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Chapter8 InternationalCargoTransportationInsurance GeneralIntroduction Cargotransportinsuranceistoprotecttheinterestsofimportersandexportersfrompossiblefinanciallossescausedbyrisksduringthetransitofgoodsfromthefactoryorwarehouseinacountryoforigintothewarehouseinacountryofdestination Itisnowanindispensableparttotheimportandexportpractice Ininsurance thepartywhoinsuresothersagainstpossiblelossordamageandundertakestomakepaymentincaseoflossiscalledtheinsurer thepartywhoisinsuredagainstpossiblelossandtowhompaymentcoveringthelosswillbemadeiscalledtheinsured Thecontractmadebetweentheinsurerandtheinsuredistheinsurancepolicy Theamountofmoneytheinsureragreestocoverbyinsuranceagainstthesubjectmatteristheinsuredamount whichisusuallytheamountofCIFvalueoftheconsignmentplus10 representingananticipatedprofitforthebuyer Thesumofmoneytheinsuredagreestopaytheinsurerforaninsurancepolicyiscalledpremium Theinsurancebrokeristhemiddlemanininsurancebusiness Whenanactuallossoccurs theinsuredcangetfair efficientandrapidadjustmentofhisclaim thusbecomestheclaimant 8 2MarineCargoInsurance Typesofrisks lossesandexpensescovered ScopeofinsurancecoverageProceduresofmarineinsurance 8 2 1TypesofRisks LossesandExpensesCovered Risksincargotransportareofmanykinds Differentrisksmeandifferentlosses anddifferentrisksarecoveredbydifferentinsuranceclausesandfurtherdifferentinsuranceclausesmeandifferentpremiums Soweneedtohaveagoodunderstandingofthedifferentrisksandlossesbeforeweknowhowtoeffectinsurance Inmarinecargotransportinsurance risksfallintoperilsoftheseaandextraneousrisks PerilsoftheSea Perilsoftheseacanfurtherbeeithernaturalcalamityandfortuitous 意外事故 accidents Naturalcalamity 自然灾害 referstotheperilsunderforcemajeure 不可抗力 suchasvileweather thunderstormandlightening tsu nami 海啸 earthquake flood etc Theordinaryactionofthewindsandwavesisnottakenasnaturalcalamities Fortuitousaccidentsaresuchrisksasshipstranding strikingupontherocks shipsinking shipcollision collidingwithicebergsorotherobjects fire explosion shipmissing etc ExtraneousRisks Extraneousriskscanfurtherbegeneralextraneousrisksandspecialextraneousrisks Riskscausedbytheft rain leakage shortage breakage dampness mildewing heating taintofodor hookingandrustingaregeneralextraneousrisks 一般外来风险 whileriskscausedbyondeck war strikes failureofdeliveryandrejection etc arespecialextraneousrisks 特殊外来风险 LossesCoveredbyMarineInsurance Lossessustainedbytheinsuredbecauseoftheriskslistedabovecomefromnotonlythelossofthegoodsorthedamagedonetothegoods butalsofromtheexpensestheinsuredsustainedinrescuingthegoodsindanger Thelossesanddamagesdonetothegoodscanfallintototallossandpartialloss TotalLoss Totallossofgoodscanfurtherbeactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss Actualtotalloss 实际全损 meansthewholelotoftheconsignmenthasbeenlostordamagedorfoundvaluelessuponthearrivalattheportofdestination Theconstructivetotalloss 推定全损 isfoundinthecasewheretheactuallossoftheinsuredgoodsisunavoidable ortheshiportheconsignmenthastobeabandonedbecausethecostofsalvageorrecoverywouldexceedthevalueoftheshipandtheconsignmentinsoundconditionuponthearrivaloftheportofdestination Whenconstructivetotallosstakesplace theinsuredcanasktheinsurertocoverpartofhislossorallofhisloss Underthelatercase theinsuredmustpresenttotheinsureranoticeofabandonment bywhichhemeanstotransferallhisinterestandobligationstotheinsurersothathemightcoverhistotalloss Theabandonmentiseffectiveonlyafteritisacceptedbytheinsurer PartialLoss Partiallossmeansthatthelossordamagetothegoodsisonlypartial Partiallosscanbeeithergeneralaverage 共同海损 orparticularaverage 单独海损 Particularaverage 单独海损 meansthataparticularconsignmentispartiallydamaged Generalaverage 共同海损 isinusewhenboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardareendangeredandthecaptain forthesafetyoftheshipandtheconsignmentsonboard intentionallyandreasonablydoessomesacrificesormakessomeexpenses Forexample whenashipgoesagroundandboththeshipandtheconsignmentsonboardareinperil thecaptain afterallhiseffortstorefloattheshiphavefailed maydecidetojettisonpartoftheconsignmentsonboardtolightentheship Theloss thesacrificedoneforthatpurpose istobebornebyboththecarrierandtheconsignorsinproportiontothevalueoftheirinterestthussaved Thisiscalledgeneralaveragecontribution 共同海损分摊 ExpensesIncurredfortheRescueofInsuredCargo Expensesherefallintothefollowingkinds 1 SueandlaborexpensesSueandlaborexpenses 施救费用 aremadebytheinsuredorhisagenttopreventthemfromsufferingfurtherlosses 2 Salvagecharges 救助费用 Salvagechargesaremadetothoseotherthantheinsured thecarrierandtheinsurerwhocometothesalvageoftheshipandtheconsignments 由保险人和被保险人以外的第三人采取了有效的救助措施 在救助成功后 由被救方付给救助人的一种报酬 3 ContinuationexpensesContinuationexpensesaremadeforcontinuingthejourneyofconsignmentsafterthejourneyhasbeenstoppedbyrisksunderthecoveroftheinsurancepolicy4 Lossevaluationcharges 估损费用 Afteralossissustained expertswouldhavetobeinvitedtoevaluatethelosstobecoveredbytheinsurer Theseexpensesareusuallycoveredbytheinsurer 8 2 2ScopeofInsuranceCoverage BasicCoverage FPA WPA AllRisksAdditionalCoverage generaladditionalcoverage specialadditionalcoverage BasicCoverage UnderChinaInsuranceClause basicriskscoveragefallsintothreegroups freefromparticularaverage FPA平安险 withaverage WPA水渍险 andallrisks 一切险 Theinsuredmaychooseanyonefromthesesuitableforthecarriageofhisgoods FreefromParticularAverage F P A 平安险 F P A coversthefollowinglosses 1 Actualtotallossorconstructivetotallossoftheconsignmentcausedbynaturalcalamitiessuchasvile badweather tsunami earthquake flood Whentheconsignmentiscarriedbyalightertoorfromtheship thegoodsaboardthelightercanbetakenasawholeconsignment Whentheconsignoraskstheinsurertocovertheconstructivetotalloss hemustpresenttheinsureranoticeofabandonment 2 Reasonableexpensestheinsuredmakesforthesalvageofthegoodsinsured andforavertingorminimizingthelosses providedtheexpensesdonotexceedtheinsuredamount 3 Expensesincurredbydischargeoftheinsuredcargoataportofdistressfollowingaseaperilaswellasspecialchargesarisingfromloading warehousing andforwardingofthegoodsatanintermediateportofcallorrefuge WithAverage W A 水渍险 AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF P A conditionasabove thisinsurancealsocoverspartiallossesoftheinsuredgoodscausedbyvileweather lightening tsunami earthquakeand orflood AllRisks 一切险 AsidefromtheriskscoveredundertheF P A andW A conditionsasabove thisinsurancealsocoversallrisksofdamagetotheinsuredgoodswhetherpartialortotal arisingfromextraneousrisksduringtransit AllRisks F P A 平安险 W A 水渍险 GeneralAdditionalRisks 一般附加险 excludingSpecialAdditionalRisks 特殊附加险 CommencementandTerminationoftheInsurance Insurancetakeseffectassoonastheinsuredcargoistakenawayfromthewarehouselistedontheinsurancepolicyirrespectiveofwhetheritiscarriedbyoverlandtransport oceantransport rivertransport orlighterage 驳船装卸 Itterminateswhenthegoodsarecarriedtothefinalwarehouselistedontheinsurancepolicy or60daysafterthegoodsaredischargedfromtheshipincasetheyfailtoreachthewarehouseduringareasonableperiodoftime Ifwithin60daysafterthegoodshavebeendischargedfromtheship thegoodsaretakentosomeotherdestinationotherthantheonespecifiedontheinsurancepolicy theinsuranceterminatesthereupon Exclusions Forthethreebasicrisksinsurancecoverage theinsurerisentitledtothefollowingexclusions 1 Lossescausedbythedeliberateactorfaultoftheinsured 2 Lossesfallingundertheliabilityoftheconsignor 3 Lossesarisingfromtheinferiorqualityorshortageinquantityoftheconsignmentbeforetheinsurancetakeseffect 4 Lossesarisingfromthenaturalloss inherentviceornatureoftheinsuredgoods lossesarisingfromfluctuationofmarketand ordelayintransitandanyexpensesarisingthereof 5 Risksandliabilitiescoveredandexcludedbythewarrisksclausesandstrike riot andcivilcommotionclausesunderC I C AdditionalCoverage Additionalriskscomplementthebasicrisks Whenyouaskforoneorseveraloftheadditionalriskscoverage youwillhavetoaskforoneofthebasicriskscoverageatthesametime AdditionalrisksunderC I C fallintogeneraladditionalrisksandspecialadditionalrisks GeneralAdditionalRisks 一般附加险 Generaladditionalriskscoverthelossescausedbyextraneousrisks Theyaretogethercoveredbyallrisksinbasicinsurancecoverage Hence youdonotneedtoaskforgeneraladditionalriskscoverageifyouhaveaskedforallriskscoverage Generaladditionalrisksfallinto11types 1 Theft pilferage andnon delivery T P N D 2 Freshwaterand orraindamage3 Shortage4 Intermixtureandcontamination5 Leakage 6 Clashandbreakage7 Taintofodor8 Sweatandheating9 Hookdamage10 Breakageofpacking11 Rust SpecialAdditionalRisks 特殊附加险 Specialadditionalriskscoverlossescausedbyspecialextraneousrisks Theyfallinto8types 1 WarRisksWarriskscoverlossesattributabletowar piracy armedconflict warlikeorantagonisticacts detention seizure andconfinementbecauseofactstherefrom Italsocoversthegeneralaverage salvagecharges andsueandlaborexpensesarisingfromtheabove listedacts Lossescausedbytorpedoesandbombsofvariouskinds exceptatomicbombs arealsoanswerablebywarrisk Butwarriskcommenceswhenthegoodshave beenshippedonboardandterminateswhenthegoodsareunloadedfromtheship Incasethegoodsremainonboardtheshipaftertheshiphasarrivedattheportofdestination warrisksinsurancestopsl5daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsattheportofdestination 2 StrikesThiscoversthelossescausedbystrikes civilcommotionandriot Therewillnotbeadditionalchargesforstrikesiftheinsuredhaseffectedwarrisks 3 OndeckUnderthisinsurancecoverage theinsurerwillcoverthelosscausedbycargodroppingintotheseabecauseitisloadedondeck 4 ImportDutySometimeswhenthegoodshavebeenpartiallydamagedduringtransit theinsuredwillstillbeaskedtopayasmuchimportdutyasifthegoodswereingoodcondition Importdutyriskinsurancecoversthelosstherefrom 5 RejectionUnderthisinsurancecoverage theinsurerwillcoverthelosscausedbytherejectionorconfiscationofthegoodsbytheauthorityoftheimportingcustomsorcountry 6 Aflatoxin 黄曲霉素险 Underthisinsurancecoverage theinsurerwillcoverthelossarisingfromtherejection confiscationofthegoods orconfinementintheusageofthegoodsbecausetheaflatoxinthegoodscontainexceedwhatisallowedbytheimportingcountry 7 FailuretoDeliverUnderthisinsurancecoverage theinsurerwillcoverthelossoftheinsuredbecauseoffailuretodeliverthegoodswithinsixmonthsafteritsshipping whateverthereasonis 8 FireRiskExtensionclause forstorageofcargoatdestinationofHongkong includingKowloon orMacao Underthisinsurancecoverage theinsurerwillcoverthelosscausedbyfirewhenthegoodsareinthewarehouseappointedbythetransferbank Theinsurancecoverageterminateswhenthetransferbankhascompleteditsnegotiationor30daysafterthegoodshavebeenunloadedfromtransportationvehicles ProceduresofMarineInsurance ApplyformarineinsuranceDeterminetheinsurancevalueofthegoodstobeinsuredDeterminetheinsuranceaverageandcoverageDetermineinsurancepremiumSignaninsurancepolicyLodgeaninsuranceclaim ApplyforMarineInsurance Theapplicantshouldfillinthespecialform theproposalform whichgivesallthedetailsconcerningownership value timespaninsurancewillbefor risksandcoverages etc DeterminetheInsuranceValue Thevaluetobeinsuredisgenerallybasedontheinvoicevalue TherecommendedminimumamountisthetotalCIFvalueplus10 Othermethodsofarrivingatavaluationofgoodsmayalsobeagreedupontomeetindividualneeds Thecalculationanddeterminationofthevaluetobeinsuredvaryfromcountrytocountry DeterminetheInsuranceAverageandCoverage Whendetermininginsuranceaverageandcoverage thefollowingfactorsshouldbetakenintoconsideration thenatureofthegoodspackingconditionsmodesoftransportshippingrouteandportsconsiderationTheaverageiscloselylinkedwiththegoodsandthegoodsarerelatedwiththecoverage DetermineInsurancePremium Thefactorsdeterminingtheinsurancepremiumratesinclude ThecarryingvesselNatureofthepackingusedTypeofmerchandiseinvolvedNatureoftransitandrelatedwarehouseaccommodationPreviousexperiencesTheextentofcoverneededThevolumeofcargoinvolved SignanInsuranceDocument Themostcommoninsurancedocumentsare InsurancepolicyInsurancecertificateOpenpolicy InsurancePolicy保险单 大保单 Thisisthemostoftenusedinsurancedocument Ithaslegaleffect andisbindingupontheinsurerandtheinsured Ithasthefollowingcontent 1 policyNo 2 nameandaddressoftheinsurer3 subjectmattertobeinsured marksandNo quantity descriptionofgoods amountinsured 4 premium5 conveyancesteamship6 sailingdate portofshipmentandportofdestination7 riskstobecovered8 placewhereclaimcanbemade9 insurancedateOnthebackoftheinsurancepolicy therearemoreclausesabouttheobligationsandrightsoftheinsurerandtheinsured InsuranceCertificate保险凭证 小保单 Insurancecertificateisthesimplifiedinsurancepolicy Itdoesn thavetheclausesontheback whileonthefrontpage ithasthesameclausesaslistedontheinsurancepolicy Ithasthesamelegaleffectastheinsurancepolicy OpenPolicyorOpenCover预约保单 Openpolicyoropencoverisapre contractconcludedbetweentheinsurerandtheinsuredbywhichtheinsureroffersinsurancetotheinsuredfortheconsignmentshedispatcheswithinacertainperiodoftime OpenpolicyisonlyapplicabletotheimportedgoodsfromforeigncountriestoChina Assoonasthecarriagefortheconsignmentundertheopenpolicyismade itisundertheinsurancecoveroftheopenpolicyinaccordancewiththetermslistedontheopenpolicy Buteverytimewhenthedispatchismade theinsuredshouldpresenttotheinsureradispatchnotice onwhichtherearedescriptionsofgoods quantity insuredamount transportvesselorvehicle startingplaceofthevoyage anddispatchorshipmentdate LodgeanInsuranceClaim Iftheexportedgoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit theconsigneeorhisagentshouldsettleclaimsagainsttheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerattheplaceofdestination TheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentwillcometoexaminethedamagesandlossesoftheconsignmentandpayindemnitytotheconsignee TheaddressoftheSurveyandClaimSettlementAgentoftheinsurerisgivenontheinsurancepolicy Sometimesontheinsurancepolicythereisonlythenameandaddressofasurveyingagentoftheinsurer Heisonlyresponsibleforthesurveyofthedamagestothegoodsandafterthathewillpresenttotheconsigneeasurveyreportonexaminationofdamageorshortage Thentheconsigneewillsendtheinsurerrelevantdocumentssuchassurveyreport insurancepolicy invoice billofladingfortheindemnityofthedamageofthegoods Sometimestheconsigneesendsthedocumentstotheconsignor whoisthentodecidewhoshouldberesponsibleforthedamagesorlossesoftheconsignment Ifthedamagesorlossesdonetothegoodsarecausedbytheperilscoveredbytheinsurer theconsignorshouldsendthedocumentstotheinsurerforclaimsettlement Ifheisresponsibleforthelossesordamages suchasunderthecasewhenthelossesarecausedbyinnatedefectsofthegoodsorinappropriatepackingofthegoods heshouldthensettleitproperlybyhimself ItistobeborneinmindthatevenforsalesunderCIF therisksarenotbornebytheexporterbutbytheimporter forassoonasthegoodsarecarriedovertherailoftheship theriskswillbetransferredtobebornebytheimporter So whenthegoodsaredamagedorlostduringtransit itistheimporterinsteadoftheexporterthatshouldcometotheinsurerorhisagentforclaimsettlement Oncetheinsuredhaslearnedthatthegoodshavebeendamagedorlostduringtransit heshouldimmediatelynotifytheinsurerorhisagent Meanwhile heshouldgetthecargodamageorlossreport whichisprovidedbythestevedoreandsignedbythecarrierorhisagent Theinsuredshouldproduceacargosurveyreporttogetherwiththeinsurer andifnecessary theyshouldasktherelevantcargoinspectioninstitutiontomakethecargosurveyreport Listedonthisreportaregenerallynotonlythedamagesorlossofthegoods butalsothereasonswhicharesupposedbythesurveyortohavecausedthedamagesorlosses Meanwhile theinsuredshouldtakemeasurestominimizethedamagesorlossestothegoods Theexpensesinsodoingwillbecoveredbytheinsurerinsomuchastheydonotexceedtheinsuredamountoftheconsignment Andalsotheinsuredshouldlaunchclaimsagainstthethirdpartywhoisresponsibleforthedamageorlossofthegoods Thisrightwillbetransferredtotheinsurerifhehasdulygottheinsurancemoneyfromtheinsurer Inconductingclaimsettlementwiththeinsurer theinsuredshouldpresentthefollowingdocuments 1 Insurancepolicyorthelike2 billoflading airwaybill orthelike3 invoice4 packinglistandweightmemo5 cargodamageorlossreport6 seaprotest船长证明书7 cargosurveyreport8 statementofclaim9 documenttestifyingtheclaimagainstthethirdparty 8 3Insuranceofland AirandPostalTransportation OverlandTransportationInsuranceAirTransportationRisksInsuranceParcelPostInsurance 8 3 1OverlandTransportationInsurance Overlandtransportationinsurancefallsintooverlandtransportationrisks 陆运险 overlandtransportationallrisks 陆运一切险 overlandtransportationinsurance frozenproducts 陆上运输冷藏货物险 andoverlandtransportationcargowarrisks bytrain Thefirstthreetypesarebasicriskswhilethelastoneisaccessoryrisk Overlandtransportationrisks 陆运险 canbecomparedtoW P A 水渍险 ofmarinetransportation Underthisinsurancetheinsureranswersforthetotalorpartiallossescausedbynaturaldisasterssuchasstorm lightening flood earthquake andfortuitousaccidentssuchascollision overturn derailing fire explosion etc Theinsureralsocoversthesalvagecharges 救助费用 andsue laborexpenses 施救费用 providedtheydonotexceedtheinsuredamount Overlandtransportationinsurance frozenproductsnotonlycoversthepartialortotallossescausedbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidentsbutalsothelossescausedbythefailureofrefrigeratingmachinesandthemoistureisolatingfacilities Itbeginstotakeeffectassoonasthegoodshavebeenloadedonthetransportationvehiclesatthewarehouseaslistedintheinsurancepolicy Itterminateswhenthegoodshavebeenunloadedandputintothewarehouseatthedestination Incasetheyarenotputintoawarehouseafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationofdestination theinsuranceexpirestendaysafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationofdestination Overlandtransportationallrisks 陆运一切险 likeAllRisksinmarinetransportation notonlycoversthelossesbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidents butalsocoversthelossescausedbyextraneousperils Overlandtransportationinsurancehasthesametimelimitoffilingclaimsasundermarinetransportation i e theinsuredshouldfiletheclaimwithintwoyearsafterthegoodshavebeencarriedtothestationofdestination Overlandtransportationcargowarrisks bytrainiseffectedbythePeople sInsuranceCompanyofChinawhilemanyforeigninsurancecompanieswouldnotcoverit Itcanonlybeincludedinoneoftheabove mentionedbasicrisksandisonlyapplicabletotraintransportation Thiskindofinsurancecoveragecoversthelossescausedbywar warlikeactivities antagonisticactivities armedconflict lossescausedbyconventionalweaponsorbombs Butitdoesnotcoverthelossescausedbynuclearbombsandthelossesorexpensescausedbythedetentionordetainmentbytherelevantauthoritiesormilitarygroups Itcommencesassoonasthegoodsareloadedonthetrainatthestationlistedintheinsurancepolicy Itterminateswhenthegoodshavebeenunloadedfromthetrainatthestationofdestinationaslistedintheinsurancepolicy 以货物置于运输工具时为限 8 3 2AirTransportationRisksInsurance Airtransportationinsurancefallsintoairtransportationrisks 航空运输险 airtransportationallrisks 航空运输一切险 andairtransportationcargowarrisk Thefirsttwoarebasicriskswhilethethirdisakindofadditionalrisks AirtransportationriskscanbecomparedtoW P A inmarinetransportation whichcoversthetotalorpartiallossescausedbynaturaldisasterslikethundering lightening explosion vileweather orthelikeandthefortuitousaccidentslikecollision falling ordisappearanceoftheairplanes Airtransportationallriskscoverthetotalorpartiallossescausedbyextraneousperils Theexclusionsforairtransportationrisksandairtransportationallrisksarethesameasinmarinetransportation Warehousetowarehouse isalsoapplicabletotransportationinsurance exceptthatincasethegoodsarenotcarriedtothewarehouseslistedintheinsurancepolicyaftertheyareunloadedfromtheplane theinsuranceterminates30daysafterthegoodsaredischargedfromtheplaneattheplaceofdestination Withinthisperiod ifthegoodsarecarriedtotheplacenotlistedintheinsurancepolicy theinsuranceterminateswhenthecarriagetakesplace 8 3 3ParcelPostInsurance Parcelpostinsurancefallsintoparcelpostrisks 邮包险 parcelpostallrisks 邮包一切险 andparcelpostwarrisks 邮包战争险 Thefirsttwoarebasicriskswhilethethirdoneisakindofadditionalrisk Parcelpostriskscoverthelossescausedbynaturaldisastersandfortuitousaccidents whileparcelpostallriskscoverthelossescausedbyextraneousrisks Undertheseinsurancecoverage theinsurerdoesnotcoverthelossescausedbywar warlikeactivities armedconflicts antagonisticactivities strikes andthedelayintransport innatedefects deliberateactivitiesorblundersoftheparceldeliverer andthenaturaldeteriora