclergyman activist andprominentleaderintheAfrican AmericanCivilRightsMovement 1 HeisbestknownforhisroleintheadvancementofcivilrightsintheUnitedStatesandaroundtheworld usingnonviolentmethodsfollowingtheteachingsofMohandasKaramchandGandhi 2 KinghasbecomeanationaliconinthehistoryofmodernAmericanliberalism 3 ABaptistminister Kingbecameacivilrightsactivistearlyinhiscareer King seffortsledtothe1963MarchonWashington whereKingdeliveredhis IHaveaDream speech There heestablishedhisreputationasoneofthegreatestoratorsinAmericanhistory In1964 KingbecametheyoungestpersontoreceivetheNobelPeacePrizeforhisworktoendracialsegregationandracialdiscriminationthroughcivildisobedienceandothernonviolentmeans Bythetimeofhisdeathin1968 hehadrefocusedhiseffortsonendingpovertyandstoppingtheVietnamWar KingwasassassinatedonApril4 1968 inMemphis Tennessee HewasawardedthePresidentialMedalofFreedomin1977andCongressionalGoldMedalin2004 MartinLutherKing Jr DaywasestablishedasaU S federalholidayin1986 otherworksofKing s StrideTowardFreedom TheMontgomeryStory 1958 TheMeasureofaMan 1959 StrengthtoLove 1963 WhyWeCan tWait 1964 WhereDoWeGofromHere ChaosorCommunity 1967 TheTrumpetofConscience 1968 ATestamentofHope TheEssentialWritingsandSpeechesofMartinLutherKing Jr 1986 TheAutobiographyofMartinLutherKing Jr 1998 Thou DearGod PrayersThatOpenHeartsandSpiritsCollectionofDr King sprayers 2011 King smasterpiece Ihaveadreamstylisticallythespeechhasbeendescribedasapoliticaltreatise 论文 论述 aworkofpoetry andamasterfullydeliveredandimprovisedsermon burstingwithbiblical 圣经的 languageandimagery Aswellasrhythmandfrequentrepetition alliterationisahallmark 特点 device usedtobanghomekeypoints Heisamasterofrhetoricaldevicesandemployedthemintohismasterpiece Itfallsintotwoparts ThefirsthalfportraysnotanidealizedAmericandreambutapictureofaseethingAmericannightmareofracialinjustice Itcallsforactioninaseriesofthemedparagraphs Nowisthetime isthefirstThesecondhalfofthespeechpaintsthedreamofabetter fairerfutureofracialharmonyandintegration Threefactorsaddedtotheimpactofthespeech 1 TheremarkableemotionofKing sdeliveryintermsofbothvoiceandbody 2 Thesiteatwhichitwasdelivered onthestepsofthememorialtothePresidentwhodefeatedsouthernstatesovertheissueofslaverylikeLincoln 3 Themoodoftheday asenseofperpetuatedslaveryamongblackpeopleandthegradualrealizationofasenseofguiltamongwhitepeople Rhetoricaltechniquesof Ihaveadream 1 simile 2 metaphor 3 contrast 4 repetetion 5 parallesm 6 quotation 7 alliteration MetaphorandSimile Metaphor Ametaphorisafigureofspeechwherecomparisonisimplied Itisalsoacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementswithasimilarquality Butunlikeasimile thiscomparisonisimplied notexpressedwiththeword as or like impliedcomparison 将具有某种共同特征的两个不同事物进行比较 说话人不直接点明两个事物之间的相似 而是要靠读者自己去意会的比喻 叫做暗喻 隐喻 Simile Theword simile comesfromLatinword similis meaning like Asimileisafigureofspeechwhichmakesacomparisonbetweentwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteristicincommon Simileisalmostalwaysintroducedbythefollowingwords like as as as asitwere asif asthough besomethingof similarto etc directcomparison 为了形象 深刻地描写某一事物 人们常把具有某种共同特征的两种不同事物加以对比 用另一种事物比方所要说明的事物 这种对比在修辞学上称为明喻 Astwoveryimportanttypesofmeaningtransferenceinliterature similesandmetaphorsarecomparisonsthatshowsimilaritiesinthingsthatarebasicallydifferent whichcanbeusedtoaddvividnessandvitalitytowriting AsLeechpointsout metaphorisassociatedwithaparticularruleoftransferencewhichmaybecalledthe metaphoricrule 1969 151 Thatis thefigurativemeaningisderivedfromtheliteralmeaningoritis asitwere theliteralmeaning Throughoutthespeech Kingmakesextensiveuseofsimilesandmetaphors Inparagraph1 forexample KingcomparesTheEmancipationProclamationtotwoformsofbrilliantlightcuttingthroughdarkness Thefirst ajoyousdaybreak comparesittothesunrise whichends thelongnightofcaptivity Inparagraph2 hespeaksof themanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination comparingsegregationanddiscriminationunderwhichtheNegropeoplelivetothemanaclesandchainsonceusedonslaves Therefore itisveryclearthattheusingofsimilesandmetaphorscandefinitelyaddvividnessandvitalitytowritingandmakeiteasyforthereadersoraudiencetounderstand Nowlet scitesomeofthesimilesandmetaphorsusedinKing sspeech UseofSimilesandMetaphors 25 Thisisnotime totakethetranquilizingdragofgradualism Par 4 metaphor 26 ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality Par 5 Metaphors 27 wewillnotbesatisfieduntiljusticerollsdownlikewatersandrighteousnesslikeamightystream Par 7 Similes 28 asituationwherelittleblackboysandblackgirlswillbeabletojoinhandswithwhiteboysandwhitegirlsandwalktogetherassistersandbrothers Par 14 Similes 23 Onehundredyearslater theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity Par 2 metaphors 24 Butwerefusetobelievethatthebankofjusticeisbankrupt Werefusetobelievethatthereareinsufficientfundsinthegreatvaultsofopportunityforthisnation Par 4 metaphors Contrast Contrastistoshowdifferenceswhencompared especiallyastrongdissimilaritybetweenobjects Contrastisalsothedifferencesbetweenthelightanddarkareaofapicture Althoughmaybearhetoricaldeviceinsteadofastylisticone contrasthasalsobeenusedeffectively likerepetition inthisspeech achievingthefunctionofmakingcleartheideasofthespeaker Inparagraphl forexample greatbeaconlightofhope iscontrastedwith flamesofwitheringinjustice and joyousdaybreak withlongnightofcaptivity Asitisdefined contrastisusedtoshowthedifferencebetweentwothings Therefore itisnotverydifficultforustounderstandwhythespeakerkingusessomanycontrastsinhisspeech UseofContrast 29 Onehundredyearslater theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity Par 2 30 Nowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofsegregationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice Par 4 31 Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood Par 4 ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality Par 5 33 1963isnotanend butabeginning Par 5 34 Againandagainwemustrisetothemajesticheightofmeetingphysicalforcewithsoulforce Par 6 35 Andaswewalk wemustmakethepledgethatweshallalwaysmarchahead Wecannotturnback Par 7 36 thesonsofformerslavesandthesonsofformerslave ownerswillbeabletositdowntogetheratthetableofbrotherhood Par 10 37 adesertstateswelteringwiththeheatofinjusticeandoppression willbetransformedintoanoasisoffreedomandjustice Par 11 38 wheretheywillnotbejudgedbythecoloroftheirskinbutbythecontentoftheircharacter Par 12 39 Withthisfaithwewillbeabletohewoutofthemountainofdespairastoneofhope Par 17 40 Withthisfaithwewillbeabletotransformthejanglingdiscordsofournationintoabeautifulsymphonyofbrotherhood parallelism Ingrammar parallelismisabalanceoftwoormoresimilarwords phraseorclauses Theapplicationofparallelisminsentenceconstructioncansometimesimprovewritingstyleclearnessandreadability Itcanalsostrengthensequencesdescribed Parallelismmayalsobeknownasparallelstructureorparallelconstruction InEnglish parallelismofthepredicateprovidesforoneofthefewstructuralsituationsinwhichthesubjectforeachverbdoesnotneedrestatement Nowisthetimetomakerealthepromisesofdemocracy Nowisthetimetorisefromthedarkanddesolatevalleyofsegregationtothesunlitpathofracialjustice Nowisthetimetoliftournationfromthequicksandsofracialinjusticetothesolidrockofbrotherhood NowisthetimetomakejusticearealityforallofGod schildren repetition Aninstanceofusingaword phrase orclausemorethanonceinashortpassage dwellingonapoint Useddeliberately repetitioncanbeaneffectiverhetoricalstrategyforachievingemphasisandcohesion Onehundredyearslater thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination Onehundredyearslater theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity Onehundredyearslater theNegroisstilllanguishinginthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland MartinLutherKing Jr IHaveaDream LetfreedomringfromthemightymountainsofNewYork LetfreedomringfromtheheighteningAllegheniesofPennsylvania Letfreedomringfromthesnow cappedRockiesofColorado LetfreedomringfromthecurvaceousslopesofCalifornia Butnotonlythat LetfreedomringfromStoneMountainofGeorgia LetfreedomringfromLookoutMountainofTennessee LetfreedomringfromeveryhillandmolehillofMississippi alliteration Ithastodowiththesoundratherthanthesenseofwordsforeffect Itisadevicethatrepeatsthesamesoundatfrequentintervals 间隔 andsincethesoundrepeatedisusuallytheinitialconsonantsound itisalsocalled frontrhyme Forinstance thefairbreezeblew thewhitefoamflew thefurrowfollowedfree Fivescoreyearsago agreatAmerican inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday signedtheEmancipationProclamation ThisswelteringsummeroftheNegro slegitimatediscontentwillnotpassuntilthereisaninvigoratingautumnoffreedomandequality WemustforeverconductourstruggleonthehighplaneofdignityanddisciplineIamnotunmindfulthatsomeofyouhavecomehereoutofgreattrialsandtribulations Conclusion Throughouttheanalysiswe vemadeabove stylisticdevicesarefrequentlyemployedinMartin sspeech makinghisspeechsomewhatdifferentfromothers andachievinghisspecificpurpose Inthefinalanalysis anexcellentspeechshouldatleasthavethefollowingstylisticcharacteristics First itshouldbeeloquentandpersuasive i e yourutterancearewell organizedwithproperuseofParallelism Repetition etc Second itshouldcontainstrongemotionssoastoberesonant expressiveandconvincing Similesandmetaphorsareofteninvolved Finally yourdictioncanbealittleinformalandyoursentencestructureshouldnotbeverycomplicated Thanksforyourattention