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动词的各种形式和分类复习要点阐述动词的语法现象较为复杂,难度较大,是中考中重点考查的知识之一,了解动词的各种形式以及动词的分类,特别是注意动词的语法意义,不同的词形和固定搭配用法是非常重要的,可以说英语是由许许多多的搭配用法而组成的。今天我们这个专题中将复习动词的各种形式和分类。通过这种复习,使同学们明白在初中阶段动词的用法的原因。我们主要复习归纳以下的内容:1动词的各种形式;2动词的种类(1)实义动词(2)联系动词(3)情态动词和助动词3动词短语一、动词的各种形式英语动词有五种基本形式,即动词原形、一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。规则动词的五种形式如下表所示(以动词walk,like,stop,play为例):原形第三人称单数过去式过去分词现在分词walkwalkswalkedwalkedwalkinglikelikeslikedlikedlikingstopstopsstoppedstoppedstoppingplayplaysplayedplayedplaying1一般现在时第三人称单数的构成动词的一般现在时第三人称单数的构成如下表所示:2规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成规则动词过去式、过去分词的构成如下表所示:特别提示:travel的过去式和过去分词英国写法为travelled,travelled,而美国写法为traveled,traveled。在英语中这样的动词还有quarrel等。发音规则:动词第三人称单数的发音规律与名词的复数形式发音规律是一致的。动词的过去式和过去分词发音规律为:现在分词的构成现在分词的构成如下表所示:规则动词原形现在分词一般情况下直接加-ingask,study,standasking,studying,standing以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e再加-ingcome,take,write,becomecoming,taking,writing,becoming以重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,要双写辅音字母再加-ingsit,begin,run,stopsitting,beginning,running,stopping少数以ie结尾的动词,先变ie为y,再加-ingdie,lie,tiedying,lying,tying以oe,ee,ye结尾的动词,直接加-ingsee,agreeseeing,agreeing常用必背:在变为现在分词时须双写最后一个字母的常用动词有:begin 开始cut 切割dig 挖drop 掉 forget 忘记get 使、得到hit 击中let 让 prefer 更喜欢put 放run 跑sit 坐shop 买东西stop 停止swim 游泳refer 参考以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,去掉y加-ies变为第三人称单数形式,加-ied变为过去式和过去分词的常用动词有:carry携带copy抄cry哭fry油煎hurry快走spy侦探study学习try试 tidy整理worry担忧二、动词的种类根据不同的分类方式,动词可分为不同的类型。根据动词的句法功能可以将动词分为状态动词和动作动词;根据意义可将动词分为限定动词和非限定动词两种。具体分类如下表所示:根据句法功能分类限定动词(实义动词)主动词实义动词laugh连系动词be,become,turn,get助动词基本助动词be,do,have,will情态动词can,may,must非限定动词(非谓语动词)不定式to write,to walk,to laughv.-ing形式writing,walking,laughingv.-ed形式written,walked,laughed根据词汇意义分类状态动词状态词be,love,have,remain,keep仪态词stand,lie,sit动作动词持续性动词live,work,walk,stay,study终止性动词die,finish,leave,come,go,run1实义动词实义动词是指具有完整意义,可以单独作谓语的动词,主要表示主语的动作、状态和品质。实义动词也可与助动词相结合表示更加复杂的动词意义。实义动词主要包括及物动词和不及物动词两类。(1)不及物动词不及物动词指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词。纯不及物动词很少。常见的不及物动词有:apologize道歉 appear出现 arrive到达come来go去 run跑walk走die死fall掉flow流淌happen发生 rise升起、站起stay呆、留sit坐lie躺stand站 cry哭swim游泳e.g.Lets go. 我们走吧! (2)及物动词能跟宾语的动词称为及物动词。可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词、跟复合结构的及物动词等。常见的只跟单宾语的及物动词accept接受 borrow借bury埋cover覆盖defeat挫败discover发现enjoy喜欢excite使激动interest使感兴趣please使高兴 put放 worry担心surprise使凉讶 forget忘记guess猜测love热爱use运用e.g.Dont forget to wake me up at six tomorrow morning.别忘了明天早晨六点叫醒我。You can borrow one book at a time from the library.在图书馆一次只能借一本书。常见的跟双宾语的及物动词A指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后面需加to的动词:bring带来give给hand递pass递 pay付款post寄promise答应read读 return返还sell卖show表现teach教tell告诉wish祝愿offer提供e.g.I returned him the storybook.(可变为I returned the storybook to him.)我已把故事书还给他了。B指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后需加for的动词:buy买choose选择draw画find发现 keep保持make使order点菜paint油漆save救护e.g.Ill find you another chance.(可变为Ill find another chance for you.)我会再给你找机会的。C指人的间接宾语在指物的直接宾语后既可加to也可加for的动词:do做play表演 read读get得到sing唱歌bring带来e.g.Ill get you some tea.(可变为Ill get some tea to/for you.)我给你取些茶。常见的跟宾语补足语的及物动词A可跟形容词或形容词短语作宾补的动词有:believe相信drive驱赶;使find发现get使keep使保持leave留下make使push推set使 consider认为cut切dye染declare宣布imagine想象judge判断paint漆e.g.We all believe him honest and kind.我们都相信他诚实、善良。注意:这类动词只跟一个宾语意义上不完整,宾语后必须再加上一个成分(宾语补足语),其意义方可完整。B可跟名词短语作宾补的动词有:call叫name命名make使变为wish祝愿consider认为find找到keep使choose选择elect选举e.g.We consider him a strange person.我们认为他是一个奇怪的人。C可跟带to不定式结构作宾补的动词有:advise建议 allow允许ask要求expect期望 invite邀请get使order命令tell告诉teach教wish希望 warn警告e.g.Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.妈妈经常告诫我交朋友要小心。D可跟“to be+名词或形容词作宾补”的动词有:believe 认为consider认为feel 感觉 find发现imagine 想象know知道suppose 猜测understand理解prove 证明declare宣布e.g.I believe what you said to be true.我相信你所说的是真的。注意:这些结构中的to be也可省略。E可跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有:have使make使let让 see看见notice注意feel感觉watch注意看look at看listen to听observe观察discover发现注意:我们通常给学生讲的原则是记住这些词后加动词原形。e.g.What made you think of that?什么使你想起那件事的?Paul doesnt have to be made to learn.保罗不必被逼着学习。F可用-ing形式作宾补的动词有:see看见hear听见keep使catch抓住find发现have让watch注意看smell闻到look at看listen to听observe观察discover发现get使have使e.g.Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?你能听见隔壁有人弹钢琴吗?(v.-ing形式作宾补)The boy was last seen playing by the riverside.(v.-ing形式作主补)人们最后一次看见这小男孩时他在河边玩耍。G可跟-ed形式作宾补的动词有:have使get使make使find发现feel感觉 see看见hear听见think认为watch注意看e.g.I couldnt make myself heard by all the listeners.我无法使所有听众都能听见我。H可跟as/for等引起的介词短语作宾补的动词有:regard 看做 consider认为choose选为use 当作用keep把当作e.g.You can keep this book as your own.你可以留着这本书自己用。She is considered as the best dancer.她被认为是最好的舞蹈演员。I可跟副词作宾补的动词有:ask叫、让get使find发现let让drive开车送show领see看见invite邀请order命令e.g.Can I ask Bob in?我可以让鲍勃进来吗?Show the visitor in, please.请把客人带进来。J可跟介词短语作宾补的动词有:have使get使make使find发现feel感觉see看见hear听见notice注意到keep保持e.g.Dont have children at home all day. Give them time to play outdoors.不要让孩子老呆在家里,给他们出外玩耍的时间。Keep all these books on the shelf and take them when necessary.把所有的书放在书架上,用时随时拿。2连系动词连接主语和表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词称为连系动词。表状态的连系动词be是look看上去seem似乎appear看上去显得smell闻起菜 taste尝起来sound听起来 feel感觉sit坐stand站lie躺keep保持stay保持e.g.She is kind and honest.她诚实而又善良。The park looks very beautiful.这个公园看起来很漂亮。She always keeps silent whenever I see her.不管我什么时候看见她,她总保持沉默。Stand still and Ill take a picture of you.请站稳,我给你照相。表转变或结果的连系动词become变得get变得grow长得turn变得go变得 come成为fall变为prove证明e.g.Children fall asleep easily.孩子们入睡快。After graduation, she turned nurse.毕业后她当了护士。The weather is becoming warmer and warmer as the spring is coming.春天来了,天气变得越来越暖和。He went blind at the age of seven.他七岁失明。3持续性动词和终止性动词持续性动词持续性动词又称延续动词,表示一种可以持续的行为过程或状态。常见的有:drink喝eat吃 fly飞 have有 keep保持know知道lie躺live 住play玩 rain下雨read读 run跑sing唱sleep睡觉smoke抽烟snow下雪stand站talk说wait等walk走wear穿work工作write写sit 坐终止性动词终止性动词又称非持续性动词,表示行为或过程是短暂瞬间完成的。常见的有:admit 承认 arrive到达begin开始 borrow 借 buy买 break打破close 关闭 come来 die 死 fall 倒 go走 hit击中 join 加入 jump跳 leave离开 lose 丢 marry结婚 open打开 put 放 start开始 stop停常用的持续性动词与终止性动词的对照:释义终止性动词持续性动词买借到达得知,获悉穿放结婚了解回来离开站起来躺下坐下buyborrowarrivelearnput onputmarryget to knowcome backleavestand uplie downsit downhavekeepstayknowwearliebe marriedknowbe backbe awaystandliesit持续性动词与终止性动词的用法区别(1)持续性动词可用表示一段时间的状语修饰,而终止性动词不可以。e.g.How long can I keep the book?(请比较这里的借不用borrow)这本书我可以借多长时间?They will work here till next Friday.他们要在这里工作到下周五。注意:在现在完成时中我们将详细地复习终止性动词变成持续性动词的用法。因为在初中阶段我们学习终止性动词和持续性动词主要用于现在完成时,考点也在现在完成时中。所以上表同学们应熟记。(2)有时,终止性动词也能同表示一段时间的时间状语搭配。这种表示一段时间的状语,实质上是表示一段时间内的某个时间“点”。e.g.The play will start in half an hour.演出半个小时后开始。The fire broke out during the night.火灾是夜间发生的。(3)终止性动词一般不跟while引导的时间状语从句连用。e.g.While I came home she was cooking dinner.()When I came home she was cooking dinner.()我到家时,她正在做饭。(4)持续性动词表示一时的动作,可以在该动词前加get/begin/come。e.g.When did you get to know him?你什么时候认识他的?They began to see that they had made a serious mistake.他们开始认识到自己犯了一个大错误。(5)终止性动词的否定式可以同表示一段时间的状语搭配。但这里只是了解一下,在初中阶段的考试中,最好还是考虑持续性时间用持续性动词。e.g.We didnt find our seats till the play had begun.我们直到演出开始才找到位子。We havent come here for ages.我们多年没来这里了。The rain hasnt stopped since three hours ago.这雨下了三个小时了。4情态动词本身有各种意义,但不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态,这样的动词称为情态动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。常用的情态动词有can,could,may,might,will, would, should,ought to, must,need, dare, used to等。(1)can/could的用法can/could的各种形式如下:表示能力A表示一般的能力,指过去、现在无论什么时候想做就能做到的能力。e.g.I can peak several languages very well besides Russian and Korean.除了俄语和韩语外,我还能流利地说几种语言。I couldnt speak well until I was five years old.我直到五岁才说话流利。B当人们现在决定将来的可能性时,常常用can。e.g.We are too busy now, but we can talk about your matter later.现在我们太忙,我们可以以后讨论你的问题。We can talk about this matter 1ater on in my home.我们可以稍后在我家讨论这个问题。注意:当表达将来的能力时一般用will be able to,而不用can。e.g.If I have fulfilled my present work tomorrow, Ill be able to join your traveling.如果我明天能完成目前的任务,我就能参加你们的旅行。用法比较:can与be able toAcan与be able to表示过去时间泛指的能力时,二者通用。e.g.I was able to/could swim well when I was only six years old.我六岁时便能很好地游泳。B指过去某时或某个时刻设法做成某事不用could用was/were able to。e.g.I could hardly understand her Japanese, but I was able to read her face.我几乎不懂她说的日语,但我却读懂了她的表情。Cbe able to有更多的时态。e.g.Will you be able to camera the lecture tomorrow?你明天能把讲座录下来吗?Im sorry I havent been able to answer your letter in time.真对不起我没能及时给你回信。表示可能性A表达“理论上的可能性”,即事件或情况可能发生但并不涉及是否真的会发生。有时指一时的情况,常常译为“有时候会”。e.g.It can be very hot in North China in summer.夏季华北地区会很热。Driving on these snowy roads can be very dangerous.在这些积雪的路上开车有时会很危险。In winter in North China, the temperature can be below-40.冬天在华北,温度有时候会低于-40。B在否定和疑问句中,can表达可能性,有惊异、怀疑、不相信之意,这时can与could没有时间上的差异,只是could的语气更委婉、客气。e.g.It couldnt be Dad. He wont be back this time of evening.不可能是父亲,他不可能晚上这个时候回来。How can that be true? I cant believe my eyes and ears.那怎么可能是真的?我真不敢相信我的眼睛和耳朵。Ccan/could have done表示对过去发生的事情的推测。can have done主要用于疑问句和否定句中。e.g.Mary cant have gone to school, for it was Sunday.因为是星期天玛丽不可能去了学校。She could have told Jim yesterday about the delay of the party.她昨天可能告诉吉姆晚会推迟的事了。表示许可A征求许可用could比用can更加迟疑不决,当没有把握得到允许或需要委婉表达时用could。e.g.Can I watch TV for a while, Mum? I have been studying for the coming examinations for a whole day.妈妈,我可以看一会儿电视吗?我已经为将要到来的考试学了一整天了。Could I take this seat, sir, if you dont mind?先生,如果你不介意,我可以坐这个位子吗?B给予许可当表示允许别人做什么事时,用can而不用could。e.g.Could I use your cellphone for a while?我可以用一会儿你的手机吗?Yes, of course you can.好的,当然可以。C表示提议和请求在语气上,could没有can肯定,使提议或请求听起来更加客气,更含有尊重之意。这种用法常见于陈述句和疑问句中。e.g.I could/can do the paper work for you, if you are too busy.如果你太忙,我来为你写这些东西。Could/Can you make some room for me, please?你能否为我腾出一点地方来?(2)may/might的用法may/might的各种形式如下表所示:表示许可may和might表示“许可”比can和could更正式。might含有试探和犹豫不决的意思。表示给予许可时用may不用might;may not用来表示拒绝或禁止。e.g.May/Might I have a few words with your manager, please?我可以和你的经理谈一谈吗?I think you may drive my car, but be careful.我想你可以开我的车,不过得小心。Students may not stay out after midnight.学生不准午夜后在外逗留。注意:might一般不表示过去,但是在间接引语中可作may的过去式,转述已经给予的许可。在引出间接引语的动词过去式之后,may改为might。e.g.Father said that I might play football before supper.爸爸说我可以在晚饭前踢足球。He explained that he might be late due to the traffic.他解释说由于交通他可能会来晚。表示可能性may和might常用来表示将要发生或正在发生的可能性。might不是may的过去式,它所表示的可能性比may所表示的可能性(现在或将来的可能性)小一些。may不用于提问是否可能的疑问句。e.g.We may go camping this Saturday.本周六我们可以去露营。Peter might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?彼得或许会打电话。如果他打电话的话,能否告诉他晚些时候再打?may not与cannot/cant的区别may not指“可能不”,而cannot指“不可能”。e.g.He may come or may not come. Im not too sure about that.他可能来,也可能不来。我拿不准。He cant believe your so-called excuses.他不可能相信你的所谓的理由。may表示祝愿e.g.May you all succeed in whatever you do!祝你诸事成功!May you have a good time flying over the Pacific to Australia!祝你飞越太平洋到达澳大利亚的旅途快乐。(3)must,have to的用法must的否定形式为must not,其缩略形式为mustnt5mQsnt。have to的各种形式如下:表示义务A两者都表示义务,但意思不尽相同。must多表示依谈后人或听话人而定的义务,即主观的,have to多表示来自“外界”压力的义务,即客观的。e.g.Im afraid I must look back upon the way Ive just been on.恐怕我得回顾一下我刚刚走过的路。The children have to get up early to catch the first bus.孩子们不得不早起赶早班车。Bmust仅表示现在或将来的义务,讲述过去要用had to。must可以用在引出间接引语的动词过去式之后。e.g.I had to leave early this morning because I had a parent-teacher association to attend.我今天早晨得早走,因为我得去参加家长会。Doctors told me I must burn my fat.医生告诉我必须得减肥。Cmust的否定式表示“禁止、不允许”之意;have to的否定式表示“不必”。e.g.All these exhibits mustnt be touched, but the ones over there can.这些展品不能动,不过那边那些可以。You dont need to/dont have to/neednt tell him the truth if you dont want to.如果你不想告诉他真相,你没有必要告诉他。注意:have to在英国口语中常用have got to代替。这种用法了解一下即可。e.g.You havent got to make your child attend so many classes.你没必要让孩子参加那么多班。(否定形式为havent。)Have you got to leave so early?你必须这么早就走吗?(一般疑问形式将have提到主语前。)Who has got to be blamed for this accident?这个事故该责备谁?(特殊疑问句who作主语语序不变。)must表示推论must在肯定句中表示对一件事非常有把握的推测。在否定句或疑问句中,要用cant和can。e.g.Mary must have some problems. She keeps crying.玛丽肯定有点不舒服,她老是哭。What do you think this letter can mean?你认为这封信意味着什么?It cant be Father. He hasnt returned from work.那不可能是爸爸。他上班还没回来。must表示偏要、偏偏在疑问句中must可以用来表示一个人较强烈的感情。e.g.Why must you find another job while you have got one?你已有一份工作,为什么偏偏再找一份?Why must it rain on Sunday?偏要在星期天下雨,讨厌!must have done可以表示对过去发生的事情的推测或对是否已完成的事情进行推测。在疑问句和否定句中要用can和cant。e.g.When I called Jane, there was no answer. She must have been out.我去叫简,没人应。她肯定出去了。You must have read this book, for you are so familiar with the details of it.你肯定读过这本书,因为你对它的细节很熟悉。She cant have gone away, for her money belt still sits on her desk.她不可能出远门了,她的钱包还在桌子上呢。shall,should和ought to的用法shall的用法shall作情态动词的各种形式与作助动词的形式相同。A征求对方的意见或请求用于第一、第三人称的疑问句中,表示说话人征求对方的意见或请求。e.g.Shall I change into the evening dress for your party?我可以穿晚礼服参加你的晚会吗?Shall we put off the sports meet until next month?我们能否将运动会推迟到下个月?Shall Tom go there with me tomorrow?汤姆明天可以和我一起去吗?Henry is waiting outside. Shall he come in, sir?亨利正在门外等着,可以让他进来吗,先生?注意:shall作为情态动词和助动词的意义差别很大,一定要根据句意、上下文进行理解和使用。B表示许诺、警告等用于第二、第三人称,表示说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁等。e.g.You shall get an answer from me by tomorrow.到明天你就会得到我的答复。Tell Jerry that he shall get a gift if he is nice.告诉杰瑞如果他表现好的话,他就会得到一份礼物。You shall be punished for what youve done.你应为你所做的受到处罚。C表示“应”、“必须”用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定中“应”、“必须”。e.g.No reader shall take a book out of the library without the librarians permission.不经管理员同意,读者不准把书带出图书馆。The National Party Congress shall be held every five years.党的全国代表大会每五年举行一次。Those belonging to our club shall wear uniforms.我们俱乐部的成员应该穿统一制服。should的用法should作情态动词时的各种形式与作助动词时的形式相同。A表示征求意见作为shall的过去式,用于第一、第三人称,多用在间接引语中,以征求对方的意见。e.g.Mr. Lee asked if he should get his visa tomorrow.李先生问明天能否可以拿到签证。B表达义务、职责等e.g.I think todays children should really learn to respect their elders.我认为今天的孩子应当好好学习尊敬长辈。C要求对方给自己提出意见用来提供帮助、提出建议,要求对方给出意见。e.g.How do you think I should deal with all kinds of rumors?你认为我应如何应对各种各样的谣言?Should I help you with the community affairs?我可以帮你做一些社区事务吗?D表示说话人的特殊情感表示说话人的特殊感情,如惊奇、愤怒、失望等。e.g.Its surprising that Mary should love such a person as Jack.玛丽竟然爱像杰克这样的人,真是奇怪。Its unthinkable that the boy should sing such a beautiful song.这孩子竟能唱这么好的歌,真令人难以置信。E表示可能性表示很大的可能性,常译为“按道理说应该”。e.g.It should be Mike who has taken away all the materials.准是麦克拿走了所有的材料。Its already 10. She promised to come by 10. She should be here at any moment.已经10点了,她答应10点之前来的。她随时都可能来到。Fshould have done表示“本该”e.g.You should have invited me to the party yesterday. I had expected you to.昨天你应邀请我来参加宴会的。我本预料你会的。Jim shouldnt have done all the work within one day. There was still time.吉姆本不该把所有的工作一天全做完的。当时还有时间。ought to的用法ought to的否定形式为ought not to或oughtnt5Ctnt to,其一般疑问句形式是将ought置于主语前。A表示职责和义务,提出要求,及人们应该去做正确的事或好事。e.g.Humans ought to stop polluting nature.人类应停止污染大自然了。You ought to make an apology to Joan.你应该向琼道歉。用法比较:ought to与shouldought to与should用法差别细微。should多表达自己的主观看法;ought to则多反映客观情况,在谈到法律、义务和规定(或要使自己的意见听起来像义务和法律一样有力)时使用。e.g.You should/ought to go and see Mary some time.你应该找个时间去看看玛丽。We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I dont think we will.我们应该明天去看看玛丽,可我认为不行。B表示很大的可能性。e.g.The seats ought to be enough for all the guests.这些座位应该够所有的客人坐了。C与动词不定式的完成式连用,表示本来该做某事而没做。e.g.You are late. You ought to have arrived five minutes earlier.你来迟了。你本该早来五分钟的。You oughtnt to have taken the city map. Im familiar with each part.你本没必要带城市地图的,我对这里的每一个地方都很熟悉。(5)will,would的用法表示意愿表示自愿做或主动提出做什么,如意志、愿望或决心等。would用于过去的情况。e.g.Can someone help me?有人能帮一下忙吗?I will.我来帮你。Mary said she would arrange everything for him.玛丽说她会为他安排好一切。注意:作情态动词的will,would与作助动词的will,would的形式相同但意义差别很大。表示请求与you连用表示请求或要求,用wont you加强邀请的语气。would比will更客气、委婉。e.g.Will you come this way, please?你能走这条路吗?Wont you come in and take a seat? Weve already started the class.你怎么不进来找个位子坐下?我们已经上课了。Would you open the window, please? I feel it is a little stuffy in here.你愿意打开窗户吗?我感到这里有点儿闷。will表示规律性的“注定会”e.g.People will die without air or water.人离开水和空气将会死的。You will regret forever if you lose this golden chance.错过这次大好机会,你注定会懊悔的。表示习惯或特性will用于现在,would用于过去,带有主观性。e.g.This old man is strange. He will sit for hours without saying anything.这位老人很奇怪。他会坐几个小时而不说话。We would sit around Grandpa after supper, listening to his stories.过去晚饭后我们总会坐在爷爷周围,听他讲故事。(6)used to的用法used的发音为ju:st,表示“过去常常、过去是”,没有人称和数的变化,可以与过去的时间状语连用。其否定形式为usednt5ju:snt to或didnt useju:s to。其一般疑问句形式是将used提到主语前或用Diduseju:s to的结构形式。e.g.He used to work in a hospital, didnt he/usednt he?他过去曾在一家医院工作,是不是?He didnt use to be so careless.他过去没这么粗心。Did she use to be a clerk?她过去是职员吗?用法比较:would与used to表示“过去总”的用法区别would用于过去时,带有主观性,仅表示动作,不表示状态;used to具有客观性,着眼于与现在的对比,可与过去的时间状语连用。e.g.She would feel lost whenever she got into trouble.一遇到困难,她总是感到失落。He would phone me on Sundays.他总是星期天打电话给我。I used to be very fond of music when I was young.我年轻时很爱听音乐。(7)be to的用法表示事先同意安排或计划要做的事。e.g.We are to discuss the report next Wednesday.我们将在下周三讨论这个报告。John and Mary are to be married in September.约翰和玛丽准备九月结婚。表示“必须”,相当于should和ought to。e.g.You are to finish your homework before you watch TV.你得先完成作业才能看电视。The magazines and newspapers are not to be taken out of the reading room.这些杂志和报纸不准带出阅览室。The medicine is to be taken three times a day after meals.这种药每天饭后吃三次。用于第一人称的疑问句中,表示询问对方该如何办。e.g.Are we to gather under the big clock at the station at ten oclock?我们得上午十点在车站的大钟下集合吗?Where am I to fix up the tent, opposite the rock or just under the tree?我该在哪里搭起帐篷,在岩石的对面还是在树下?在if条件句中,表示意图,相当于“想要、打算”。e.g.If we are to be at the station by 9 oclock, we must leave right now.如果我们要想在9点之前赶到那里,我们现在必须就走。If you are to succeed, you must redouble your efforts.如果你想成功,就必须加倍努力。be to have done表示“本打算干”。e.g.I was to have seen him last Wednesday but he did not come.我本来上周三就能见到他的,可他没来。用来表示目的。e.g.The prize was to honor him for his great discoveries.这个奖品是为他的重大发现而奖给他的。作表语,表示主语的工作、性质等状况。e.g.Your work this afternoon is to take care of these children.你今天下午的工作就是照顾好这些孩子。My idea is to lay aside all the affairs right today.我的观点就是今天把所有的事情都放一下。(8)be about to的用法be about to如同will,shall,be going to一样,也能表达将来时间。但是be about to与它们有一个重要的区别,就是它表达的是最近的将来,意思相当于be on the point of doing或be just going to,意为“即将,马上”。e.g.Dont walk around. We are about to have dinner.不要到处走动了,我们马上准备吃饭了。I was about to speak, but Mary spoke first.我正要讲话,但玛丽先开口说了。Frank was about to leave when he noticed a large packet on the floor.弗兰克正要离开,这时他注意到地板上有一个大包。He was about to dive when he saw the shark.他正要潜入水中,这
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